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Parasitology Research Feb 2016Pentatrichomonas hominis is an anaerobic amitochondrial flagellated protist that primarily colonizes the large intestines of a number of species, including cats, dogs,...
Pentatrichomonas hominis is an anaerobic amitochondrial flagellated protist that primarily colonizes the large intestines of a number of species, including cats, dogs, nonhuman primates, and humans. The prevalence of this parasite in dogs, monkeys, and humans is, however, poorly understood. In this study, a total of 362 fecal samples including 252 dogs, 60 monkeys, and 50 humans from northern China were collected for an epidemiological survey of P. hominis infection.The average prevalence of P. hominis infection determined by nested PCR was 27.38% (69/252), 4.00% (2/50), and 46.67% (28/60) in dogs, humans, and monkeys, respectively. The prevalence was significantly higher in 6-month-old dogs (41.53%) and children (7.69%) than in older dogs (14.39%) and adults (0%) (P < 0.05). Sequencing of amplicons revealed that four variable positions separated sequences into three types, called CC1-3. CC1 was the most prevalent in the study population. This study determined that P. hominis infection is common in dogs, monkeys, and humans, especially in children and young dogs. Given the infection prevalence, P. hominis may pose a risk of zoonotic and anthroponotic transmission.
Topics: Adult; Animals; Cats; Child; China; DNA, Protozoan; DNA, Ribosomal; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Feces; Haplorhini; Humans; Male; Monkey Diseases; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Prevalence; Protozoan Infections; RNA, Ribosomal, 18S; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Trichomonadida
PubMed: 26481488
DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4773-8 -
Experimental Animals 2015Trichomonadid protozoa have been found in the intestinal tracts of common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). However, there is little information available on species...
Trichomonadid protozoa have been found in the intestinal tracts of common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). However, there is little information available on species identification and the pathogenicity of these trichomonads. In this study, we conducted a fecal survey of a common marmoset colony maintained as laboratory animals in Japan and identified the trichomonad species. Screening using a fecal smear examination revealed that 66% (58/88) of the marmosets had trichomonadid trophozoites in their feces. The trichomonads were found in both normal feces (31/49, 63%) and diarrhea (27/39, 69%), with no significant difference in frequency. The protozoa were identified as Pentatrichomonas hominis using morphological characters and the 100% identity of the nucleotide sequence of the partial 18S rRNA gene (297 bp). The intraspecific genetic variability between P. hominis from the marmosets in this study and P. hominis from other reported mammal hosts was ≤1% in the nucleotide sequence, including the internal transcribed spacer (ITS)-1, 5.8S rRNA gene, and ITS-2 (293 bp). P. hominis inhabits the large intestine of various mammalian hosts, including primates, and is considered nonpathogenic. These results suggest that P. hominis is transmitted among marmosets and other mammals but is not a primary cause of bowel disease in marmosets.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Laboratory; Base Sequence; Callithrix; Feces; Female; Genes, Protozoan; Genes, rRNA; Intestines; Japan; Male; Monkey Diseases; Protozoan Infections, Animal; Trichomonadida
PubMed: 26156572
DOI: 10.1538/expanim.15-0010 -
Veterinary Parasitology Jun 2015Intestinal infection of pigs with trichomonads, (Tritrichomonas suis, Tetratrichomonas buttreyi, and Pentatrichomonas hominis) has been reported in many countries, such...
Intestinal infection of pigs with trichomonads, (Tritrichomonas suis, Tetratrichomonas buttreyi, and Pentatrichomonas hominis) has been reported in many countries, such as the Philippines, Belgium, and the Czech Republic. However, the prevalence of trichomonads infection of swine in China has not yet been investigated. In this study, we used small subunit ribosomal RNA genes to detect the prevalence of T. suis, T. buttreyi and P. hominis among 158 fecal specimens from healthy pigs. Infection rates were 12.03%(19/158), 14.57% (23/158), and 24.05% (38/158) for T. suis, T. buttreyi and P. hominis, respectively. Molecular evolutionary analysis showed minor allelic variation in T. buttreyi from China compared to T. buttreyi isolated from other hosts in different parts of the world.
Topics: Animals; China; DNA, Protozoan; DNA, Ribosomal; Feces; Intestines; Prevalence; Protozoan Infections, Animal; Swine; Swine Diseases; Trichomonadida
PubMed: 25981103
DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.04.028 -
The Korean Journal of Parasitology Oct 2014Trichomonad species inhabit a variety of vertebrate hosts; however, their potential zoonotic transmission has not been clearly addressed, especially with regard to human...
