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Viruses Jun 2024Porcine parvoviruses (PPVs) are among the most important agents of reproductive failure in swine worldwide. PPVs comprise eight genetically different species ascribed to...
Porcine parvoviruses (PPVs) are among the most important agents of reproductive failure in swine worldwide. PPVs comprise eight genetically different species ascribed to four genera: (PPV1, PPV8), (PPV2-3), (PPV4-6), and (PPV7). In 2016, PPV7 was firstly detected in the USA and afterwards in Europe, Asia, and South America. Recently, it was also identified in Italy in pig farms with reproductive failure. This study aimed to evaluate the circulation of PPV7 in domestic and wild pigs in Sardinia, Italy. In addition, its coinfection with Porcine Circovirus 2 (PCV2) and 3 (PCV3) was analysed, and PPV7 Italian strains were molecularly characterised. PPV7 was detected in domestic pigs and, for the first time, wild pigs in Italy. The PPV7 viral genome was detected in 20.59% of domestic and wild pig samples. PPV7 detection was significantly lower in domestic pigs, with higher PCV2/PCV3 co-infection rates observed in PPV7-positive than in PPV7-negative domestic pigs. Molecular characterisation of the NS1 gene showed a very high frequency of recombination that could presumably promote virus spreading.
Topics: Animals; Parvovirus, Porcine; Italy; Parvoviridae Infections; Swine; Swine Diseases; Phylogeny; Coinfection; Genome, Viral; Circovirus; Circoviridae Infections; DNA, Viral
PubMed: 38932224
DOI: 10.3390/v16060932 -
Viruses May 2024Reports of newly discovered equine hepatotropic flavi- and parvoviruses have emerged throughout the last decade in many countries, the discovery of which has stimulated...
Reports of newly discovered equine hepatotropic flavi- and parvoviruses have emerged throughout the last decade in many countries, the discovery of which has stimulated a great deal of interest and clinical research. Although commonly detected in horses without signs of disease, equine parvovirus hepatitis (EqPV-H) and equine hepacivirus (EqHV) have been associated with liver disease, including following the administration of contaminated anti-toxin. Our aim was to determine whether EqPV-H and EqHV are present in Australian horses and whether EqPV-H was present in French horses and to examine sequence diversity between strains of both viruses amongst infected horses on either side of the globe. Sera from 188 Australian horses and 256 French horses from horses with and without clinical signs of disease were collected. Twelve out of 256 (4.7%) and 6 out of 188 (3.2%) French and Australian horses, respectively, were positive for the molecular detection of EqPV-H. Five out of 256 (1.9%) and 21 out of 188 (11.2%) French and Australian horses, respectively, were positive for the molecular detection of EqHV. Australian strains for both viruses were genomically clustered, in contrast to strains from French horses, which were more broadly distributed. The findings of this preliminary survey, with the molecular detection of EqHV and EqPV-H in Australia and the latter in France, adds to the growing body of awareness regarding these recently discovered hepatotropic viruses. It has provided valuable information not just in terms of geographic endemicity but will guide equine clinicians, carers, and authorities regarding infectious agents and potential impacts of allogenic tissue contamination. Although we have filled many gaps in the world map regarding equine hepatotropic viruses, further prospective studies in this emerging field may be useful in terms of elucidating risk factors and pathogenesis of these pathogens and management of cases in terms of prevention and diagnosis.
Topics: Animals; Horses; Horse Diseases; Australia; Parvoviridae Infections; Phylogeny; France; Hepatitis, Viral, Animal; Parvovirus; Hepacivirus; Hepatitis C
PubMed: 38932156
DOI: 10.3390/v16060862 -
Microorganisms May 2024Parvovirus infection affects several animal species, especially young animals. In birds, parvovirus infection has been described in Muscovy ducks, turkeys, and chickens,...
