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Parasitology Research May 2021Paragonimus proliferus, a lung fluke of the genus Paragonimus, was first reported in Yunnan province, China. P. proliferus can infect Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats and cause...
Paragonimus proliferus, a lung fluke of the genus Paragonimus, was first reported in Yunnan province, China. P. proliferus can infect Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats and cause lung damage, but there is still no direct evidence of human infection. Until now, there has been a lack of studies on P. proliferus parasitism and development in mammalian lung tissue. The aim of this study was to perform transcriptomic profiling of P. proliferus at different developmental stages. SD rats were infected with P. proliferus metacercariae obtained from crabs; worms isolated from the lungs at different time points as well as metacercariae were subjected to whole transcriptome sequencing. Overall, 34,403 transcripts with the total length of 33,223,828 bp, average length of 965 bp, and N50 of 1833 bp were assembled. Comparative analysis indicated that P. proliferus, similar to other Paragonimus spp., expressed genes related to catabolism, whereas P. proliferus-specific transcripts were related to the maintenance of cellular redox homeostasis, sensitivity to bacteria, and immune response. Transcriptional dynamics analysis revealed that genes involved in the regulation of catabolism and apoptosis had stable expression over the P. proliferus life cycle, whereas those involved in development and immune response showed time-dependent changes. High expression of genes associated with immune response corresponded to that of genes regulating the sensitivity to bacteria and immune protection. We constructed a P. proliferus developmental model, including the development of the body, suckers, blood cells, reproductive and tracheal systems, lymph, skin, cartilage, and other tissues and organs, and an immune response model, which mainly involved T cells and macrophages. Our study provides a foundation for further research into the molecular biology and infection mechanism of P. proliferus.
Topics: Animals; Brachyura; China; Gene Expression Profiling; Humans; Life Cycle Stages; Lung; Metacercariae; Paragonimiasis; Paragonimus; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Transcriptome
PubMed: 33792812
DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07111-0 -
Asian Cardiovascular & Thoracic Annals Mar 2022Pulmonary paragonimiasis can occasionally induce bilateral pneumothorax and cause lesions in ectopic organs such as the liver. We report the case of a 26-year-old man...
Pulmonary paragonimiasis can occasionally induce bilateral pneumothorax and cause lesions in ectopic organs such as the liver. We report the case of a 26-year-old man who had been treated for bilateral hydropneumothorax one month earlier and returned to the emergency center complaining of epigastric pain that had persisted for four months. After being diagnosed with pulmonary and hepatic paragonimiasis, he was treated with praziquantel and his condition improved without complications.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Liver; Lung; Male; Paragonimiasis; Pneumothorax; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 33779317
DOI: 10.1177/02184923211006334 -
Tropical Parasitology 2020
PubMed: 33747890
DOI: 10.4103/tp.TP_120_20 -
Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery Mar 2021To summarize the clinical characteristics of adult cases of paragonimiasis with lung masses as the main manifestation in Xishuangbanna, Yunnan Province, analyze the...
OBJECTIVE
To summarize the clinical characteristics of adult cases of paragonimiasis with lung masses as the main manifestation in Xishuangbanna, Yunnan Province, analyze the causes of misdiagnosis, and improve the levels of clinical diagnosis and treatment.
METHOD
We conducted a retrospective analysis of the clinical data and diagnosis and treatment of 8 adult cases of paragonimiasis with lung masses as the main manifestation that were diagnosed in the Oncology Department of People's hospital of Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture from July 2014 to July 2019.
RESULT
All 8 patients were from epidemic paragonimiasis areas and had a confirmed history of consuming uncooked freshwater crabs. The clinical manifestations were mainly fever, dry cough, and chest pain. The disease durations were long, and peripheral blood eosinophil counts were elevated. The cases had been misdiagnosed as pneumonia or pulmonary tuberculosis. After years of anti-inflammatory or anti-tuberculosis treatment, the symptoms had not improved significantly. Patients eventually sought treatment from the oncology department for hemoptysis. Chest computed tomography showed patchy consolidation in the lungs, with nodules, lung masses, and enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes.
CONCLUSION
Paragonimiasis is a food-borne parasitic disease. Early clinical manifestations and auxiliary examination results are nonspecific. The parasite most often invades the lungs, and the resulting disease is often misdiagnosed as pneumonia, pulmonary tuberculosis, or lung cancer (Acta Trop 199: 05074, 2019). To avoid misdiagnosis, clinicians should inquire, in detail, about residence history and history of unclean food and exposure to infected water and make an early diagnosis based on the inquired information and imaging examination results. For patients who have been diagnosed with pneumonia or pulmonary tuberculosis and whose symptoms do not improve significantly after anti-inflammatory or anti-tuberculosis treatments, their epidemiological history should be traced to further conduct differential diagnosis and avoid misdiagnosis.
Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Helminth; China; DNA, Helminth; Diagnosis, Differential; Diagnostic Errors; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Female; Humans; Incidence; Lung; Lung Diseases, Parasitic; Male; Middle Aged; Paragonimiasis; Paragonimus; Retrospective Studies; Thorax; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 33741016
DOI: 10.1186/s13019-021-01408-y -
Annals of Medicine and Surgery (2012) Mar 2021Paragonimiasis or lung fluke disease is a typical food-borne parasitic zoonosis caused by infection with . The is a trematode that mainly infects the lungs of humans...
INTRODUCTION
Paragonimiasis or lung fluke disease is a typical food-borne parasitic zoonosis caused by infection with . The is a trematode that mainly infects the lungs of humans after eating an infected raw or undercooked crab or crayfish.
CASE PRESENTATION
Herein we report a case of peritoneal Paragonimiasis in the gallbladder of a 58-year-old female from Rukum district of Nepal. It was an incidental diagnosis following routine histopathological examination of the cholecystectomy specimen. She presented with the symptoms of abdominal pain, fever, cough, and had a history of consumption of partially cooked river crabs. She responded well to praziquantel and improved thereafter.
CLINICAL DISCUSSION
Ectopic paragonimiasis is a rare disease and it presents with few clinical symptoms so it is significantly difficult to make a diagnosis and treat the patients. Even if a sputum test and biopsy are performed, the ova or body of parasites may not be detectable due to insufficient amount of specimens. Therefore, thorough history taking should be given importance. The dietary history of partially cooked crab or crayfish should indicate towards a high suspicion of Paragonimiasis. Any such indication should be immediately confirmed, which in our case was done by routine histopathological examination of the cholecystectomy specimen.
CONCLUSION
We report the case of a patient with peritoneal paragonimiasis in the gallbladder. Ectopic paragonimiasis is hard to diagnose due to an ignorance of, misdiagnosis, and the rarity of this disease. Thus, thorough history-taking and clinical suspicion of parasitic infection is essential.
PubMed: 33664951
DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2021.02.016 -
Tropical Biomedicine Mar 2020Paragonimiasis is an infection caused by Paragonimus, a lung fluke and is acquired by eating raw or undercooked crustaceans containing the infective metacercariae....
Paragonimiasis is an infection caused by Paragonimus, a lung fluke and is acquired by eating raw or undercooked crustaceans containing the infective metacercariae. Herein, we report a case of paragonimiasis in a Malaysian man who presented with incidental findings from chest radiographs. Examination of his biopsied lung tissue and sputum specimen revealed Paragonimus sp. eggs, whereas stool examination showed the presence of Giardia cysts. Patient was succesfully treated with praziquantel and metronidazole respectively.
Topics: Animals; Food Contamination; Giardiasis; Humans; Incidental Findings; Lung; Malaysia; Male; Metronidazole; Middle Aged; Paragonimiasis; Paragonimus; Praziquantel; Sputum
PubMed: 33612715
DOI: No ID Found -
International Journal of Infectious... Apr 2021
PubMed: 33578009
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.02.012 -
Infection, Genetics and Evolution :... Jun 2021Southeast Asian lung flukes, the causative agents of human and animal paragonimiasis, comprise at least 14 species. Of these, seven species; Paragonimus bangkokensis, P....
Genetic differentiation of Southeast Asian Paragonimus Braun, 1899 (Digenea: Paragonimidae) and genetic variation in the Paragonimus heterotremus complex examined by nuclear DNA sequences.
Southeast Asian lung flukes, the causative agents of human and animal paragonimiasis, comprise at least 14 species. Of these, seven species; Paragonimus bangkokensis, P. harinasutai, P. macrorchis, P. siamensis, P. westermani, P. heterotremus and P. pseudoheterotremus were studied. Two regions of domain 1 of taurocyamine kinase; TkD1 (exon) and TkD1Int2 (intron 2), were used as genetic markers for elucidating their genetic differentiation, genetic variation, and heterozygosity. The TkD1 region was conserved between these species but can potentially be used to differentiate all seven species. However, the TkD1Int2 region had a high level of polymorphism, which is suitable for investigation of genetic variation within or between closely related species, especially P. heterotremus and P. pseudoheterotremus as well as for a phylogenetic analyses of the genus Paragonimus. Heterozygosity was mostly observed in DNA samples extracted from adult P. heterotremus including samples taken from sputum of paragonimiasis patients, whereas DNA extracted from metacercariae was not, except in the samples from Myanmar. Our findings provide evidence of DNA recombination and incomplete lineage sorting of P. heterotremus and P. pseudoheterotremus in TkD1Int2, which suggesting gene flow between these two species.
