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Journal of AOAC International 1996A previously published liquid chromatographic (LC) method for determining residues of flumequine (FLU) and nalidixic (NAL), oxolinic (OXO), and piromidic (PIR) acids in...
A previously published liquid chromatographic (LC) method for determining residues of flumequine (FLU) and nalidixic (NAL), oxolinic (OXO), and piromidic (PIR) acids in catfish tissue was applied to salmon and shrimp muscle. Identities of all 4 residues in salmon and shrimp were confirmed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The tissue is homogenized with acetone, the acetone extract is defatted with hexane, and the quinolones are extracted into chloroform. The extract is further purified by first partitioning into base and then back-extracting from a solution acidified to pH 6.0. Analytes are determined by LC with simultaneous UV and fluorescence detection. Muscle tissue was fortified with each quinolone at 5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 ng/g. Average recoveries and relative standard deviations (RSDs) for salmon, which represent an average of the 5 levels for each analyte, ranged from 75.9 to 90.8% and from 2.25 to 6.40%, respectively. Average recoveries and RSDs for shrimp ranged from 81.3 to 91.2% and from 7.34 to 10.7%, respectively. Identities of OXO, FLU, NAL, and PIR were confirmed in extracts of salmon and shrimp tissue fortified at 10 ng/g by determination of decarboxylated quinolones by GC/MS. Four diagnostic ions were monitored for OXO, FLU, and PIR, and 5 ions were monitored for NAL. All ion relative abundances were within 10% of those calculated for standard decarboxylated quinolones. Optimum conditions for decarboxylation and GC/MS confirmation are given.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Infective Agents; Decapoda; Drug Residues; Fluoroquinolones; Food Contamination; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Muscles; Nalidixic Acid; Oxolinic Acid; Piromidic Acid; Quinolizines; Reference Standards; Salmon
PubMed: 8823929
DOI: No ID Found -
Molecular Pharmacology May 1993Four piperazinoquinolone antibacterial drugs (norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, enoxacin, and pipemidic acid), known to be gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) antagonists, fully...
Indomethacin/ibuprofen-like anti-inflammatory agents selectively potentiate the gamma-aminobutyric acid-antagonistic effects of several norfloxacin-like quinolone antibacterial agents on [35S]t-butylbicyclophosphorothionate binding.
Four piperazinoquinolone antibacterial drugs (norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, enoxacin, and pipemidic acid), known to be gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) antagonists, fully reversed the inhibitory effect of GABA on [35S]t-butylbicyclophosphorothionate ([35S] TBPS) binding to rat brain membranes in vitro. Twelve indomethacin/ibuprofen-like arylalkanoic acid (AAA) anti-inflammatory drugs alone had no effect on [35S]TBPS binding, or on its inhibition by GABA, but potentiated the GABA-antagonistic effects of the four quinolones. Felbinac (4-biphenylacetic acid) was most potent in this respect (EC50 = 110 nM, together with 5 microM norfloxacin), followed by flurbiprofen > anirolac > metiazinic acid > tolmetin = ketoprofen = fenbufen = indomethacin > fenoprofen > ibuprofen = (+)-naproxen = sulindac. Other anti-inflammatory analgesic drugs, including aspirin, diclofenac, diflunisal, meclofenamic acid, mefenamic acid, nambumetone, phenacetin, piroxicam, and phenylbutazone, failed to potentiate the GABA-antagonistic effect of norfloxacin. Felbinac (1 microM) increased the GABA-antagonistic potencies of norfloxacin and enoxacin about 26-fold, while increasing those of ciprofloxacin and pipemidic acid 7-fold and 2.3-fold, respectively. Using subsaturating concentrations of the four quinolones, concentration-response curves for felbinac yielded EC50 values ranging from 110 nM with 5 microM norfloxacin to 1.3 microM with 100 microM pipemidic acid. Three other piperazinoquinolone antibacterial agents (amifloxacin, difloxacin, and fleroxacin) and four nonpiperazinoquinolone anti-bacterial agents (oxolinic acid, cinoxacin, nalidixic acid, and piromidic acid) were much weaker GABA antagonists and were not significantly potentiated by felbinac. All other known GABAA receptor blockers tested, including R 5135, pitrazepin, bicuculline, SR 95531, strychnine, D-tubocurarine, thebaine, securinine, theophylline, and caffeine, were not potentiated by felbinac. Our results suggest that norfloxacin and related piperazinoquinolones, acting at GABAA receptors, may induce a high affinity binding site for indomethacin/ibuprofen-like anti-inflammatory agents (the AAA site) that, when occupied, reciprocally increases the affinities of the quinolones for GABAA receptors. The AAA binding site may be a new site in the GABAA receptor complex.