Parvovirus infection affects several animal species, especially young animals. In birds, parvovirus infection has been described in Muscovy ducks, turkeys, and chickens, all of which had enteric diseases characterized by diarrhea. Chicken parvovirus (ChPV) has been detected in poultry around the world in animals affected by enteric problems, showing dwarfism, cloacal pasting, and diarrhea. In Brazil, ChPV was detected in chickens affected by diarrhea fifteen years ago. However, the genetic characteristics of ChPV circulating in chicken flocks were not determined. Therefore, the aim of the present investigation was to determine the genetic characteristics of the VP1 gene from ChPV detected in chickens affected by enteric diseases in Brazil. For this purpose, a molecular approach was used. Specific primers were designed to flank the complete VP1 gene of ChPV and amplify it using PCR. The amplified products from samples of chickens with enteric diseases were sequenced, and 22 complete CDs of the VP1 gene were obtained. These samples, compared to the ABU-P1 sequence, showed 17 sequences with high nucleotide (NT) similarity of 92.7-97.4% and amino acid (AA) similarity of 94.8-99.5% associated with Runting and Stunting syndrome (RSS); there were also five samples associated with hens with diarrhea with unusual jejunal dilatation (JD) that had less similarity than the RSS sequences (NT of 86.5% and AA of 93-93.1%). The phylogenetic analysis determined four groups. Group I had sequences from Korea. The second group included sequences from Korea, China, and Brazil (not included in this work). The third group had studied RSS sequences grouped with the ABU-P1 strain and sequences from China and the United States. Finally, the sequences from JD were clustered in a separate group with a bootstrap of 100%, a group that was denoted as group IV, and included sequences from China. RDP4 and SimPlot analysis showed one point of recombination with the sequences of group III ChPV in the JD sequences. Herein, we show that circulating strains of ChPV exhibit genetic differences in the VP1 gene in Brazilian chicken flocks. Nevertheless, more studies are needed to determine the probability of a new genetic group of ChPV based on the analysis of the complete genome.
PubMed: 38930446
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12061065 -
Journal of Virological Methods Jun 2024Mixed infections of multiple viruses significantly contribute to the prevalence of swine diseases, adversely affecting global livestock production and the economy....
BACKGROUND
Mixed infections of multiple viruses significantly contribute to the prevalence of swine diseases, adversely affecting global livestock production and the economy. However, effectively monitoring multiple viruses and detecting mixed infection samples remains challenging. This study describes a method that combines single-base extension PCR with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) to detect important porcine viruses.
RESULTS
Our approach accurately and simultaneously identified 14 porcine viruses, including porcine circovirus types 1 to 3, porcine bocaviruses groups 1 to 3, African swine fever virus, pseudorabies virus, porcine parvovirus, torque teno sus virus, swine influenza virus, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, classical swine fever virus, and foot-and-mouth disease virus. The low limit of detection for multiplex identification ranges from 13.54 to 1.59 copies/μL. Inter- and intra-assay stability was found to be ≥98.3%. In a comprehensive analysis of 114 samples, the assay exhibited overall agreement with qPCR results of 97.9%.
CONCLUSIONS
The developed MALDI-TOF NAMS assay exhibits high sensitivity, specificity, and reliability in detecting and distinguishing a wide spectrum of porcine viruses in complex matrix samples. This underscores its potential as an efficient diagnostic tool for porcine-derived virus surveillance and swine disease control.
PubMed: 38925439
DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2024.114990 -
Veterinary Sciences Jun 2024Porcine cytomegalovirus (PCMV) infection is widespread worldwide and has a high prevalence in swine herds, especially in countries with intensive swine production. PCMV...
Molecular Detection of Porcine Cytomegalovirus, Porcine Parvovirus, Aujeszky Disease Virus and Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus in Wild Boars Hunted in Serbia during 2023.
