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Microscopy and Microanalysis : the... Feb 2015The aim of the present study was to investigate poikilocytosis in Labeo rohita (an important food fish) as an early indicator of stress due to an azo dye, Basic Violet-1...
The aim of the present study was to investigate poikilocytosis in Labeo rohita (an important food fish) as an early indicator of stress due to an azo dye, Basic Violet-1 (CI: 42535). This dye was observed to be very toxic to test fish (96 h LC50 as0.45 mg/L dye). Fish were given short-term (96 h) and subchronic (150 days) exposures to the dye, and poikilocytosis was recorded under light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Light microscopy helped in identification of micronuclei along with irregularities, notches, blebs, lobes, crenation, clumps, chains, spherocytes, vacuolation, and necrosis in erythrocytes. However, SEM indicated shrinkage, oozing of cytoplasm, and several new abnormal shapes including marginal foldings, discocytes, keratocytes, dacrocytes, degmacytes, acanthocytes, echinocytes, protuberances, stomatocytes, drepanocytes, holes in the membrane, stippling/spicules, crescent-shaped cells, triangular cells, and pentagonal cells. Earlier studies speculated changes in the membrane to be responsible for clumping and chaining of erythrocytes, whereas the present SEM study clearly indicates that oozing out of cytoplasm is also responsible for the formation of chains and clumps. This study also shows that erythrocytes exhibit pathological symptoms before the appearance of other external symptoms such as abnormal behavior or mortality of fish. There was a dose- and duration-dependent increase; therefore, poikilocytosis, especially echinocytes, spherocytes, and clumps, can act as a biomarker for the stress caused by azo dyes.
Topics: Animals; Azo Compounds; Carps; Coloring Agents; Erythrocytes; Rosaniline Dyes
PubMed: 25434363
DOI: 10.1017/S1431927614013609 -
PloS One 2014Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) are a popular companion animal, food animal, and animal model of human disease. Abnormal red cell shapes (poikilocytes) have been...
Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) are a popular companion animal, food animal, and animal model of human disease. Abnormal red cell shapes (poikilocytes) have been observed in rabbits, but their significance is unknown. The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence and type of poikilocytosis in pet rabbits and its association with physiologic factors, clinical disease, and laboratory abnormalities. We retrospectively analyzed blood smears from 482 rabbits presented to the University of California-Davis Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital from 1990 to 2010. Number and type of poikilocytes per 2000 red blood cells (RBCs) were counted and expressed as a percentage. Acanthocytes (>3% of RBCs) were found in 150/482 (31%) rabbits and echinocytes (>3% of RBCs) were found in 127/482 (27%) of rabbits, both healthy and diseased. Thirty-three of 482 (7%) rabbits had >30% acanthocytes and echinocytes combined. Mild to moderate (>0.5% of RBCs) fragmented red cells (schistocytes, microcytes, keratocytes, spherocytes) were found in 25/403 (6%) diseased and 0/79 (0%) healthy rabbits (P = 0.0240). Fragmentation and acanthocytosis were more severe in rabbits with inflammatory disease and malignant neoplasia compared with healthy rabbits (P<0.01). The % fragmented cells correlated with % polychromasia, RDW, and heterophil, monocyte, globulins, and fibrinogen concentrations (P<0.05). Echinocytosis was significantly associated with renal failure, azotemia, and acid-base/electrolyte abnormalities (P<0.05). Serum cholesterol concentration correlated significantly with % acanthocytes (P<0.0001), % echinocytes (P = 0.0069), and % fragmented cells (P = 0.0109), but correlations were weak (Spearman ρ <0.02). These findings provide important insights into underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms that appear to affect the prevalence and type of naturally-occurring poikilocytosis in rabbits. Our findings support the need to carefully document poikilocytes in research investigations and in clinical diagnosis and to determine their diagnostic and prognostic value.
Topics: Acanthocytes; Animal Diseases; Animals; Erythrocytes, Abnormal; Female; Hematologic Diseases; Male; Prevalence; Rabbits
PubMed: 25402479
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112455 -
Interdisciplinary Toxicology Mar 2014Pyrethroids, commercially available pesticides, are greatly in use these days, and thus they carry considerable chances of contaminating various ecosystems....
