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Nutrients Jun 2024Liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide-2 (LEAP-2) has mutual antagonism with ghrelin, which evokes food intake under a freely fed state. Nevertheless, the impact of...
Liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide-2 (LEAP-2) has mutual antagonism with ghrelin, which evokes food intake under a freely fed state. Nevertheless, the impact of LEAP-2 on ghrelin under time-restricted feeding (TRF), which has benefits in the context of metabolic disease, is still unknown. This study aims to explore the impact of central administration of LEAP-2 on the ingestion behavior of rats, which was evaluated using their cumulative food intake in the TRF state. Before intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of -octanoylated ghrelin (0.1 nmol/rat), as a food-stimulatory model, the rats received various doses of LEAP-2 (0.3, 1, 3 nmol/rat, ICV). Cumulative food intake was recorded at 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 h after ICV injection under 12 h freely fed and TRF states in a light phase. In 12 h freely fed and TRF states, central administration of ghrelin alone induced feeding behavior. Pre-treatment with LEAP-2 (1 and 3 nmol/rat, ICV) suppressed ghrelin-induced food intake in a dose-dependent manner in a 12 h freely fed state instead of a TRF state, which may have disturbed the balance of ghrelin and LEAP-2. This study provides neuroendocrine-based evidence that may explain why TRF sometimes fails in fighting obesity/metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease in clinics.
Topics: Animals; Ghrelin; Male; Rats; Eating; Feeding Behavior; Injections, Intraventricular; Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Consciousness; Blood Proteins
PubMed: 38931301
DOI: 10.3390/nu16121946 -
Nutrients Jun 2024In recent years, there has been a notable surge in the popularity of beetroot-based dietary supplements, driven by their rich nitrate composition. Several types of... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
In recent years, there has been a notable surge in the popularity of beetroot-based dietary supplements, driven by their rich nitrate composition. Several types of beetroot-based dietary supplements can be found in markets worldwide; however, ensuring the safety of dietary supplements is a crucial consideration, as there is limited evidence on their safety, especially for older populations. Therefore, the purpose of the current study was to evaluate the safety and tolerability of a nitrate-rich beetroot extract in older participants taking supplements over 12 weeks. The participants were randomly assigned to receive 20 g daily of beetroot extract or a matching placebo. The safety and tolerability of the supplementation were evaluated as the occurrence of adverse events and anthropometric, biochemical, and hemodynamic parameters were measured. No serious adverse events were reported in any group. Anthropometric, biochemical, and hemodynamic parameter changes between the baseline and the end of the study were not statistically significant in either group. However, interestingly, the group receiving beetroot extract supplementation exhibited a notable increase in plasma nitrate levels ( = 0.076, = 0.50) and showed a decrease in insulin levels ( = 0.026, = 0.59). In conclusion, we found that 20 g of beetroot extract supplementation for 12 weeks was safe and well tolerated in older participants.
Topics: Humans; Dietary Supplements; Beta vulgaris; Plant Extracts; Aged; Male; Female; Nitrates; Plant Roots; Double-Blind Method; Insulin; Middle Aged
PubMed: 38931296
DOI: 10.3390/nu16121942 -
Nutrients Jun 2024Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major risk and prognostic factor for heart failure (HF). Insulin resistance (IR) is an important component of DM, but the relationship...
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major risk and prognostic factor for heart failure (HF). Insulin resistance (IR) is an important component of DM, but the relationship between IR and HF prognosis has not yet been established across a wide variety of HF populations. We retrospectively evaluated the relationship between IR and clinical outcomes of HF patients at our hospital between 2017 and 2021. IR was defined as a homeostatic model assessment of IR (HOMA-IR) index ≥ 2.5, calculated from fasting blood glucose and insulin concentrations. The primary outcome was a composite of all-cause death and hospitalisation for HF (HHF). Among 682 patients included in the analyses, 337 (49.4%) had IR. The median age was 70 [interquartile range (IQR): 59-77] years old, and 66% of the patients were men. Among the patients, 41% had a left ventricular ejection fraction below 40%, and 32% had DM. The median follow-up period was 16.5 [IQR: 4.4-37.3] months. IR was independently associated with the primary outcome (HR: 1.91, 95% CI: 1.39-2.62, < 0.0001), death (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.86, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.28-2.83, < 0.01), and HHF (HR: 1.91, 95% CI: 1.28-2.83, < 0.01). HOMA-IR is an independent prognostic factor of HF in a wide variety of HF populations.
