-
Cancer Innovation Dec 2023The aim of this study was to review clinical features of adolescent malignant germ cell tumors (MGCTs) in Beijing and analyze the peculiar characteristics of this age...
BACKGROUND
The aim of this study was to review clinical features of adolescent malignant germ cell tumors (MGCTs) in Beijing and analyze the peculiar characteristics of this age group.
METHODS
Clinical characteristics, pathological presentations, and survival outcomes of 34 patients were analyzed retrospectively.
RESULTS
Of 34 patients, 12 girls and 22 boys, 18 (52.9%) had an extra-cranial tumor, including one testicular tumor, five ovarian tumors, one sacrococcygeal tumor, and 11 mediastinal tumors. Histologically, we found immature teratomas ( = 6), yolk sac tumors ( = 5), mixed malignant tumors ( = 5), an embryonic carcinoma ( = 1), and seminoma ( = 1). Three-year event-free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS) were 48.8% and 62.9%, respectively. Another 16 (47.1%) patients had an intracranial tumor, including nine in the pineal region, five in the suprasellar region, one in basal ganglia, and one in cerebellopontine. All patients had localized disease and an excellent outcome with 3-year EFS and OS of 93.7% and 100%, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS
Adolescent MGCTs are rare with a strong dependence on gender, and the mediastina and pineal region are the most common tumor locations. The prognosis is promising compared with that of other adolescent tumors and MGCTs in other age groups. MGCTs in mediastina have a tendency to companion with other hematological malignancies, and the prognosis is extremely poor in these patients.
PubMed: 38125762
DOI: 10.1002/cai2.87 -
Magyar Onkologia Dec 2023Considerable changes were introduced into the 5th World Health Organization (WHO) classification of central nervous system (CNS) tumors, published in 2021, including new...
Considerable changes were introduced into the 5th World Health Organization (WHO) classification of central nervous system (CNS) tumors, published in 2021, including new entities, a clearer classification of previous categories, correlating better with clinical behavior and changes in nomenclature. The number of definitions based on molecular features in addition to histopathology continued to increase. Here, we highlight the basic principles of the 5th CNS WHO classification and discuss glial, glioneuronal, neuronal, choroid plexus, embryonal and pineal tumors, as well as meningiomas in more details. We pay special attention to new entities as well as altered criteria and designations. Our primary goal is to present the "classical" pathological aspects, but the inseparable molecular pathological features are also briefly discussed, to the absolutely necessary extent for comprehension. We aim to provide a guideline to understand the modern classification of CNS tumors for practitioners of neuro-oncology and neuropathology.
Topics: Humans; Central Nervous System Neoplasms; World Health Organization; Pathology, Molecular; Brain Neoplasms
PubMed: 38109508
DOI: No ID Found -
Cytopathology : Official Journal of the... Dec 2023Embryonal and pineal tumours represent a diverse group of central nervous system (CNS) neoplasms. While many of the small round blue cell tumours that make up the...
Embryonal and pineal tumours represent a diverse group of central nervous system (CNS) neoplasms. While many of the small round blue cell tumours that make up the embryonal neoplasms share similar histologic qualities, there are several morphologic and cytologic characteristics that are useful in distinguishing different tumour types. Similarly, pineal parenchymal tumours represent clinically diverse tumours, ranging from benign to overtly malignant. The most recent iteration of the World Health Organization Classification of CNS Tumours expanded greatly on the significance of molecular alterations in brain tumour diagnostics. In this article, we summarize the salient cytologic and histologic features of CNS embryonal and pineal tumours, and highlight diagnostically relevant molecular alterations within each tumour type.
PubMed: 38100134
DOI: 10.1111/cyt.13350 -
Complementary Medicine Research 2024Migraine is one of the leading causes of morbidity and disability in the world. Its prevalence ranges from 5 to 40% in the pediatric population, with about 50% of these...