Pyrethroids, commercially available pesticides, are greatly in use these days, and thus they carry considerable chances of contaminating various ecosystems. Haematotoxicity of cypermethrin, a broadly used type II pyrethroid, has been assessed in the present study. Selected parameters included determination of total RBC count, haemoglobin concentration (Hb conc.), packed cell volume (PCV), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), total leukocyte count (TLC), differential leukocyte count (DLC), along with qualitative analysis of blood and bone marrow. Of these parameters, those showing significant decline following cypermethrin intoxication included total RBC count, Hb conc., PCV, MCV, MCH, whereas non-significant decrease was observed in the case of MCHC. ESR, TLC and DLC, on the other hand, increased significantly following cypermethrin intoxication. Qualitative changes included altered red cell morphology such as microcystosis, appearance of stomatocytes, poikilocytosis, giant platelet formation, etc. in peripheral blood and increased erythroid precursors in bone marrow of treated rats. These parameters were however normalised following twenty-two days of recovery phase.
PubMed: 26038674
DOI: 10.2478/intox-2014-0006 -
Allergy and Asthma Proceedings 2014Fever of unknown origin in patients with common variable immune deficiency (CVID) can be caused by variety of infectious, autoimmune, or malignancy-related etiologies....
Fever of unknown origin in patients with common variable immune deficiency (CVID) can be caused by variety of infectious, autoimmune, or malignancy-related etiologies. We present a 52-year-old man with history of CVID, who presented with 3 weeks of persistent high-grade fevers. During admission, he developed severe pancytopenia with shock and multiorgan failure. An extensive workup was performed for typical and atypical infections, autoimmune pathologies, and malignancy. His peripheral blood smear showed marked anisocytosis and poikilocytosis with elevated atypical lymphocytes. Flow cytometry showed markedly elevated CD8 counts, with abnormal CD4/CD8 ratio. Monospot test was negative but real-time polymerase chain reaction showed high Epstein-Barr virus load. Initial clinical suspicion was high for bacterial infections including pneumonia and acute sinusitis complicated by bacteremia and sepsis. Hematologic malignancy was also high on the differentials because of presence of rapidly progressive pancytopenia. The final diagnosis in this case illustrates a rare but potentially fatal disease that can present in CVID patients with persistent fevers and pancytopenia and can be refractory to standard treatment regimen. Because allergy and immunology physicians commonly treat CVID patients, they should be aware of this disease condition including pathophysiology, clinical presentation, laboratory workup, and treatment options.
Topics: Bone Marrow; Common Variable Immunodeficiency; Diagnosis, Differential; Fever; Histiocytes; Humans; Lymphocytes; Lymphohistiocytosis, Hemophagocytic; Male; Middle Aged; Pancytopenia
PubMed: 24433602
DOI: 10.2500/aap.2014.35.3704 -
Clinical Laboratory 2013Automated digital morphology systems are utilized for blood cell morphological examination. The aim of this study is to evaluate the accuracy and efficacy of RBC...
BACKGROUND
Automated digital morphology systems are utilized for blood cell morphological examination. The aim of this study is to evaluate the accuracy and efficacy of RBC morphological anomaly screening using the CellaVision DM96 (DM96) automated image analysis system.
METHODS
The automated analysis of RBC shape, size, and chromasia abnormalities was conducted on the DM96 using 478 blood samples. A manual microscopic review was independently performed.
RESULTS
The DM96 preclassified samples as poikilocytosis-positive for 98% of cases with schistocytosis or echinocytosis, 97% of elliptocytosis, and 92% or 65% of cases that were positive for teardrop cells or for target cells, respectively. The accuracy of the DM96 in the detection of RBC size and chromasia abnormalities of iron deficiency anemia cases was higher than direct microscopic observation.
CONCLUSIONS
Automated morphological analysis with the DM96 has potential utility in the morphological screening of RBC anomalies that are associated with disease.
Topics: Automation; Cell Separation; Erythrocytes; Humans
PubMed: 24409679
DOI: 10.7754/clin.lab.2013.120912 -
Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory... May 2014In the Retic channel of DxH 800 (Beckman Coulter), the red blood cells (RBCs) resistant to hemoglobin clearing are counted as unghosted cells (UGCs). The aim of this...
BACKGROUND
In the Retic channel of DxH 800 (Beckman Coulter), the red blood cells (RBCs) resistant to hemoglobin clearing are counted as unghosted cells (UGCs). The aim of this study was to evaluate that the UGC is a surrogate marker for both the detection and counting of target cells.
METHODS
In total, 1181 samples including 22 from iron deficiency anemia (IDA) patients, 95 from jaundice, 2 from sickle cell anemia, 3 from thalassemia, 1 cord blood, and 269 from normal controls were analyzed. Slides were prepared from all samples except normal controls and target cells were counted for correlation analysis of target cell counts to UGCs.