Topics: 4-Quinolones; Animals; Anti-Infective Agents; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Brain; Bridged Bicyclo Compounds; Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic; Drug Synergism; Female; GABA Antagonists; In Vitro Techniques; Male; Radioligand Assay; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptors, GABA-A
PubMed: 8388990
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Neurophysiology Aug 19911. Interaction of quinolone antibiotics and the anti-inflammatory agent fenbufen with the gamma-aminobutyric acid-A (GABAA) receptor-chloride channel complex in...
1. Interaction of quinolone antibiotics and the anti-inflammatory agent fenbufen with the gamma-aminobutyric acid-A (GABAA) receptor-chloride channel complex in pyramidal neurons freshly dissociated from the hippocampal CA1 region of the rats was investigated in whole-cell mode, using the patch-clamp technique under voltage-clamp conditions. 2. Quinolones in clinical doses had no effects on the GABA-gated Cl- current (ICl) but slightly suppressed the response at concentrations greater than 10(-5) M. A metabolite of fenbufen, 4-biphenylacetic acid (BPA), also had little effect on the GABA response at therapeutic concentrations. 3. Coadministration of one of quinolones and BPA suppressed the GABA-gated ICl with increase in each of them in a concentration-dependent manner, and there was a parallel shift of the concentration-response curve for GABA to the right but with no effect on the maximum response, thereby indicating a competitive antagonism. The inhibitory potency of antibiotics in combination with BPA was in the order of norfloxacin much greater than enoxacin greater than cyprofloxacin greater than pipemidic acid much greater than ofloxacin greater than cinoxacin = piromidic acid = nalidixic acid = 0. 4. Norfloxacin and BPA, administered simultaneously, also strongly suppressed pentobarbital sodium (PB)-gated ICl, but they did not act on benzodiazepine (BZP) receptors. 5. Both GABA- and PB-induced ICls reversed at the Cl- equilibrium potential (ECl). In the presence of BPA, the quinolone-induced inhibition of GABA-gated ICls showed no voltage dependence. 6. It was concluded that, in the presence of an anti-inflammatory agent, the quinolone antibiotics decrease the affinity of GABAA receptors, the result being induction of epileptogenic neurotoxicities.
Topics: 4-Quinolones; Animals; Anti-Infective Agents; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Chloride Channels; Drug Interactions; Electrophysiology; Hippocampus; In Vitro Techniques; Ion Channels; Membrane Proteins; Muscimol; Neurons; Pentobarbital; Phenylbutyrates; Pyramidal Tracts; Rats; Rats, Inbred Strains; Receptors, GABA-A; Structure-Activity Relationship; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid
PubMed: 1723095
DOI: 10.1152/jn.1991.66.2.497 -
Journal of Chromatography Feb 1991A simple and rapid high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for the simultaneous determination of sulphamonomethoxine (SMMX), sulphadimethoxine (SDMX),...