Porcine cytomegalovirus (PCMV) infection is widespread worldwide and has a high prevalence in swine herds, especially in countries with intensive swine production. PCMV is zoonotic and can impact xenotransplants. It is the third swine virus known to be zoonotic, following swine influenza virus (influenza A) and hepatitis E virus genotype 3 (HEVgt3 or HEV-3). Wild boars, serving as reservoirs for various pathogens, including PCMV, pose a risk to both the pig industry and public health. This study aimed to investigate PCMV infection in Serbian wild boars using real-time PCR and assess other viral infections. We also tested samples for the presence of other viral infections: Aujeszky disease virus (ADV), Porcine parvovirus (PPV) and Porcine reproductive respiratory syndrome (PRRSV). Samples from 50 wild boars across 3 districts were tested. Results showed 8% positivity for PCMV DNA, with females showing higher infection rates. Porcine parvovirus (PPV) was detected in 56% of samples, while Porcine reproductive respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) was absent. ADV was found in 18% of samples, primarily in younger animals. This research contributes to understanding PCMV prevalence in Serbian wild boars and emphasizes the importance of monitoring viral infections in wild populations, considering the potential zoonotic and economic implications.
PubMed: 38921996
DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11060249 -
Veterinary Sciences May 2024There is a growing interest in the composition of amniotic fluid (AF) in both humans and animals. In addition to its nutritional and protective functions for the foetus,...
There is a growing interest in the composition of amniotic fluid (AF) in both humans and animals. In addition to its nutritional and protective functions for the foetus, current knowledge demonstrates that AF also serves advanced diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic roles. Newborn dogs have an underdeveloped immune system, making them highly susceptible to dangerous pathogens such as canine parvovirus (CPV-2), canine infectious hepatitis virus (CAdV-1), and canine distemper virus (CDV), thus exposing them to a high risk of mortality in the first weeks of life. Immunoglobulins G (IgGs) represent the only antibody isotype capable of crossing the placenta in a small amount and have been detected also in canine AF. The primary aim of this study was to investigate the reliability of AF collected at birth as a marker of passive immunity in canine species. For this purpose, total and specific IgGs against CPV-2, CAdV-1, and CDV were investigated and quantified in both maternal plasma and AF collected at the time of caesarean section. The vaccination status of the bitches was also taken into consideration. Since the immune system can be influenced by gestational age, with preterm infants having immature innate and adaptive immunity, IgG concentrations were correlated with amniotic lecithin, sphingomyelin, cortisol, surfactant protein A, and pentraxin 3 levels. In a previous study from our group on foetal maturity these molecules were measured in the same samples. Finally, correlations between their amniotic content and neonatal outcomes were investigated. This study demonstrates that AF analysis at birth can provide valuable insights into neonatal immunity in puppies, offering a non-invasive method to detect potential early health risks, for improved puppy care and management.
PubMed: 38921981
DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11060234 -
Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2024Canine distemper virus (CDV) is a highly contagious and potentially lethal virus that affects dogs and other members of the Canidae family, including wolves, foxes, and...
Canine distemper virus (CDV) is a highly contagious and potentially lethal virus that affects dogs and other members of the Canidae family, including wolves, foxes, and coyotes. Here, we present a fluorescent lateral flow immunoassay (FLFA) platform for the detection of CDV, which utilizes fluorescent microspheres - fusion protein monoclonal antibody (mAb)-labeled monoclonal antibody. The assay detected CDV within 5 min, with a detection limit threshold of 3 × 10 TCID/mL. Notably, the assay demonstrated no cross-reactivity with canine parvovirus, canine coronavirus, canine adenovirus, feline calicivirus, feline herpesvirus, or feline parvovirus. Field and clinical applicability of the assay was evaluated using 63 field samples, including 30 canine fecal samples, 18 swab samples, and 15 blood samples. The coincidence rate between the detection results of clinical samples obtained through FLFA and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was 96.83%. Thus, this assay offers a significant advancement for the rapid diagnosis of CDV at the point of care.
PubMed: 38919159
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1413420 -
Avian Pathology : Journal of the W.V.P.A Jun 2024Intestinal dilatation syndrome (IDS) is a segmental enteropathy characterized by dilatation of the junction of the ileum and jejunum (Meckel's diverticulum). IDS...