RESULTS
The normal control samples showed 0.01% (0%-0.01%) UGCs, and the reference range was set at ≤0.02%. The IDA samples showed 0.015% (0.01%-0.03%) UGC count and 0.05% (0%-0.2%) target cell count. The jaundice samples showed 0.98% (0.1%-5.36%) UGC count, and 1.4% (0.1%-7.0%) target cell count. The two sickle cell anemia samples showed 0.41% and 3.74% UGC counts and 0.4% and 11.5% target cell counts. A cord blood sample showed 0.01% UGCs and 0% target cells. The three thalassemia samples showed 0.01%, 1.99%, and 7.82% UGC counts and 0%, 1.4%, and 15.5% target cell counts. The samples showing poikilocytosis other than target cells showed normal UGC count (≤0.02%). The positive predictive value of UGCs was 58.2% (124/213) and the negative predictive value was 96.8% (674/696). The UGC counts were well correlated to the manual target cell counts (r=0.944, p=0.000).
CONCLUSIONS
This study demonstrates for the first time in the literature that a hematological parameter obtained automatically every time a reticulocyte counting is performed can be used to both screen for the presence of target cells and reliably quantify them.
Topics: Anemia, Iron-Deficiency; Anemia, Sickle Cell; Erythrocyte Count; Erythrocytes, Abnormal; Hematologic Diseases; Hemoglobins; Humans; Reference Values; Reticulocyte Count; Thalassemia
PubMed: 24310771
DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2013-0676 -
Acta Haematologica 2014It was our aim to study the diagnostic significances of various dysplasia characteristics in myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS).
OBJECTIVE
It was our aim to study the diagnostic significances of various dysplasia characteristics in myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS).
METHODS
We analyzed 160 cases of primary MDS and a control group including 28 cases of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH), 104 cases of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), 53 cases of non-severe aplastic anemia (NSAA), 40 cases of megaloblastic anemia and 50 cases of infectious and autoimmune diseases. Peripheral blood smears and bone marrow morphology were reviewed.
RESULTS
There was no significant difference in the occurrence rates of a variety of dysplasias in three lineages among MDS, megaloblastic anemia and PNH; however, changes in qualities and quantities in three lineages between NSAA and MDS were significantly different. ITP and MDS showed statistical differences in multiple changes in myeloid and erythroid cells. Significant differences also existed in multiple changes in erythroid series and megakaryocytes between infectious and autoimmune diseases and MDS. Morphological abnormalities highly related with MDS included multinucleated erythroblasts, ringed sideroblasts, poikilocytosis and gigantocytes, pseudo-Pelger neutrophils, ring-shaped nucleus, and micromegakaryocytes.
CONCLUSIONS
It is difficult to discriminate megaloblastic anemia and PNH from MDS by means of cell morphology. Different dysplasias of MDS have specific diagnostic values.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anemia, Megaloblastic; Asian People; Autoimmune Diseases; Bone Marrow; Cell Count; Cell Lineage; Cell Size; China; Erythroid Cells; Female; Giant Cells; Hemoglobinuria, Paroxysmal; Humans; Infections; Male; Megakaryocytes; Middle Aged; Myelodysplastic Syndromes; Myeloid Cells; Neutrophils; Prussian Blue Reaction; Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic; Staining and Labeling; Young Adult
PubMed: 24158033
DOI: 10.1159/000351272 -
Journal of Ayub Medical College,... 2013Thalassemia major is one of the most common genetic disorders in Pakistan and over five thousand new patients are added in the pool annually. This familial disease has...
BACKGROUND
Thalassemia major is one of the most common genetic disorders in Pakistan and over five thousand new patients are added in the pool annually. This familial disease has both medical and social implications, and therefore there is a need to assess the magnitude of beta-Thalassemia trait amongst family members of Thalassemia major patients.
METHODS
This cross-sectional descriptive study enrolled 674 blood samples from first degree relatives of registered patients of Thalassemia major at Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Lahore. Peripheral blood smears were studied for abnormal morphology findings of microcytosis, hypochromia, poikilocytosis (tear drops, target cells) and Erythrocyte indices (haemoglobin, RBCs, mean corpuscular haemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration) and Hb electrophoretic (HbA, HbA2, & HbF).
RESULTS
Hb electrophoresis showed 61% of the study subjects had haemoglobinopathies. Frequency of beta-Thalassemia trait was highest followed by beta-Thalassemia major, HbE trait, HbD Punjab and Hb intermedia.
