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Chemosphere Jun 2024Cellulosic substrates, including wood and thatch, have become icons for sustainable architecture and construction, however, they suffer from high flammability because of...
Cellulosic substrates, including wood and thatch, have become icons for sustainable architecture and construction, however, they suffer from high flammability because of their inherent cellulosic composition. Current control measures for such hazards include applying intumescent fire-retardant (IFR) coatings that swell and form a char layer upon ignition, protecting the underlying substrate from burning. Typically, conventional IFR coatings are opaque and are made of halogenated compounds that release toxic fumes when ignited, compromising the roofing's aesthetic value and sustainability. In this work, phytic acid, a naturally occurring phosphorus source extracted from rice bran, was used to synthesize phytic acid-based fire-retardants (PFR) via esterification under reflux, along with powdered chicken eggshells (CES) as calcium carbonate (CaCO) bio-filler. These components were incorporated into melamine formaldehyde resin to produce the transparent IFR coating. It was revealed that the developed IFR coatings achieved the highest fire protection rating based on UL94 flammability standards compared to the control. The coatings also yielded increased LOI values, indicative of self-extinguishing properties. A 17 °C elevation of the IFR coating's melting temperature and a significant ∼172% increase in enthalpy change from the control were observed, indicating enhanced fire-retardancy. The thermal stability of the coatings was improved, denoted by reduced mass losses, and increased residual masses after thermal degradation. As validated by microscopy and spectroscopy, the abundance of phosphorus and carbon groups in the coatings' condensed phase after combustion indicates enhanced char formation. In the gas phase, TG-FTIR showed the evolution of non-flammable CO, and fire-retardant PO and P-O-C. Mechanical property testing confirmed no reduction in the adhesion strength of the IFR coating. With these results, the developed IFR coating exhibited enhanced fire-retardancy whilst remaining optically transparent, suggestive of a dual-phase IFR protective mechanism involving the release of gaseous combustion diluents and the formation of a thermally insulating char layer.
Topics: Flame Retardants; Egg Shell; Phytic Acid; Animals; Fires; Cellulose; Calcium Carbonate; Chickens
PubMed: 38704039
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142226 -
International Journal of Biological... Jun 2024Polylactic acid (PLA) is a promising renewable polymer material with excellent biodegradability and good mechanical properties. However, the easy flammability and slow...
Polylactic acid (PLA) is a promising renewable polymer material with excellent biodegradability and good mechanical properties. However, the easy flammability and slow natural degradation limited its further applications, especially in high-security fields. In this work, a fully bio-based intumescent flame-retardant system was designed to reduce the fire hazard of PLA. Firstly, arginine (Arg) and phytic acid (PA) were combined through electrostatic ionic interaction, followed by the introduction of starch as a carbon source, namely APS. The UL-94 grade of PLA/APS composites reached V-0 grade by adding 3 wt% of APS and exhibited excellent anti-dripping performance. With APS addition increasing to 7 wt%, LOI value increased to 26 % and total heat release decreased from 58.4 (neat PLA) to 51.1 MJ/m. Moreover, the addition of APS increased its crystallinity up to 83.5 % and maintained the mechanical strength of pristine PLA. Noteworthy, APS accelerated the degradation rate of PLA under submerged conditions. Compared with pristine PLA, PLA/APS showed more apparent destructive network morphology and higher mass and M loss, suggesting effective degradation promotion. This work provides a full biomass modification strategy to construct renewable plastic with both good flame retardancy and high degradation efficiency.
Topics: Polyesters; Flame Retardants; Fires; Phytic Acid; Green Chemistry Technology; Arginine
PubMed: 38692538
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131985 -
Protein Expression and Purification Aug 2024Phytate (inositol hexaphosphate) is the major storage form of phosphorus (P) in nature, and phytases catalyze the hydrolysis of P from phytate and the formation of...