Topics: Animals; Asia, Southeastern; Cell Nucleus; DNA, Helminth; Genetic Variation; Paragonimus
PubMed: 33577999
DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104761 -
World Journal of Clinical Cases Jan 2021Paragonimiasis is a parasitic disease that has multiple symptoms, with pulmonary types being common. According to our clinical practices, the pleural effusion of our...
BACKGROUND
Paragonimiasis is a parasitic disease that has multiple symptoms, with pulmonary types being common. According to our clinical practices, the pleural effusion of our patients is full of fibrous contents. Drainage, praziquantel, and triclabendazole are recommended for the treatment, but when fibrous contents are contained in pleural effusion, surgical interventions are necessary. However, no related reports have been noted. Herein, we present a case of pulmonary paragonimiasis treated by thoracoscopy.
CASE SUMMARY
A 12-year-old girl presented to our outpatient clinic complaining of shortness of breath after exercise for several days. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay revealed positivity for antibodies against , serological test showed eosinophilia, and moderate left pleural effusion and calcification were detected on computed tomography (CT). She was diagnosed with paragonimiasis, and praziquantel was prescribed. However, radiography showed an egg-sized nodule in the left pleural cavity during follow-up. She was then admitted to our hospital again. The serological results were normal except slight eosinophilia. CT scan displayed a cystic-like node in the lower left pleural cavity. The patient underwent a thoracoscopic mass resection. A mass with a size of 6 cm × 4 cm × 3 cm adhered to the pleura was resected. The pathological examination showed that the mass was composed of non-structured necrotic tissue, indicating a granuloma. The patient remainded asymptomatic and follow-up X-ray showed complete removal of the mass.
CONCLUSION
This case highlights that thoracoscopic intervention is necessary when fibrous contents are present on CT scan or chest roentgenogram to avoid later fibrous lump formation in patients with pulmonary paragonimiasis.
PubMed: 33553406
DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v9.i3.666 -
PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases Feb 2021Paragonimiasis is caused by zoonotic trematodes of Paragonimus spp., found in Asia, the Americas and Africa, particularly in tropical regions. These parasites have a... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Endemicity of Paragonimus and paragonimiasis in Sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review and mapping reveals stability of transmission in endemic foci for a multi-host parasite system.
Paragonimiasis is caused by zoonotic trematodes of Paragonimus spp., found in Asia, the Americas and Africa, particularly in tropical regions. These parasites have a complex, multi-host life cycle, with mammalian definitive hosts and larval stages cycling through two intermediate hosts (snails and freshwater decapod crustaceans). In Africa, paragonimiasis is particularly neglected, and remains the only human parasitic disease without a fully characterised life cycle. However paragonimiasis has potentially significant impacts on public health in Africa, and prevalence has likely been underestimated through under-reporting and misdiagnosis as tuberculosis due to a similar clinical presentation. We identified the need to synthesise current knowledge and map endemic foci for African Paragonimus spp. together with Poikilorchis congolensis, a rare, taxonomically distant trematode with a similar distribution and morphology. We present the first systematic review of the literature relating to African paragonimiasis, combined with mapping of all reported occurrences of Paragonimus spp. throughout Africa, from the 1910s to the present. In human surveys, numerous reports of significant recent transmission in Southeast Nigeria were uncovered, with high prevalence and intensity of infection. Overall prevalence was significantly higher for P. uterobilateralis compared to P. africanus across studies. The potential endemicity of P. africanus in Côte d'Ivoire is also reported. In freshwater crab intermediate hosts, differences in prevalence and intensity of either P. uterobilateralis or P. africanus were evident across genera and species, suggesting differences in susceptibility. Mapping showed temporal stability of endemic foci, with the majority of known occurrences of Paragonimus found in the rainforest zone of West and Central Africa, but with several outliers elsewhere on the continent. This suggests substantial under sampling and localised infection where potential host distributions overlap. Our review highlights the urgent need for increased sampling in active disease foci in Africa, particularly using molecular analysis to fully characterise Paragonimus species and their hosts.
Topics: Animals; Databases, Factual; Humans; Life Cycle Stages; Lung; Paragonimiasis; Paragonimus; Prevalence; Public Health; Snails
PubMed: 33544705
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009120