CONCLUSION
Findings strongly suggest screening for beta-Thalassemia trait in families of Thalassemia major patients.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Child, Preschool; Cross-Sectional Studies; Electrophoresis; Erythrocyte Indices; Female; Hemoglobins; Humans; Infant; Male; Middle Aged; Pakistan; Young Adult; beta-Thalassemia
PubMed: 25226742
DOI: No ID Found -
Microscopy and Microanalysis : the... Apr 2013Ultrastructural answer of bone marrow erythroid series and of red blood cells (RBCs) in Wistar rats to bee venom (BV) was analyzed by transmission and scanning electron...
Ultrastructural answer of bone marrow erythroid series and of red blood cells (RBCs) in Wistar rats to bee venom (BV) was analyzed by transmission and scanning electron microscopy, and corroborated with hematological data. A 5-day and a 30-day treatment with daily doses of 700 μg BV/kg and an acute-lethal treatment with a single dose of 62 mg BV/kg were performed. The 5-day treatment resulted in a reduced cellularity of the bone marrow, with necrosed proerythroblasts, polymorphous erythroblasts, and reticulocytes with cytoplasmic extensions, and a lower number of larger RBCs, with poikilocytosis (acanthocytosis) and anisocytosis, and reduced concentrations of hemoglobin. After the 30-day treatment, the bone marrow architecture was restored, but polymorphous erythroblasts and reticulocytes with thin extensions could still be observed, while the RBCs in higher number were smaller, many with abnormal shapes, especially acanthocytes. The acute treatment produced a partial depopulation of the bone marrow and ultrastructural changes of erythroblasts including abnormal mitochondrial cristae. The RBCs in lower number were bigger and crenated, with reduced concentrations of hemoglobin. Overall, BV was able to promote stress erythropoiesis in a time- and dose-related manner, mitochondrial cristae modification being a critical factor involved in the toxicity of the BV high doses.
Topics: Animals; Bee Venoms; Bone Marrow; Bone Marrow Cells; Erythroblasts; Erythrocyte Count; Erythrocytes; Erythropoiesis; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning Transmission; Rats; Rats, Wistar
PubMed: 23375112
DOI: 10.1017/S1431927612014195 -
Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine :... Dec 2012Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) was diagnosed in two captive female neonatal Malayan tapirs (Tapirus indicus) at separate institutions. Both calves had unremarkable exams...
Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) was diagnosed in two captive female neonatal Malayan tapirs (Tapirus indicus) at separate institutions. Both calves had unremarkable exams and normal blood parameters within the first 3 days of life. Microcytic hypochromic anemia (hematocrit, HCT= 20%; mean corpuscular volume, MCV = 32.8 fl; mean corpuscular hemoglobin, MCH = 10.5 pg) was diagnosed at day 66 of age in calf EPZ-1. Iron dextran (10 mg/kg i.m.) was administered at day 71. A normal HCT (33%) with microcytosis and hypochromasia (MCV = 33.0 fl; MCH = 11.7 pg) was identified at day 80. No further concerns were noted through 610 days of age. Microcytic hypochromic anemia (HCT = 16%; MCV = 38.4 fl; MCH = 13.3 pg; mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, MCHC= 34.6 g/dl) with thrombocytosis (platelets= 1018 10(3)/UL) and poikilocytosis was diagnosed at day 38 of age in calf WPZ-1 by samples obtained through operant conditioning. Iron dextran (10 mg/kg i.m.) was administered at day 40 and day 68. Improving hematocrit (32%) and low serum iron (45 micorg/dl) was identified at day 88; total iron binding capacity (TIBC; 438 microg/dl) and percentage saturation (10%) were also measured. No further concerns were noted through day 529 of age. Retrospective evaluation identified presumptive IDA in two male siblings of calf WPZ-1. One calf died at day 40 (iron = 40 microg/dl; TIBC = 482 microg/dl; percentage saturation = 4%) and another at day 72 (HCT = 11%; iron = 26 microg/dl; TIBC = 470 microg/dl; percentage saturation = 6%). Death in both calves was attributed to disseminated intravascular coagulation and bacterial septicemia. IDA can develop in Malayan tapirs between day 38 and day 72 of age and may be a significant precursor to bacterial septicemia and death in neonatal Malayan tapirs.
Topics: Anemia, Iron-Deficiency; Animals; Animals, Zoo; Dietary Supplements; Female; Iron; Iron-Dextran Complex; Male; Perissodactyla
PubMed: 23272357
DOI: 10.1638/2011-0174R.1