BACKGROUND
Migraine is one of the leading causes of morbidity and disability in the world. Its prevalence ranges from 5 to 40% in the pediatric population, with about 50% of these headaches continuing to adulthood. Incidental diagnosis of pineal cysts (PCs) is on the rise with the evolution of imaging techniques; the causal relationship of PC and individuals with headache however remains controversial, and complete resolution is uncommon. Conventional medicine stresses on the importance of tailored therapy in the management of pediatric migraine.
CASE REPORT
An 11-year-old female, diagnosed with migraine with an aura and PC, was benefitted by individualized classical homeopathic therapy using the homeopathic preparation Phosphorous and Natrum muriaticum. The symptoms of migraine improved, and the incidentally diagnosed PC completely resolved during the course of treatment.
CONCLUSION
Individualized classical homeopathy may have a role in effectively treating migraines and PCs in the pediatric population. There is a need for further scientific investigation with well-designed studies to prove the effectiveness of this therapeutic method, taking care to maintain the individualization principle of classical homeopathy.
UNLABELLED
Hintergrund Migräne ist eine der führenden Ursachen für Krankheitslast und Behinderung weltweit. Ihre Prävalenz bei Kindern und Jugendlichen liegt im Bereich von 5–40%; hiervon sind etwa 50% bis ins Erwachsenenalter von den Kopfschmerzen betroffen. Zufallsdiagnosen von Pinealiszysten (PC) kommen im Zuge des Fortschritts bei den bildgebenden Verfahren immer häufiger vor, jedoch ist ein kausaler Zusammenhang der PC mit Kopfschmerzen umstritten, und ein vollständige Rückbildung kommt nicht häufig vor. Die Schulmedizin betont, wie wichtig eine maßgeschneiderte Therapie bei der Behandlung der Migräne im Kindesalter ist.Fallbericht Ein 11-jähriges Mädchen, bei dem eine Migräne mit Aura und eine Pinealiszyste diagnostiziert wurde, profitierte von einer individualisierten klassisch-homöopathischen Therapie mit den homöopathischen Präparaten Phosphorus und Natrum muriaticum. Die Migränesymptome besserten sich, und die zufällig diagnostizierte Pinealiszyste bildete sich im Laufe der Behandlung vollständig zurück.Schlussfolgerung Die individualisierte klassische Homöopathie kann bei der wirksamen Behandlung von Migräne und Pinealiszysten bei Kindern und Jugendlichen eine Rolle spielen. Es bedarf weiterer wissenschaftlicher Untersuchungen mit gutem Studiendesign, um die Wirksamkeit dieser Behandlungsmethode nachzuweisen, wobei darauf zu achten ist, das Individualisierungsprinzip der klassischen Homöopathie aufrechtzuerhalten.Topics: Female; Humans; Child; Adolescent; Homeopathy; Headache; Migraine Disorders; Central Nervous System Cysts; Epilepsy
PubMed: 38096803
DOI: 10.1159/000535615 -
Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery Jan 2024The pineal region is a hard-to-reach part of the brain. There is no unequivocal opinion on the choice of a surgical approach to the pineal region. The surgical... (Review)
Review
Surgical corridor formation by minimally invasive lateral occipital infracortical supra-/transtentorial (OICST) approach in pineal region tumor surgery: A review of 11 cases.
INTRODUCTION
The pineal region is a hard-to-reach part of the brain. There is no unequivocal opinion on the choice of a surgical approach to the pineal region. The surgical approaches described differ in both trajectory (infra- and supratentorial, interhemispheric) and size of craniotomy. They have advantages and disadvantages. The minimally invasive lateral occipital infracortical supra-/transtentorial (OICST) approach we have described has all the advantages of the standard supratentorial approach and minimizes its disadvantages, namely, compression and contusion of the occipital lobe. The minimally invasive craniotomy and small surgical corridor facilitate that.