Phytate (inositol hexaphosphate) is the major storage form of phosphorus (P) in nature, and phytases catalyze the hydrolysis of P from phytate and the formation of inositol phosphate isomers. In this study, a bacterium that produces phytase was isolated in a phytase screening medium. The bacterium was identified as Klebsiella sp. using phenotypic and molecular techniques. The PhyK phytase gene was successfully amplified from the genome, inserted into the pET-21a (+) vector, and expressed as a recombinant protein in E. Coli BL21. The efficiency of a laboratory phytase (Lab-Ph, PhyK phytase) was determined and compared with a commercial phytase (Com-Ph, Quantum Blue 40P phytase, AB Vista) under an in vitro digestion assay. The native signal peptide effectively facilitated the translocation of the protein to the periplasmic space of E. Coli BL21, resulting in the proper folding of the protein and the manifestation of desirable enzyme activity. The Lab-Ph displayed the temperature and pH optima at 50 °C and 5 respectively. In addition, the Lab-Ph was inactivated at 80 °C. Under an in vitro digestion assay condition, Lab-Ph improved the P solubility coefficient in broiler diets. In comparison, the Com-Ph significantly increased the P solubility coefficient even when compared with the Lab-Ph. In summary, this study has shown that Lab-Ph possesses the necessary biochemical properties to be used in various industrial applications. However, Lab-Ph is extremely sensitive to heat treatment. The Lab-Ph and Com-Ph under an in vitro digestion assay improved the solubility coefficient of P in the broiler diet.
Topics: Animals; Chickens; Recombinant Proteins; 6-Phytase; Solubility; Klebsiella; Escherichia coli; Animal Feed; Bacterial Proteins; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Minerals; Phytic Acid
PubMed: 38685535
DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2024.106489 -
Journal of Advanced Veterinary and... Mar 2024This study aims to investigate the nutritional composition and rumen fermentation attributes of the tithonia plant () treated with bacteria at different fermentation...
OBJECTIVE
This study aims to investigate the nutritional composition and rumen fermentation attributes of the tithonia plant () treated with bacteria at different fermentation durations and doses.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
In this research, an experimental approach employed a factorial pattern with two factors as treatments with three replications using a complete randomized design. The primary factor was the dose of inoculum, with concentrations at 2% and 3%. The secondary factor examined during the study revolved around the duration of fermentation, offering three time frames of 1 day, 3 days, and 5 days for analysis. The inoculum of contained 65 × 10 CFU/ml.
RESULTS
The use of bacteria on tithonia plants () with different inoculum doses and fermentation times demonstrated a highly significant effect and significant disparities ( < 0.05). In phytic acid content, nutrient content (crude protein (CP), crude fiber, crude fat, and dry matter (DM)), and digestibility, which includes DM, organic matter (OM), CP, volatile fatty acids (VFA), NH, and gas production. However, it did not show any significant interaction between pH and OM content.
CONCLUSION
The optimal results of nutrient profiling and digestibility, including DM, OM, CP, rumen pH, VFA, NH (ammonia), and gas production, were observed when the tithonia plant () was fermented using with 3% inoculum doses and a fermentation time of 5 days.
PubMed: 38680792
DOI: 10.5455/javar.2024.k759 -
Journal of Colloid and Interface Science Aug 2024Developing effective adsorbents for uranium extraction from natural seawater is strategically significant for the sustainable fuel supply of nuclear energy. Herein,...
Developing effective adsorbents for uranium extraction from natural seawater is strategically significant for the sustainable fuel supply of nuclear energy. Herein, stable and low-cost supramolecular complexes (PA-bPEI complexes) were facilely constructed through the assembly of phytic acid and hyperbranched polyethyleneimine based on the multiple modes of electrostatic interaction and hydrogen bonding. The PA-bPEI complexes exhibited not only high uptake (841.7 mg g) and selectivity (uranium/vanadium selectivity = 84.1) toward uranium but also good antibacterial ability against biofouling. Mechanism analysis revealed that phosphate chelating groups and amine assistant groups coordinated the uranyl ions together with a high affinity. To be more suitable for practical applications, powdery PA-bPEI complexes were compounded with sodium alginate to fabricate various macroscopic adsorbents with engineered forms, which achieved an extraction capacity of 9.0 mg g in natural seawater after 50 days of testing. Impressively, the estimated economic cost of the macroscopic adsorbent for uranium extraction from seawater ($96.5 ∼ 138.1 kg uranium) was lower than that of all currently available uranium adsorbents. Due to their good uranium extraction performance and low economic cost, supramolecular complex-based adsorbents show great potential for industrial uranium extraction from seawater.