Topics: Humans; Insulin Resistance; Heart Failure; Male; Female; Aged; Middle Aged; Prognosis; Japan; Retrospective Studies; Blood Glucose; Hospitalization; Insulin; Risk Factors; Stroke Volume
PubMed: 38931242
DOI: 10.3390/nu16121888 -
Nutrients Jun 2024Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disease which seriously affects public health. Gut microbiota remains a dynamic balance state in healthy...
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disease which seriously affects public health. Gut microbiota remains a dynamic balance state in healthy individuals, and its disorder may affect health status and even results in metabolic diseases. Quercetin, a natural flavonoid, has been shown to have biological activities that can be used in the prevention and treatment of metabolic diseases. This study aimed to explore the mechanism of quercetin in alleviating T2DM based on gut microbiota. / mice were adopted as the model for T2DM in this study. After 10 weeks of administration, quercetin could significantly decrease the levels of body weight, fasting blood glucose (FBG), serum insulin (INS), the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), D-lactic acid (D-LA), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in / mice. 16S rRNA gene sequencing and untargeted metabolomics analysis were performed to compare the differences of gut microbiota and metabolites among the groups. The results demonstrated that quercetin decreased the abundance of Proteobacteria, , and . Moreover, metabolomics analysis showed that the levels of L-Dopa and S-Adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) were significantly increased, but 3-Methoxytyramine (3-MET), L-Aspartic acid, L-Glutamic acid, and Androstenedione were significantly decreased under quercetin intervention. Taken together, quercetin could exert its hypoglycemic effect, alleviate insulin resistance, repair the intestinal barrier, remodel the intestinal microbiota, and alter the metabolites of / mice.
Topics: Animals; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Quercetin; Insulin Resistance; Mice; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Male; Intestinal Mucosa; Blood Glucose; Disease Models, Animal; Insulin
PubMed: 38931226
DOI: 10.3390/nu16121870 -
Nutrients Jun 2024In order to better understand which metabolic differences are related to insulin resistance in metabolic syndrome (MetSyn), we used hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic (HE)...
CONTEXT/OBJECTIVE
In order to better understand which metabolic differences are related to insulin resistance in metabolic syndrome (MetSyn), we used hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic (HE) clamps in individuals with MetSyn and related peripheral insulin resistance to circulating biomarkers.
DESIGN/METHODS
In this cross-sectional study, HE-clamps were performed in treatment-naive men (n = 97) with MetSyn. Subjects were defined as insulin-resistant based on the rate of disappearance (Rd). Machine learning models and conventional statistics were used to identify biomarkers of insulin resistance. Findings were replicated in a cohort with n = 282 obese men and women with (n = 156) and without (n = 126) MetSyn. In addition to this, the relation between biomarkers and adipose tissue was assessed by nuclear magnetic resonance imaging.
RESULTS
Peripheral insulin resistance is marked by changes in proteins related to inflammatory processes such as IL-1 and TNF-receptor and superfamily members. These proteins can distinguish between insulin-resistant and insulin-sensitive individuals (AUC = 0.72 ± 0.10) with MetSyn. These proteins were also associated with IFG, liver fat (rho 0.36, = 1.79 × 10) and visceral adipose tissue (rho = 0.35, = 6.80 × 10). Interestingly, these proteins had the strongest association in the MetSyn subgroup compared to individuals without MetSyn.
CONCLUSIONS
MetSyn associated with insulin resistance is characterized by protein changes related to body fat content, insulin signaling and pro-inflammatory processes. These findings provide novel targets for intervention studies and should be the focus of future in vitro and in vivo studies.
Topics: Humans; Insulin Resistance; Metabolic Syndrome; Male; Female; Cross-Sectional Studies; Middle Aged; Adult; Biomarkers; Proteome; Glucose Clamp Technique; Obesity; Adipose Tissue; Insulin; Intra-Abdominal Fat
PubMed: 38931177
DOI: 10.3390/nu16121822 -
Nutrients Jun 2024The global rise in type 2 diabetes (T2D) and obesity necessitates innovative dietary interventions. This study investigates the effects of allulose, a rare sugar shown...
The global rise in type 2 diabetes (T2D) and obesity necessitates innovative dietary interventions. This study investigates the effects of allulose, a rare sugar shown to reduce blood glucose, in a rat model of diet-induced obesity and T2D. Over 12 weeks, we hypothesized that allulose supplementation would improve body weight, insulin sensitivity, and glycemic control. Our results showed that allulose mitigated the adverse effects of high-fat, high-sugar diets, including reduced body weight gain and improved insulin resistance. The allulose group exhibited lower food consumption and increased levels of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), enhancing glucose regulation and appetite control. Additionally, allulose prevented liver triglyceride accumulation and promoted mitochondrial uncoupling in adipose tissue. These findings suggest that allulose supplementation can improve metabolic health markers, making it a promising dietary component for managing obesity and T2D. Further research is needed to explore the long-term benefits and mechanisms of allulose in metabolic disease prevention and management. This study supports the potential of allulose as a safe and effective intervention for improving metabolic health in the context of dietary excess.
