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Microbial Ecology Jan 2018Honeybees are prone to parasite and pathogen infestations/infections due to their social colony life. Bacterial pathogens in particular lead to destructive infections of... (Review)
Review
Honeybees are prone to parasite and pathogen infestations/infections due to their social colony life. Bacterial pathogens in particular lead to destructive infections of the brood. European foulbrood is caused by the bacterium Melissococcus plutonius in combination with several other Gram-positive bacteria (Achromobacter eurydice, Bacillus pumilus, Brevibacillus laterosporus, Enterococcus faecalis, Paenibacillus alvei, Paenibacillus dendritiformis) involved as secondary invaders following the initial infection. More than a century ago, A. eurydice was discovered to be associated with European foulbrood and morphologically and biochemically characterized. However, since the 1950s-1960s, only a few studies are known covering the biological relevance of this bacterium. Here, we review the biology, ecology, morphology, and biochemistry and discuss the still unclear systematic classification of A. eurydice.
Topics: Achromobacter; Animals; Bees; Europe; Larva
PubMed: 28634639
DOI: 10.1007/s00248-017-1007-x -
Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek Sep 2017Strain 11 was isolated from water of an artificial lake accumulating industrial wastewater on the outskirts of Celje, Slovenia. Phenotypic characterisation showed strain...
Strain 11 was isolated from water of an artificial lake accumulating industrial wastewater on the outskirts of Celje, Slovenia. Phenotypic characterisation showed strain 11 to be a Gram-stain positive, spore forming bacterium. The 16S rRNA gene sequence identified strain 11 as a member of the genus Paenibacillus, closely related to Paenibacillus alvei (96.2%). Genomic similarity with P. alvei 29 was 73.1% (gANI), 70.2% (ANIb), 86.7% (ANIm) and 21.7 ± 2.3% (GGDC). The DNA G+C content of strain 11 was determined to be 47.5%. The predominant menaquinone of strain 11 was identified as MK-7 and the major fatty acid as anteiso-C. The peptidoglycan was found to contain meso-diaminopimelic acid. In contrast to its close relatives P. alvei DSM 29, Paenibacillus apiarius DSM 5581 and Paenibacillus profundus NRIC 0885, strain 11 was found to be able to ferment D-fructose, D-mannose and D-xylose. A draft genome of strain 11 contains a cluster of genes associated with type IV pilin synthesis usually found in clostridia, and only sporadically in other Gram-positive bacteria. Genotypic, chemotaxonomic, physiological and biochemical characteristics of strain 11 presented in this study support the creation of a novel species within the genus Paenibacillus, for which the name Paenibacillus aquistagni sp. nov. is proposed, with strain 11 (=ZIM B1027 =LMG 29561 =CCM 8679 ) as the type strain.
Topics: Base Composition; Carbohydrate Metabolism; Cell Wall; Enzymes; Fimbriae, Bacterial; Genome Size; Genome, Bacterial; Lakes; Nucleic Acid Hybridization; Paenibacillus; Phylogeny; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Slovenia; Species Specificity; Sugars; Wastewater
PubMed: 28555445
DOI: 10.1007/s10482-017-0891-x -
Food and Chemical Toxicology : An... May 2017Paenibacillus alvei, a naturally occurring soil microorganism, may be used in the control and/or elimination of human/animal pathogens present on/within produce...