PubMed: 38678889
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.04.171 -
Ultrasonics Sonochemistry Jun 2024This study aimed to elucidate the impact of ultrasound-assisted cellulase (UC) pretreatment on nutrients, phytic acid, and the bioavailability of phenolics during brown...
This study aimed to elucidate the impact of ultrasound-assisted cellulase (UC) pretreatment on nutrients, phytic acid, and the bioavailability of phenolics during brown rice sprouting. It sought to unveil the underlying mechanisms by quantifying the activity of key enzymes implicated in these processes. The sprouted brown rice (SBR) surface structure was harmed by the UC pretreatment, which also increased the amount of γ-oryzanol and antioxidant activity in the SBR. Concurrently, the UC pretreatment boosted the activity of phytase, glutamate decarboxylase, succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase, Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) transaminase, chalcone isomerase, and phenylalanine ammonia lyase, thereby decreasing the phytic acid content and increasing the GABA, flavonoid, and phenolic content in SBR. In addition, UC-pretreated SBR showed increased phenolic release and bioaccessibility during in vitro digestion when compared to the treated group. These findings might offer theoretical direction for using SBR to maximize value.
Topics: Oryza; Phenols; Phytic Acid; Cellulase; Ultrasonic Waves; Antioxidants; Nutrients; Biological Availability
PubMed: 38669797
DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2024.106878 -
Biochemistry May 2024As a key component for NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) activation, the peripheral membrane protein p47 translocates a cytosolic activating complex to the membrane through its PX...
As a key component for NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) activation, the peripheral membrane protein p47 translocates a cytosolic activating complex to the membrane through its PX domain. This study elucidates a potential regulatory mechanism of p47 recruitment and NOX2 activation by inositol hexaphosphate (IP6). Through NMR, fluorescence polarization, and FRET experimental results, IP6 is shown to be capable of breaking the lipid binding and membrane anchoring events of p47-PX with low micromolar potency. Other phosphorylated inositol species such as IP5(1,3,4,5,6), IP4(1,3,4,5), and IP3(1,3,4) show weaker binding and no ability to inhibit lipid interactions in physiological concentration ranges. The low micromolar potency of IP6 inhibition of the p47 membrane anchoring suggests that physiologically relevant concentrations of IP6 serve as regulators, as seen in other membrane anchoring domains. The PX domain of p47 is known to be promiscuous to a variety of phosphatidylinositol phosphate (PIP) lipids, and this regulation may help target the domain only to the membranes most highly enriched with the highest affinity PIPs, such as the phagosomal membrane, while preventing aberrant binding to other membranes with high and heterogeneous PIP content, such as the plasma membrane. This study provides insight into a potential novel regulatory mechanism behind NOX2 activation and reveals a role for small-molecule regulation in this important NOX2 activator.
Topics: Phytic Acid; NADPH Oxidases; Humans; Cell Membrane; NADPH Oxidase 2; Phosphatidylinositol Phosphates
PubMed: 38669178
DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.4c00117 -
Current Issues in Molecular Biology Apr 2024phytase (AppA) is widely used as an exogenous enzyme in monogastric animal feed mainly because of its ability to degrade phytic acid or its salt (phytate), a natural...
phytase (AppA) is widely used as an exogenous enzyme in monogastric animal feed mainly because of its ability to degrade phytic acid or its salt (phytate), a natural source of phosphorus. Currently, successful recombinant production of soluble AppA has been achieved by gene overexpression using both bacterial and yeast systems. However, some methods for the biomembrane immobilization of phytases (including AppA), such as surface display on yeast cells and bacterial spores, have been investigated to avoid expensive enzyme purification processes. This study explored a homologous protein production approach for displaying AppA on the cell surface of by engineering its outer membrane (OM) for extracellular expression. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of total bacterial lysates and immunofluorescence microscopy of non-permeabilized cells revealed protein expression, whereas activity assays using whole cells or OM fractions indicated functional enzyme display, as evidenced by consistent hydrolytic rates on typical substrates (i.e., p-nitrophenyl phosphate and phytic acid). Furthermore, the in vitro results obtained using a simple method to simulate the gastrointestinal tract of poultry suggest that the whole-cell biocatalyst has potential as a feed additive. Overall, our findings support the notion that biomembrane-immobilized enzymes are reliable for the hydrolysis of poorly digestible substrates relevant to animal nutrition.