A simple and rapid high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for the simultaneous determination of sulphamonomethoxine (SMMX), sulphadimethoxine (SDMX), sulphisozole (SIZ), nalidixic acid (NA), oxolinic acid (OXA), piromidic acid (PMA), furazolidone (FZ) and sodium nifurstyrenate (NFSA) in cultured fish was developed. The drugs were extracted with 0.2% metaphosphoric acid-methanol (6:4), followed by a Bond Elut C18 clean-up procedure. The HPLC separation was carried out on an Inertsil ODS column (150 x 4.6 mm I.D.) using 5 mM aqueous oxalic acid-acetonitrile (55:45) as the mobile phase with detection at 265 nm (0.04 a.u.f.s.). The calibration graphs were rectilinear from 1 to 20 ng for OXA, from 2 to 50 ng for SMMX, SDMX, SIZ, NA, PMA and FZ and from 5 to 100 ng for NFSA. The recoveries of each drug added to fish were 65.0-89.5%. The detection limits were 0.02 micrograms/g for OXA, 0.05 micrograms/g for SMMX, SDMX, SIZ, NA, PMA and FZ and 0.1 micrograms/g for NFSA.
Topics: Anti-Infective Agents; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Fish Products; Food Contamination; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet
PubMed: 2016391
DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)88874-9 -
Journal de Pharmacie de Belgique 1990An original physicochemical method is proposed for the evaluation of the photosensitizing activity of drugs in vitro. A Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectrum is...
An original physicochemical method is proposed for the evaluation of the photosensitizing activity of drugs in vitro. A Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectrum is recorded during light irradiation of drug solutions. The change in the intensity of the NMR lines under such conditions is termed the Photochemically Induced Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (Photo-CIDNP) effect. It is related to the formation of radical intermediates which may be involved in the in vivo photosensitization reactions (the so-called type-I photoreactions). Nine commercial quinolones were tested by this method: nalidixic, oxolinic, pipemidic and piromidic acids, rosoxacin, flumequine, enoxacin, pefloxacin and norfloxacin. Each quinolone was irradiated in alcoholic solutions in its UV absorption band (300-350 nm) in the absence or in the presence of a biological target chosen as a model: the amino-acid N-acetyltyrosine. The quinolones were classified in two groups in relation to the intensities of the observed CIDNP effects. Nalidixic and oxolinic acids, rosoxacin and flumequine are among the most potent photosensitizers.
Topics: Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry, Physical; Light; Photochemistry; Quinolones
PubMed: 1964964
DOI: No ID Found -
Annales de Recherches Veterinaires.... 1990Nalidixic acid and similar antimicrobial agents have been available for more than 20 years, mainly for treating infections caused by Gram-negative enterobacteria.... (Review)
Review
Nalidixic acid and similar antimicrobial agents have been available for more than 20 years, mainly for treating infections caused by Gram-negative enterobacteria. Recently, several chemically related drugs, including oxolinic acid, pipemidic acid, piromidic acid and flumequine, have been developed. They are either naphthyridine-carboxylic acid or quinoline-carboxylic acid derivatives and, with nalidixic acid, are so-called quinolones. A major advance in antimicrobial chemotherapy was the synthesis of newer quinolones containing at least 1 fluorine atom and a piperazinyl group. These new fluoroquinolones have an extended antimicrobial spectrum compared to the first quinolone generation, and are highly active against most Gram-negative pathogens including the Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The pharmacokinetic properties and residue levels of these quinolones and fluoroquinolones for which clinical experience or experimental information exists in poultry are reviewed here. On the other hand, administration of the quinoxaline-di-N-oxide, olaquindox, for medical purposes raises questions concerning the pharmacokinetic disposition of the drug and the risk of its residues in poultry. This paper presents information about the pharmacokinetic profile of olaquindox and the presence of its residues in chickens.
Topics: 4-Quinolones; Animals; Anti-Infective Agents; Chickens; Drug Residues; Humans; Molecular Structure; Quinoxalines; Tissue Distribution
PubMed: 2080842
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Chromatography Aug 1989A simple and rapid method for the determination of residual pyridonecarboxylic acid antibacterials (PCAs) (oxolinic acid, nalidixic acid and piromidic acid) in fish was...
Improvement of chemical analysis of antibiotics. XVI. Simple and rapid determination of residual pyridonecarboxylic acid antibacterials in fish using a prepacked amino cartridge.