METHODS
We describe 11 consecutive patients with various pineal region tumors (7 cases of pineal cysts, 2 cases of pinealocytoma, 1 case of medulloblastoma, and 1 case of meningioma) who were operated on in our hospital using the lateral OICST approach. Preoperative planning was performed using Surgical Theater®. The surgical corridor was formed using a retractor made from half of a syringe shortened according to the length of the surgical corridor. Preoperative lumbar drain was used.
RESULTS
The pineal region tumors were completely resected in all cases. The mean craniotomy size was 2.22 × 1.79 cm. No long-term neurological deficits were reported.
CONCLUSIONS
The use of semicircular retractors and intraoperative CSF drainage via a lumbar drain allows to form a small surgical corridor to the pineal region via minimally invasive craniotomy. This reduces traction and traumatization of the occipital lobe, as well as minimizes intra- and postoperative risks.
Topics: Humans; Pinealoma; Neurosurgical Procedures; Supratentorial Neoplasms; Brain Neoplasms; Pineal Gland; Meningeal Neoplasms; Cerebellar Neoplasms
PubMed: 38091704
DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2023.108073 -
Hormone and Metabolic Research =... Jun 2024Melatonin (5-methoxy-acetyl tryptamine) is a sleep-inducing hormone, and the pineal gland produces it in response to the circadian clock of darkness. In the body, MT1... (Review)
Review
Melatonin (5-methoxy-acetyl tryptamine) is a sleep-inducing hormone, and the pineal gland produces it in response to the circadian clock of darkness. In the body, MT1 and MT2 receptors are mostly found, having an orthosteric pocket and ligand binding determinants. Melatonin acts by binding on melatonin receptors, intracellular proteins, and orphan nuclear receptors. It inhibits adenyl cyclase and activates phospholipase C, resulting in gene expression and an intracellular alteration environment. Melatonin signaling pathways are also associated with other intracellular signaling pathways, i. e., cAMP/PKA and MAPK/ERK pathways. Relative expression of different proteins depends on the coupling profile of G protein, accounting pharmacology of the melatonin receptor bias system, and mediates action in a Gi-dependent manner. It shows antioxidant, antitumor, antiproliferative, and neuroprotective activity. Different types of melatonin agonists have been synthesized for the treatment of sleeping disorders. Researchers have developed therapeutics that target melatonin signaling, which could benefit a wide range of medical conditions. This review focuses on melatonin receptors, pharmacology, and signaling cascades; it aims to provide basic mechanical aspects of the receptor's pharmacology, melatonin's functions in cancer and neurodegenerative diseases, and any treatments and drugs designed for these diseases. This will allow a basic comparison between the receptors in question, highlighting any parallels and differences that may exist and providing fundamental knowledge about these receptors to future researchers.
Topics: Humans; Melatonin; Signal Transduction; Animals; Receptors, Melatonin; Neoplasms; Neurodegenerative Diseases
PubMed: 38081221
DOI: 10.1055/a-2226-3971 -
Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) Dec 2023The natural course of pineal germ cell tumors (GCTs), particularly their post-operative progression, is not well understood. We report a rare case of pineal region GCT...
The natural course of pineal germ cell tumors (GCTs), particularly their post-operative progression, is not well understood. We report a rare case of pineal region GCT showing rapid enlargement within 2 weeks following surgical resection. A young adult male presented with progressive headache and diplopia for several weeks. Although elevation of β-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-HCG) and α-fetoprotein (AFP) levels suggested that a large pineal mass lesion observed on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) might be a β-HCG/AFP-producing tumor, whether the mass was truly a GCT remained unclear. We performed an endoscopy-assisted suboccipital infratentorial approach with removal of the tumor that was diagnosed as germinoma via histopathological investigation. During the week preceding chemotherapy, the patient's consciousness rapidly worsened. MRI showed that the residual pineal germinoma had enlarged and even compressed the tectum and thalamus. Emergency chemotherapy and radiotherapy were prescribed, and the patient received invasive ventilation for respiratory failure. Unexpectedly, the patient recovered within a short period. Importantly, total regression of the pineal germinoma, accompanied by β-HCG and AFP levels returning to normal range, was observed 4 months after chemotherapy. These phenomena suggest that the rapid enlargement of the pineal germinoma, which might be induced by aggressive surgical cytoreduction, responds well to chemoradiotherapy.