Topics: Animals; Fructose; Male; Obesity; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Insulin Resistance; Blood Glucose; Rats; Diet, High-Fat; Liver; Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; Triglycerides; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Adipose Tissue; Weight Gain; Disease Models, Animal
PubMed: 38931176
DOI: 10.3390/nu16121821 -
Nutrients Jun 2024Zinc deficiency has been associated with the worsening of diabetes while zinc supplementation has been proposed to ameliorate diabetes. This study examined the effects...
Zinc deficiency has been associated with the worsening of diabetes while zinc supplementation has been proposed to ameliorate diabetes. This study examined the effects of marginal zinc deficiency (MZD) and zinc supplementation (ZS) on obesity, glycemic control, pancreatic islets, hepatic steatosis and renal function of Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats. Male ZDF rats were fed an MZD, zinc control (ZC) or ZS diet (4, 30 and 300 mg Zn/kg diet, respectively), and lean Zucker rats were fed a ZC diet for 8 weeks. MZD and ZS did not alter body weight or whole-body composition in ZDF rats. MZD ZDF rats had reduced zinc concentrations in the femur and pancreas, a greater number of enlarged pancreatic islets and a diminished response to an oral glucose load based on a 1.8-fold greater incremental area-under-the-curve (AUC) for glucose compared to ZC ZDF. ZS ZDF rats had elevated serum, femur and pancreatic zinc concentrations, unchanged pancreatic parameters and a 50% reduction in the AUC for insulin compared to ZC ZDF rats, suggesting greater insulin sensitivity. Dietary zinc intake did not alter hepatic steatosis, creatinine clearance, or levels of proteins that contribute to insulin signaling, inflammation or zinc transport in epididymal fat. Potential adverse effects of ZS were suggested by reduced hepatic copper concentrations and elevated serum urea compared to ZC ZDF rats. In summary, ZS improved the pancreatic insulin response but not the glucose handling. In contrast, reduced zinc status in ZDF rats led to impaired glucose tolerance and a compensatory increase in the number and size of pancreatic islets which could lead to β-cell exhaustion.
Topics: Animals; Rats, Zucker; Zinc; Dietary Supplements; Male; Insulin; Islets of Langerhans; Rats; Blood Glucose; Obesity; Insulin Resistance; Pancreas; Liver; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental
PubMed: 38931174
DOI: 10.3390/nu16121819 -
Nutrients Jun 2024Previous studies have reported that TT genotype carriers of the adenosine A2a receptor () gene rs5751876 polymorphism have better ergogenic and anti-inflammatory... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
Previous studies have reported that TT genotype carriers of the adenosine A2a receptor () gene rs5751876 polymorphism have better ergogenic and anti-inflammatory responses to caffeine intake compared to C allele carriers. The aim of the present study was twofold: (1) to investigate the association of the rs5751876 polymorphism with acute caffeine supplementation on hormonal (growth hormone and testosterone) response to resistance exercise (RE); (2) to examine the relationship between the rs5751876 polymorphism and the resting levels of growth hormone and testosterone in athletes who are light caffeine consumers. A double-blind, crossover, placebo-controlled study involving 30 resistance-trained men (age 21.7 ± 4.1) was conducted to assess the impact of caffeine supplementation on serum growth hormone (GH) and testosterone (TS) levels before, immediately after, and 15 min post-RE. One hour before engaging in resistance exercise, subjects were randomly administered 6 mg of caffeine per kg of body mass or a placebo (maltodextrin). After a 7-day washout period, the same protocol was repeated. Resting testosterone and growth hormone levels were examined in the sera of 94 elite athletes (31 females, age 21.4 ± 2.8; 63 males, age 22.9 ± 3.8). Caffeine consumption led to significantly greater increases in GH and TS in men with the TT genotype compared to C allele carriers. Furthermore, in the group of athletes, carriers of the TT genotype had significantly higher testosterone ( = 0.0125) and growth hormone ( = 0.0365) levels compared to C allele carriers. In conclusion, the gene rs5751876 polymorphism may modify the effect of caffeine intake on the hormonal response to exercise.