Intestinal dilatation syndrome (IDS) is a segmental enteropathy characterized by dilatation of the junction of the ileum and jejunum (Meckel's diverticulum). IDS severely affects the poultry industry by causing a chronic and irreversible drop in egg laying, reducing feed conversion efficiency, and increasing the mortality rate. The clinical and pathological features of IDS in white laying hens were described, and viral molecular and metagenomic research was conducted. The 50- to 60-day-old chickens presented pale mucosa, apathy, depression, ruffled feathers, and diarrhoea, accompanied by a 20% loss in fertile egg production, 20% culling of birds, and 5% mortality. The main findings at necropsy were marked intestinal dilatation with intestinal stasis, a narrow distal jejunum in the region of Meckel's diverticulum, and undigested food. Microscopic analysis revealed marked atrophic lymphoplasmacytic and heterophilic enteritis with hyperplastic crypts, ulceration, and heterophilic and lymphoplasmacytic perineuritis. The molecular assays consistently detected the presence of chicken parvovirus in the three segments of the intestine, pancreas, and proventriculus, as well as chicken megrivirus in the intestinal contents. Marked atrophic enteritis with perineuritis and intestinal stasis are associated with clinical manifestations of poor intestinal absorption and secondary bacterial infection. Our data provide useful information about IDS and highlight the importance of further studies to determine the specific role of each detected virus in this syndrome.RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS IDS presented pathognomonic dilatation of the jejunum up to Meckel's diverticulum.IDS caused weight loss, decreased egg production, and increased culling and mortality.Chicken parvovirus (ChPV) was consistently detected through PCR assays.Chicken megrivirus (ChMV) was consistently detected through viral metagenomics.
PubMed: 38916258
DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2024.2372486 -
Cureus May 2024Splenic sequestration crisis is a life-threatening complication of sickle cell disease (SCD), characterized by a sudden and huge accumulation of blood in the spleen,...
Splenic sequestration crisis is a life-threatening complication of sickle cell disease (SCD), characterized by a sudden and huge accumulation of blood in the spleen, leading to rapid enlargement and may lead to organ failure. This case report discusses an unusual case of a splenic sequestration crisis in an adult with SCD. The patient's age, Parvovirus B19 infection, and concurrent retrocardiac pneumonia are all things that differentiate this case from our usual presentation. We will be discussing the clinical presentation, diagnostic methods, and management.
PubMed: 38915956
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.60937 -
Veterinary World May 2024Short beak and dwarfism syndrome (SBDS), a highly contagious disease, has been reported in duck farms in Vietnam since 2019. In this study, we evaluated the virulence...
BACKGROUND AND AIM
Short beak and dwarfism syndrome (SBDS), a highly contagious disease, has been reported in duck farms in Vietnam since 2019. In this study, we evaluated the virulence and characterized the virus obtained from SBDS cases in North Vietnam.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Polymerase chain reaction was used to detect waterfowl parvovirus in ducks, and the virus from positive samples was inoculated into 10-day-old duck-embryonated eggs to reproduce the disease in young ducklings to determine the virulence and subjected to phylogenetic analysis of non-structural (NS) and VP1 gene sequences.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Goose parvovirus (GPV) was isolated from ducks associated with SDBS in Vietnam. The virus Han-GPV2001 is highly virulent when inoculated into 10-day-old duck embryos and 3-day-old ducklings. The mortality rate of duck embryos was 94.35% within 6 days of virus inoculation. Inoculating 3-day-old ducks with the virus stock with 10 EID through intramuscular and neck intravenous administration resulted in 80% and 66.67% of clinical signs of SDBS, respectively, were shown. Phylogenetic analysis based on the partial NS and VP1 gene sequences revealed that the viral isolate obtained in this study belonged to novel GPV (NGPV) and was closely related to previous Vietnamese and Chinese strains.
CONCLUSION
A GPV strain, Han-GPV2001, has been successfully isolated and has virulence in duck-embryonated eggs as well as caused clinical signs of SBDS in ducks. Phylogenetic analyses of partial genes encoding NS and capsid proteins indicated that the obtained GPV isolate belongs to the NGPV group.
PubMed: 38911086
DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2024.981-987