Trichomonad species inhabit a variety of vertebrate hosts; however, their potential zoonotic transmission has not been clearly addressed, especially with regard to human infection. Twenty-one strains of trichomonads isolated from humans (5 isolates), pigs (6 isolates), rodents (6 isolates), a water buffalo (1 isolate), a cow (1 isolate), a goat (1 isolate), and a dog (1 isolate) were collected in Indonesia and molecularly characterized. The DNA sequences of the partial 18S small subunit ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene or 5.8S rRNA gene locus with its flanking regions (internal transcribed spacer region, ITS1 and ITS2) were identified in various trichomonads; Simplicimonas sp., Hexamastix mitis, and Hypotrichomonas sp. from rodents, and Tetratrichomonas sp. and Trichomonas sp. from pigs. All of these species were not detected in humans, whereas Pentatrichomonas hominis was identified in humans, pigs, the dog, the water buffalo, the cow, and the goat. Even when using the high-resolution gene locus of the ITS regions, all P. hominis strains were genetically identical; thus zoonotic transmission between humans and these closely related mammals may be occurring in the area investigated. The detection of Simplicimonas sp. in rodents (Rattus exulans) and P. hominis in water buffalo in this study revealed newly recognized host adaptations and suggested the existence of remaining unrevealed ranges of hosts in the trichomonad species.
Topics: Animals; DNA, Protozoan; DNA, Ribosomal Spacer; Humans; Indonesia; Mammals; Protozoan Infections; RNA, Protozoan; RNA, Ribosomal, 18S; Species Specificity; Trichomonadida
PubMed: 25352694
DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2014.52.5.471 -
Trends in Parasitology Jul 2014Trichomonads are common parasites of many vertebrate and invertebrate species, with four species classically recognized as human parasites: Dientamoeba fragilis,... (Review)
Review
Trichomonads are common parasites of many vertebrate and invertebrate species, with four species classically recognized as human parasites: Dientamoeba fragilis, Pentatrichomonas hominis, Trichomonas vaginalis, and Trichomonas tenax. The latter two species are considered human-specific; by contrast, D. fragilis and P. hominis have been isolated from domestic and farm mammals, demonstrating a wide host range and potential zoonotic origin. Several new studies have highlighted the zoonotic dimension of trichomonads. First, species typically known to infect birds and domestic mammals have been identified in human clinical samples. Second, several phylogenetic analyses have identified animal-derived trichomonads as close sister taxa of the two human-specific species. It is our opinion, therefore, that these observations prompt further investigation into the importance of zoonotic trichomonads for human health.
Topics: Animals; Bird Diseases; Birds; Humans; Phylogeny; Trichomonas Infections; Trichomonas vaginalis; Zoonoses
PubMed: 24951156
DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2014.05.005 -
Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious... Jul 2014A loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay targeting the 2-kbp repeated DNA species-specific sequence was developed for detection of Trichomonas vaginalis,...
A loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay targeting the 2-kbp repeated DNA species-specific sequence was developed for detection of Trichomonas vaginalis, the causative agent of trichomoniasis. The analytical sensitivity and specificity of the LAMP assay were evaluated using pooled genital swab and urine specimens, respectively, spiked with T. vaginalis trophozoites. Genital secretion and urine did not inhibit the detection of the parasite. The sensitivity of the LAMP was 10-1000 times higher than the PCR performed. The detection limit of LAMP was 1 trichomonad for both spiked genital swab and urine specimens. Also, LAMP did not exhibit cross-reactivity with closely-related trichomonads, Trichomonas tenax and Pentatrichomonas hominis, and other enteric and urogenital microorganisms, Entamoeba histolytica, Candida albicans, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus. This is the first report of a LAMP assay for the detection of T. vaginalis and has prospective application for rapid diagnosis and control of trichomoniasis.
Topics: Humans; Molecular Diagnostic Techniques; Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques; Sensitivity and Specificity; Trichomonas Infections; Trichomonas vaginalis
PubMed: 24792836
DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2014.03.016 -
Veterinary Parasitology May 2014A marasmic pig with watery diarrhea was identified to harbor the human-pathogenic protist Pentatrichomonas hominis by PCR and sequence analysis of three genetic loci...
A marasmic pig with watery diarrhea was identified to harbor the human-pathogenic protist Pentatrichomonas hominis by PCR and sequence analysis of three genetic loci (ITS1-5.8S rRNA-ITS2, 18S rRNA, and EF-1α), electron microscopy, and infection experiments. DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis indicated the organism isolated in this study was most closely related to P. hominis. SEM and TEM observation of the ultrastructure demonstrated that it had a morphology identical to P. hominis. The result of experimental infections with P. hominis exhibited that the cells had the ability to propagate in the cecum of piglets and fecal-oral route might be the major way in which pigs became infected. The present study confirmed that swine could be a host for P. hominis and might serve as a reservoir for human trichomoniasis.