Topics: Humans; Caffeine; Male; Double-Blind Method; Cross-Over Studies; Resistance Training; Receptor, Adenosine A2A; Young Adult; Testosterone; Adult; Female; Dietary Supplements; Athletes; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; Genotype; Human Growth Hormone; Polymorphism, Genetic; Exercise
PubMed: 38931158
DOI: 10.3390/nu16121803 -
Nutrients Jun 2024Nucleotides (NTs) act as pivotal regulatory factors in numerous biological processes, playing indispensable roles in growth, development, and metabolism across...
Nucleotides (NTs) act as pivotal regulatory factors in numerous biological processes, playing indispensable roles in growth, development, and metabolism across organisms. This study delves into the effects of exogenous NTs on hepatic insulin resistance using palmitic-acid-induced HepG2 cells, administering interventions at three distinct dosage levels of exogenous NTs. The findings underscore that exogenous NT intervention augments glucose consumption in HepG2 cells, modulates the expression of glycogen-synthesis-related enzymes (glycogen synthase kinase 3β and glycogen synthase), and influences glycogen content. Additionally, it governs the expression levels of hepatic enzymes (hexokinase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, and glucose-6-phosphatase). Moreover, exogenous NT intervention orchestrates insulin signaling pathway (insulin receptor substrate-1, protein kinase B, and forkhead box protein O1) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity in HepG2 cells. Furthermore, exogenous NT intervention fine-tunes the expression levels of oxidative stress-related markers (malondialdehyde, glutathione peroxidase, and NADPH oxidase 4) and the expression of inflammation-related nuclear transcription factor (NF-κB). Lastly, exogenous NT intervention regulates the expression levels of glucose transporter proteins (GLUTs). Consequently, exogenous NTs ameliorate insulin resistance in HepG2 cells by modulating the IRS-1/AKT/FOXO1 pathways and regulate glucose consumption, glycogen content, insulin signaling pathways, AMPK activity, oxidative stress, and inflammatory status.
Topics: Humans; Hep G2 Cells; Insulin Resistance; Palmitic Acid; Insulin Receptor Substrate Proteins; Forkhead Box Protein O1; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; Signal Transduction; Nucleotides; Glucose; Oxidative Stress; Glycogen; Insulin
PubMed: 38931156
DOI: 10.3390/nu16121801 -
Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) Jun 2024: Teriparatide is an anabolic agent for osteoporosis and is believed to improve the bone healing process. Previous studies showed that teriparatide could enhance not...
: Teriparatide is an anabolic agent for osteoporosis and is believed to improve the bone healing process. Previous studies showed that teriparatide could enhance not only fracture healing but also spine fusion. It has been reported that use of teriparatide could promote the spine fusion process and decrease mechanical complications. However, there was no consensus regarding optimal treatment duration. The purpose of this study was to compare surgical outcomes between short-duration and long-duration teriparatide treatment after lumbar fusion surgery in elderly patients. : All consecutive patients older than 60 years who underwent 1-level lumbar fusion surgery for degenerative diseases between January 2015 and December 2019 were retrospectively reviewed. Based on the duration of teriparatide treatment (daily subcutaneous injection of 20 µg teriparatide), patients were subdivided into two groups: a short-duration (SD) group (<6 months) and a long-duration (LD) group (≥6 months). Mechanical complications, such as screw loosening, cage subsidence, and adjacent vertebral fractures, were investigated. Postoperative 1-year union rate was also evaluated on computed tomography. Clinical outcomes were recorded using visual analog scale (VAS) and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI). Between-group differences for these radiographic and clinical outcomes were analyzed. : Ninety-one patients were reviewed in this study, including sixty patients in the SD group and thirty-one patients in the LD group. Their mean age was 72.3 ± 6.2 years, and 79 patients were female. Mean T-score was -3.3 ± 0.8. Cage subsidence (6.7% vs. 3.2%), screw loosening (28.3% vs. 35.5%), and adjacent vertebral fracture (6.7% vs. 9.7%) were not significantly different between the SD and LD groups. Union rate at 1-year postoperative was 65.0% in the SD group and 87.1% in the LD group ( = 0.028). Both groups showed improvement in VAS and ODI after surgery. However, the differences of VAS from preoperative to 6 months and 1 year postoperative were significantly higher in the LD group. : Longer teriparatide treatment after lumbar fusion surgery resulted in a higher union rate at 1-year postoperative than the shorter treatment. Also, it could be more beneficial for clinical outcomes.
Topics: Humans; Teriparatide; Female; Male; Spinal Fusion; Aged; Retrospective Studies; Treatment Outcome; Bone Density Conservation Agents; Lumbar Vertebrae; Aged, 80 and over; Time Factors; Middle Aged
PubMed: 38929563
DOI: 10.3390/medicina60060946