A simple and rapid method for the determination of residual pyridonecarboxylic acid antibacterials (PCAs) (oxolinic acid, nalidixic acid and piromidic acid) in fish was developed using a combination of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and clean-up with an amino-type prepacked cartridge. PCAs were extracted with n-hexane-ethyl acetate (1:3) and the extract was applied to a Baker 10 amino cartridge. PCAs were eluted from the cartridge with acetonitrile-methanol-0.01 M aqueous oxalic acid solution (pH 3.0) (3:1:6) and were determined by HPLC. The separations were performed on Nucleosil 3C18 (3 microns, 75 x 4.6 mm I.D.) using a mobile phase containing oxalic acid. The recoveries of PCAs from various fishes fortified at the level of 1.0 ppm were 77.1-95.5%, and the detection limits were 0.05 ppm. The analytical time per sample was less than 30 min.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Infective Agents; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Drug Residues; Fishes; Food Analysis; Nalidixic Acid; Oxolinic Acid; Piromidic Acid
PubMed: 2808587
DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)89648-5 -
Therapie 1988
Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nicotinic Acids; Piromidic Acid; Product Surveillance, Postmarketing
PubMed: 3227506
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Chromatography Jul 1987A simple and rapid method for the simultaneous determination of nalidixic acid (NA), oxolinic acid (OXA) and piromidic acid (PMA) in cultured fish has been developed by...
A simple and rapid method for the simultaneous determination of nalidixic acid (NA), oxolinic acid (OXA) and piromidic acid (PMA) in cultured fish has been developed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The drugs were extracted with 0.1% metaphosphoric acid-methanol (6:4), followed by a Sep-Pak C18 clean-up procedure. The HPLC separation was carried out on a Kaseisorb LC ODS 300-5 column (25 cm x 4.6 mm I.D.) using 5 mM phosphate buffer-acetonitrile (6:4) as a mobile phase. A fluorescence detector was used for NA and OXA at the excitation wavelength of 325 nm and the emission wavelength of 365 nm and an ultraviolet detector at 280 nm for PMA. The calibration graphs were rectilinear from 1 to 10 ng for OXA, from 2 to 20 ng for NA and PMA. The recoveries of NA, OXA and PMA added to fish were 81.5-85.3, 83.7-88.7 and 80.9-84.9%, respectively, with high accuracy. The limits of detection were 0.01 micrograms/g for each drug.
Topics: Animals; Carps; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Fishes; Indicators and Reagents; Mass Spectrometry; Nalidixic Acid; Nicotinic Acids; Oxolinic Acid; Piromidic Acid; Spectrometry, Fluorescence; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; Trout
PubMed: 3654871
DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(87)80028-6 -
Microbiologica Jul 1987The in vitro attachment of 49 Proteus spp. to human urinary tract epithelial cells was determined. The antibacterial spectrum to all species of the Proteus isolates from...
The in vitro attachment of 49 Proteus spp. to human urinary tract epithelial cells was determined. The antibacterial spectrum to all species of the Proteus isolates from hospitalized patients was measured against the most common antibiotics (Amikacin, Cefamandole, Cefoxitin, Ceftriaxone, Cephalothin, Kanamycin, Nalidixic acid, Oxolinic acid, Pipemidic acid, Piromidic acid, Tobramycin). 18 of them were multiresistant and the other 31 expressed susceptibility to the above antibiotics. Bacterial adherence to uroepithelial cells was studied in relation to susceptibility on antibiotics. The mean of bacteria per cell for the 31 strains grouped as susceptible was 20.2 and for the 18 strains grouped as resistant the mean was 55.1. Our results demonstrate a significant relationship between bacterial adhesion and antibiotic susceptibility pattern by Student's t test (P less than 0.01).
Topics: Adult; Aminoglycosides; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents, Urinary; Bacterial Adhesion; Cephalosporins; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Epithelial Cells; Epithelium; Female; Humans; Proteus; Proteus Infections; Urinary Tract; Urinary Tract Infections
PubMed: 3626886
DOI: No ID Found