PubMed: 38066820
DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13233579 -
Journal of Neurosciences in Rural... 2023Pineal cysts are usually benign, fluid-filled sacs and most pineal cysts are asymptomatic. Sudden death specifically related to pineal cysts is extremely uncommon. A...
Pineal cysts are usually benign, fluid-filled sacs and most pineal cysts are asymptomatic. Sudden death specifically related to pineal cysts is extremely uncommon. A literature review of the pertinent databases, including PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science, was carried out to review the existing literature describing sudden death in patients with pineal cysts. In the evaluation of 49 articles, it was found that four reports discussed the unexpected death of patients who had pineal cysts. A total of four cases of sudden death and a pineal cyst were reported. There were 75% females and a mean age of 29 (range: 20-45). Cyst size on average was 1.3 cm (1.2-1.5). In each case, the cause of death and the involvement of important brain structures were confirmed by autopsy results. A pathological analysis of the pineal region and the surrounding brain tissue revealed a variety of lesions. Vascular malformation was found in one case, adding another layer of complexity to the study of sudden death syndrome. In this research, the authors highlight the fact that patients with pineal cysts can experience serious, even fatal, complications. Increased vigilance and early detection through neuroimaging and neurological assessments are required due to the wide variety of clinical manifestations and underlying mechanisms. To explain the mechanism and enhance the management and prevention of sudden deaths associated with pineal cysts, additional research with larger sample sizes is required.
PubMed: 38059255
DOI: 10.25259/JNRP_421_2023 -
Zhurnal Voprosy Neirokhirurgii Imeni N.... 2023Chordoid glioma is a rare slow-growing tumor of the central nervous system. Available world experience includes no more than 200 cases (lesion of the third ventricle in...
BACKGROUND
Chordoid glioma is a rare slow-growing tumor of the central nervous system. Available world experience includes no more than 200 cases (lesion of the third ventricle in absolute majority of cases). Recognition and treatment of chordoid glioma are currently difficult problems due to small incidence of this disease.
OBJECTIVE
To describe clinical manifestations and surgical treatment of chordoid glioma of the third ventricle considering literature data and own experience.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
There were 12 patients (6 men and 6 women) with chordoid glioma between 2004 and 2023 (10 patients with lesion of the third ventricle, 1 - lateral ventricle, 1 - pineal region). Only patients with tumors of the third ventricle were analyzed.
RESULTS
Total and subtotal resection was performed in 1 and 3 cases, respectively. Five patients underwent partial resection, 1 patient underwent biopsy. The follow-up data were available in 7 out of 10 patients (mean 25 months). Radiotherapy was performed in 4 patients (continued tumor growth in 2 cases). One patient died.
CONCLUSION
Chordoid glioma is a benign tumor predominantly localized in the third ventricle. Preoperative MRI and CT in some cases make it possible to suspect chordoid glioma and differentiate this tumor from craniopharyngioma, meningioma and pituitary adenoma by such signs as isointense signal in T1WI, hyper- or isointense signal in T2WI, homogeneous contrast enhancement and edema of basal ganglia in T2 FLAIR images. The only effective treatment for chordoid glioma is surgery. Total resection is often impossible or extremely dangerous due to location of tumor, large size and invasion of the third ventricle. Postoperative mental disorders and diabetes insipidus, including severe hypernatremia, are common that requires mandatory monitoring of water and electrolyte balance.
Topics: Male; Humans; Female; Third Ventricle; Glioma; Cerebral Ventricle Neoplasms; Lateral Ventricles; Pituitary Neoplasms; Magnetic Resonance Imaging
PubMed: 38054223
DOI: 10.17116/neiro20238706114