PubMed: 38666945
DOI: 10.3390/cimb46040215 -
Microscopy Research and Technique Apr 2024This research was aimed to evaluate push-out bond strength and apical-microleakage after application of three different calcium silicate-based cements with irrigation...
This research was aimed to evaluate push-out bond strength and apical-microleakage after application of three different calcium silicate-based cements with irrigation solutions on simulated immature teeth. 40 maxillary permanent canine teeth were used for push-out bond strength test, and 120 maxillary permanent incisors were used for microleakage evaluation. 120 root slices were divided into four main groups (EDTA, Chitosan, Phytic acid, and Saline) and immersed these solutiouns according to irrigation procedures. Each irrigation group was divided into 3 subgroups (Biodentine, MTA Repair HP, and NeoPUTTY). The prepared teeth were divided into four groups according to irrigation procedure for microleakage test. EDTA irrigation with Biodentine group showed highest push-out bond strength value and saline group with Neoputty showed the lowest push-out bond strength value. The highest microleakage value was seen in saline group with MTA Repair HP, while the lowest microleakage value was observed chitosan with Biodentine group. Chitosan and phytic acid solutions can be recommended as an alternative irrigation solution to 17% EDTA in single-session apexification treatment, since they are non-toxic, naturally occurring materials, effectively remove the smear layer, and have a positive effect on bond strength and apical leakage. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: One of the factors affecting the long-term success of root canal treatment is a hermetic seal. Non-hermetic or inadequate filling triggers a chronic inflammatory reaction in periapical tissues, causing fluids to enter the spaces and negatively affecting the success of the treatment. Therefore, this study will help clinicians choose the right biomaterial and irrigation solution that will affect the success of root canal treatment.
PubMed: 38661299
DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24589 -
International Journal of Biological... May 2024Applications for cotton fabrics with multifunctional qualities, such as flame retardancy, hydrophobicity, and anti-ultraviolet properties, are increasingly common and...
Applications for cotton fabrics with multifunctional qualities, such as flame retardancy, hydrophobicity, and anti-ultraviolet properties, are increasingly common and growing daily. The primary objective of this study is to investigate the preparation of flame retardant, hydrophobic, and ultraviolet (UV) protection cotton fabrics through the utilization of Poly-dimethylsiloxane-co-diphenylsiloxane, dihydroxy terminated (HTDMS) and ammonia phytate (AP). The flame retardancy, thermal stability, mechanical properties, anti-UV properties, air permeability and the hydrophobicity properties of coated cotton fabrics were evaluated. The results indicated that the HTDMS/AP coating was successfully deposited on the surface of cotton fabrics. The damaged length of Cotton/HTDMS/AP was 4.7 cm, and the limiting oxygen index reached 31.5 %. The thermogravimetric analysis revealed that the char residues in the high-temperature range were increased. Furthermore, cone calorimetry results indicated that after the HTDMS/AP coating, the peak heat release rate, total heat release, and total smoke production values decreased by 88.7 %, 51.2 %, and 98.4 %, respectively. Moreover, the deposition of HTDMS/AP provided cotton fabrics with hydrophobicity with a water contact angle of over 130°, while Cotton/HTDMS/AP maintained their air permeability, and enhanced the breaking force compared with those of Cotton/AP. Such desirable qualities make HTDMS/AP a meaningful coating for producing multifunctional cotton fabrics.
Topics: Flame Retardants; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; Cotton Fiber; Dimethylpolysiloxanes; Phytic Acid; Ammonia; Textiles; Permeability; Tensile Strength
PubMed: 38657923
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131750