Paenibacillus alvei, a naturally occurring soil microorganism, may be used in the control and/or elimination of human/animal pathogens present on/within produce commodities associated with human consumption. The safety of oral exposure to P. alvei in male, nulliparous females, the pregnant dam and developing fetus was assessed. Adult male and female rats received a single oral dose (gavage) of P. alvei and tissues were collected at post exposure days 0, 3 and 14. To evaluate the effect of the test organism on fetal development, sperm positive female rats received the test organism every 3 days thereafter throughout gestation. As human exposure would be no more than 1 × 10 CFU/ml the following dose levels were evaluated in both study phases: 0 CFU/ml tryptic soy broth (negative control); 1 × 10 CFU/ml; 1 × 10 CFU/ml or 1 × 10 CFU/ml. Neither sex specific dose-related toxic effects (feed or fluid consumption, body weight gain, and histopathology) nor developmental/reproductive effects including the number of implantations, fetal viability, fetal weight, fetal length and effects on ossification centers were observed. The test organism did not cross the placenta and was not found in the amniotic fluid.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Amniotic Fluid; Animals; Biological Control Agents; Body Weight; Drinking; Eating; Female; Male; Organ Size; Paenibacillus; Pregnancy; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Toxicity Tests
PubMed: 28288930
DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.03.009 -
The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal Mar 2016
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Fatal Outcome; Female; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Meningoencephalitis; Paenibacillus; Sepsis
PubMed: 26866854
DOI: 10.1097/INF.0000000000001003 -
Molecular Plant-microbe Interactions :... Apr 2016In the last decades, the plant innate immune responses against pathogens have been extensively studied, while biocontrol interactions between soilborne fungal pathogens...
In the last decades, the plant innate immune responses against pathogens have been extensively studied, while biocontrol interactions between soilborne fungal pathogens and their hosts have received much less attention. Treatment of Arabidopsis thaliana with the nonpathogenic bacterium Paenibacillus alvei K165 was shown previously to protect against Verticillium dahliae by triggering induced systemic resistance (ISR). In the present study, we evaluated the involvement of the innate immune response in the K165-mediated protection of Arabidopsis against V. dahliae. Tests with Arabidopsis mutants impaired in several regulators of the early steps of the innate immune responses, including fls2, efr-1, bak1-4, mpk3, mpk6, wrky22, and wrky29 showed that FLS2 and WRKY22 have a central role in the K165-triggered ISR, while EFR1, MPK3, and MPK6 are possible susceptibility factors for V. dahliae and bak1 shows a tolerance phenomenon. The resistance induced by strain K165 is dependent on both salicylate and jasmonate-dependent defense pathways, as evidenced by an increased transient accumulation of PR1 and PDF1.2 transcripts in the aerial parts of infected plants treated with strain K165.
Topics: Arabidopsis; Arabidopsis Proteins; Cyclopentanes; Defensins; Disease Resistance; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Models, Biological; Oxylipins; Paenibacillus; Pest Control, Biological; Plant Components, Aerial; Plant Diseases; Plant Growth Regulators; Salicylic Acid; Signal Transduction; Verticillium
PubMed: 26780421
DOI: 10.1094/MPMI-11-15-0261-R -
Glycobiology Jan 2016Flagellin glycosylation impacts, in several documented cases, the functionality of bacterial flagella. The basis of flagellin glycosylation has been studied for various...
Flagellin glycosylation impacts, in several documented cases, the functionality of bacterial flagella. The basis of flagellin glycosylation has been studied for various Gram-negative bacteria, but less is known about flagellin glycans of Gram-positive bacteria including Paenibacillus alvei, a secondary invader of honeybee colonies diseased with European foulbrood. Paenibacillus alvei CCM 2051(T) swarms vigorously on solidified culture medium, with swarming relying on functional flagella as evidenced by abolished biofilm formation of a non-motile P. alvei mutant defective in the flagellin protein Hag. Here, the glycobiology of the polar P. alvei flagella was investigated. Analysis on purified flagellin demonstrated that the 30-kDa Hag protein (PAV_2c01710) is modified with an O-linked trisaccharide comprised of one hexose and two N-acetyl-hexosamine residues, at three sites of glycosylation. Downstream of the hag gene on the bacterial chromosome, two open reading frames (PAV_2c01630, PAV_2c01640) encoding putative glycosyltransferases were shown to constitute a flagellin glycosylation island. Mutants defective in these genes exhibited altered migration in sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis as well as loss of extracellular flagella production and bacterial motility. This study reveals that flagellin glycosylation in P. alvei is pivotal to flagella formation and bacterial motility in vivo, and simultaneously identifies flagella glycosylation as a second protein O-glycosylation system in this bacterium, in addition to the well-investigated S-layer tyrosine O-glycosylation pathway.
Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Bacterial Proteins; Flagellin; Glycosylation; Glycosyltransferases; Hexoses; Molecular Sequence Data; Mutation; Paenibacillus; Protein Processing, Post-Translational
PubMed: 26405108
DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwv087 -
Journal of the American Society For... Oct 2015The rise of antimicrobial resistance necessitates the discovery and/or production of novel antibiotics. Isolated strains of Paenibacillus alvei were previously shown to...
The rise of antimicrobial resistance necessitates the discovery and/or production of novel antibiotics. Isolated strains of Paenibacillus alvei were previously shown to exhibit antimicrobial activity against a number of pathogens, such as E. coli, Salmonella, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The responsible antimicrobial compounds were isolated from these Paenibacillus strains and a combination of low and high resolution mass spectrometry with multiple-stage tandem mass spectrometry was used for identification. A group of closely related cyclic lipopeptides was identified, differing primarily by fatty acid chain length and one of two possible amino acid substitutions. Variation in the fatty acid length resulted in mass differences of 14 Da and yielded groups of related MS(n) spectra. Despite the inherent complexity of MS/MS spectra of cyclic compounds, straightforward analysis of these spectra was accomplished by determining differences in complementary product ion series between compounds that differ in molecular weight by 14 Da. The primary peptide sequence assignment was confirmed through genome mining; the combination of these analytical tools represents a workflow that can be used for the identification of complex antibiotics. The compounds also share amino acid sequence similarity to a previously identified broad-spectrum antibiotic isolated from Paenibacillus. The presence of such a wide distribution of related compounds produced by the same organism represents a novel class of broad-spectrum antibiotic compounds.
Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Escherichia coli; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Molecular Sequence Data; Paenibacillus; Peptides, Cyclic; Tandem Mass Spectrometry
PubMed: 26250559
DOI: 10.1007/s13361-015-1190-2 -
Archives of Microbiology May 2015Colistin is a mixture of polymyxin E1 and E2, bactericidal pentacationic lipopeptides used to treat infections caused by Gram-negative pathogens such as Pseudomonas...
Colistin is a mixture of polymyxin E1 and E2, bactericidal pentacationic lipopeptides used to treat infections caused by Gram-negative pathogens such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Industrial production of colistin is obtained by a fermentation process of the natural producer Paenibacillus polymyxa var colistinus. NonRibosomal peptide synthetases (NRPS) coding the biosynthesis of polymyxins A, B and P have been recently described, rendering thereof the improvement of their production possible. However, the colistin biosynthesis pathway was not published so far. In this study, a Paenibacillus alvei has been identified by biochemical (Api 50 CH system) and molecular (16S rDNA sequencing) methods. Its culture supernatant displayed inhibitory activity against Gram-negative bacteria (P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, Salmonella spp.). Two polymyxins, E1 and E2, were recovered from the supernatant and were characterized by high resolution LC-MS. A genomic library (960 clones) was constructed to identify the gene cluster responsible for biosynthesis of polymyxins. Selection of the clones harbouring the sequences of interest was obtained by a simple PCR-based screening. We used primers targeting NRPS sequences leading to the incorporation of amino acids present in polymyxins E. The sequences from three clones of interest were assembled on 50.4 kb. Thus, five open reading frames corresponding to a new NRPS gene cluster of 41 kb were identified. In silico, analyses revealed the presence of three NRPS implicated in the biosynthesis of polymyxins E. This work provides insightful information on colistin biosynthesis and might contribute to future drug developments in this group of antibiotics.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Base Sequence; Colistin; DNA, Bacterial; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Multigene Family; Paenibacillus; Peptide Synthases; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Tandem Mass Spectrometry
PubMed: 25609230
DOI: 10.1007/s00203-015-1084-5 -
Chemical Biology & Drug Design May 2015AN5-1 (YSKSLPLSVLNP) is an antimicrobial peptide isolated from the fermentation broth of Paenibacillus alvei strain AN5 (J Ind Microb Biotechnol 2013; 40: 571-9). In...