Topics: Animals; Cecum; Genes, rRNA; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; Molecular Sequence Data; Phylogeny; Protozoan Infections, Animal; Random Allocation; Swine; Swine Diseases; Trichomonadida
PubMed: 24636786
DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.01.028 -
Parasitology Research May 2014A trichomonad-like parasite isolated from canine fecal samples in Changchun, China was successfully cultivated in vitro using RPMI1640 medium supplemented with 10%...
A trichomonad-like parasite isolated from canine fecal samples in Changchun, China was successfully cultivated in vitro using RPMI1640 medium supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated calf serum and antibiotics. These were then subjected to scanning and transmission electron microscopy for ultrastructural study. This parasite has four anterior flagella of unequal length, one independent flagellum, and one recurrent flagellum. It exhibits an anterior nucleus, a Golgi complex, an axostyle, food vacuoles, and hydrogenosomes. These features are consistent with the ultrastructural characteristics of previously described Pentatrichomonas hominis. Polymerase chain reaction and sequence analysis of three genetic loci, including ITS1-5.8S rRNA-ITS2, 18S rRNA, and EF-1α, were also used to compare these samples with other trichomonad species. Molecular identification was also consistent with P. hominis. This is the first time that isolation of P. hominis has been isolated from dog in China, although several other strains of P. hominis have been isolated from human samples.
Topics: Animals; China; DNA, Protozoan; DNA, Ribosomal Spacer; Diarrhea; Dogs; Feces; Male; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; Peptide Elongation Factor 1; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Protozoan Infections, Animal; RNA, Ribosomal, 18S; Trichomonadida
PubMed: 24623347
DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-3825-9 -
Investigacion Clinica Dec 2013To determine the prevalence of Entamoeba histolytica as a producer of diarrhea, a study was conducted in children, less than five years of age, with diarrhea who...
To determine the prevalence of Entamoeba histolytica as a producer of diarrhea, a study was conducted in children, less than five years of age, with diarrhea who attended several out patient clinics of the Servicio Aut6nomo Hospital Universitario, Maracaibo, Venezuela. A macroscopic and microscopic examination with physiological saline, lugol and Kinyoun staining were performed to the stool samples obtained. The remainder of the sample was frozen until DNA extraction, and PCR amplification was performed separately for E. histolytica and E. dispar. Microscopic examination showed no trophozoites and/or cysts of Entamoeba histolytica/dispar/moshkovskii, or intestinal coccidians in any of the 50 samples analyzed. Parasites detected were Giardia lamblia (6%), Blastocystis sp. (4%), Pentatrichomonas hominis (2%), Ascaris lumbricoides (2%) and Trichuris trichiura (2%). By PCR, six samples (12%) had DNA of E. dispar and two (4%) had DNA from E. histolytica; no child showed association of both amoebae. The two children who had E. histolytica were one-year-old. E. dispar was detected in younger children. We suggest that the prevalence of E. histolytica in children under five years is really low.
Topics: Child, Preschool; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diarrhea; Entamoeba histolytica; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Prospective Studies; Venezuela
PubMed: 24502179
DOI: No ID Found -
Parasitology International Apr 2014The nucleotide sequence of the 5.8S rRNA gene and the flanked internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of six Trichomonas vaginalis isolates with different...
The nucleotide sequence of the 5.8S rRNA gene and the flanked internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of six Trichomonas vaginalis isolates with different metronidazole sensitivity and geographic origin were genotyped. A multiple sequence alignment was performed with different sequences of other isolates available at the GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ databases, which revealed 5 different sequence patterns. Although a stable mutation in position 66 of the ITS1 (C66T) was observed in 26% (9/34) of the T. vaginalis sequences analyzed, there was 99.7% ITS nucleotide sequence identity among isolates for this sequence. The nucleotide sequence variation among other species of the genus Trichomonas ranged from 3.4% to 9.1%. Surprisingly, the % identity between T. vaginalis and Pentatrichomonas hominis was ~83%. There was >40% divergence in the ITS sequence between T. vaginalis and Tritrichomonas spp., including Tritrichomonas augusta, Tritrichomonas muris, and Tritrichomonas nonconforma and with Tetratrichomonas prowazeki. Dendrograms grouped the trichomonadid sequences in robust clades according to their genera. The absence of nucleotide divergence in the hypervariable ITS regions between T. vaginalis isolates suggests the early divergence of the parasite. Importantly, these data show this ITS1-5.8S rRNA-ITS2 region suitable for inter-species differentiation.
Topics: Animals; Base Sequence; DNA, Ribosomal Spacer; Phylogeny; Sequence Alignment; Species Specificity; Trichomonas vaginalis
PubMed: 24412628
DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2013.12.017