AN5-1 (YSKSLPLSVLNP) is an antimicrobial peptide isolated from the fermentation broth of Paenibacillus alvei strain AN5 (J Ind Microb Biotechnol 2013; 40: 571-9). In this study, we report the application of ubiquitin fusion technology to the expression and purification of AN5-1. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and measurement of hemolytic activity (MHC) were measured to confirm the biological activities of the expressed AN5-1. Bacterial cell membrane permeabilization was investigated to show the interaction between the AN5-1 and the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane. Furthermore, intracellular activities of the AN5-1 were determined by genomic DNA interaction assays. The results revealed AN5-1 damaging bacterial membranes and binding to bacterial genomic DNA to inhibit cellular functions, suggesting that it has multiple intracellular targets in bacteria. The application of ubiquitin fusion technology may be an excellent approach for industrial production to the expression and purification of antimicrobial peptide. Furthermore, AN5-1 was demonstrated as an antimicrobial peptide with great potentials, as bacterial resistance to AN5-1 would be not expected, due to the dual mechanisms of AN5-1 against bacteria.
Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Anti-Infective Agents; Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides; Bacteria; Cell Wall; Circular Dichroism; DNA; Erythrocytes; Escherichia coli; Hemolysis; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Paenibacillus; Protein Binding; Protein Structure, Secondary; Recombinant Fusion Proteins; Spectrometry, Fluorescence
PubMed: 25311453
DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12449 -
Applied and Environmental Microbiology Jul 2014Recently, tomatoes have been implicated as a primary vehicle in food-borne outbreaks of Salmonella enterica serovar Newport and other Salmonella serovars. Long-term...
Recently, tomatoes have been implicated as a primary vehicle in food-borne outbreaks of Salmonella enterica serovar Newport and other Salmonella serovars. Long-term intervention measures to reduce Salmonella prevalence on tomatoes remain elusive for growing and postharvest environments. A naturally occurring bacterium identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing as Paenibacillus alvei was isolated epiphytically from plants native to the Virginia Eastern Shore tomato-growing region. After initial antimicrobial activity screening against Salmonella and 10 other bacterial pathogens associated with the human food supply, strain TS-15 was further used to challenge an attenuated strain of S. Newport on inoculated fruits, leaves, and blossoms of tomato plants in an insect-screened high tunnel with a split-plot design. Survival of Salmonella after inoculation was measured for groups with and those without the antagonist at days 0, 1, 2, and 3 and either day 5 for blossoms or day 6 for fruits and leaves. Strain TS-15 exhibited broad-range antimicrobial activity against both major food-borne pathogens and major bacterial phytopathogens of tomato. After P. alvei strain TS-15 was applied onto the fruits, leaves, and blossoms of tomato plants, the concentration of S. Newport declined significantly (P ≤ 0.05) compared with controls. Astonishingly, >90% of the plants had no detectable levels of Salmonella by day 5 for blossoms. The naturally occurring antagonist strain TS-15 is highly effective in reducing the carriage of Salmonella Newport on whole tomato plants. The application of P. alvei strain TS-15 is a promising approach for reducing the risk of Salmonella contamination during tomato production.
Topics: Antibiosis; DNA, Bacterial; DNA, Ribosomal; Food Microbiology; Fruit; Solanum lycopersicum; Microbial Viability; Paenibacillus; Pest Control, Biological; Plant Leaves; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Salmonella enterica; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Virginia
PubMed: 24747888
DOI: 10.1128/AEM.00835-14