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PloS One 2024Polio eradication is a current and common strategy throughout the globe. The study of the newly introduced inactivated poliovirus vaccine provides a grasp on the current...
INTRODUCTION
Polio eradication is a current and common strategy throughout the globe. The study of the newly introduced inactivated poliovirus vaccine provides a grasp on the current status of immunization and identifies any disparities in the implementation of the vaccine throughout Ethiopia. Thus, this study aimed to demonstrate the spatial distribution, coverage, and determinants of inactivated poliovirus vaccine immunization in Ethiopia.
METHOD
Spatial distribution and determinants of inactivated poliovirus vaccine immunization in Ethiopia were conducted using Ethiopian mini-demographic and health survey 2019 data. A total of 2,056 weighted children aged 12 to 35 months were included in the analysis. The association between the outcome and explanatory variables was determined by commuting the adjusted odds ratio at a 95% confidence interval. The p-value of less than 0.05 was used to declare factors as significantly associated with the inactivated poliovirus vaccine immunization.
RESULT
The weighted national coverage of inactivated poliovirus vaccine immunization in Ethiopia was 51.58% at a 95% confidence interval (49.42, 53.74). While the rates of inactivated poliovirus vaccine immunization were observed to be greater in Addis Ababa, Tigiray, Amahara, and Benishangul Gumuz provinces and lower in the Somali, Afar, and SNNPR provinces of Ethiopia, Antenatal care follow-up, place of delivery, place of residence, and region were significantly associated with inactivated poliovirus immunization in Ethiopia.
CONCLUSION
The distribution of inactivated poliovirus immunization was spatially variable across Ethiopia. Only about half of the children aged twelve to thirty-five months received the inactivated poliovirus vaccine in the country. The factors, both at the individual and community level, were significantly associated with inactivated poliovirus immunization. Therefore, policies and strategies could benefit from considering antenatal care follow-up, place of delivery, place of residence, and region while implementing inactivated poliovirus vaccine immunization.
Topics: Humans; Ethiopia; Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated; Female; Infant; Poliomyelitis; Male; Child, Preschool; Vaccination Coverage; Vaccination; Immunization Programs; Immunization
PubMed: 38820454
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301933 -
Science (New York, N.Y.) May 2024
Topics: Humans; Pakistan; Poliomyelitis; Poliovirus; Vaccination; Poliovirus Vaccines
PubMed: 38815030
DOI: 10.1126/science.adp5269 -
Expert Opinion on Drug Safety May 2024Vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP) is a rare adverse event of oral poliovirus vaccines (OPV), particularly affecting immunodeficient individuals.
BACKGROUND
Vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP) is a rare adverse event of oral poliovirus vaccines (OPV), particularly affecting immunodeficient individuals.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
This study aimed to (1) Assess the association between OPV and VAPP using Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) database (2) Outline patient characteristics and risk factors associated with the occurrence of VAPP in OPV recipients through a systematic review of case reports and case series. A disproportionality analysis was conducted using the data from VAERS, encompassing adverse events reported from 1990 till February 2023. Additionally, we conducted a systematic review of case reports and case series using PubMed, Scopus, and Embase databases.
RESULTS
The VAERS data revealed 130 VAPP reports among 1,739,903 OPV linked adverse events, with year 2010 reporting the strongest association. The systematic review of 37 studies highlighted VAPP occurrence within 2 months to 4 years post-vaccination, typically with acute flaccid paralysis. Immunodeficiency and perianal abscess emerged as major risk factors. Out of the 37 included studies, 27 showed consistent causal association of VAPP with OPV using WHO-AEFI causality assessment tool.
CONCLUSION
The study emphasized the seriousness of VAPP and highlights its association with OPV, identifying immunodeficiency as a prominent contributor to VAPP manifestation.
PubMed: 38813942
DOI: 10.1080/14740338.2024.2359616 -
Expert Review of Vaccines 2024Despite multiple revisions of targets and timelines in polio eradication plans since 1988, including changes in supplemental immunization activities (SIAs) that increase... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Despite multiple revisions of targets and timelines in polio eradication plans since 1988, including changes in supplemental immunization activities (SIAs) that increase immunity above routine immunization (RI) coverage, poliovirus transmission continues as of 2024.
METHODS
We reviewed polio eradication plans and Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) annual reports and budgets to characterize key phases of polio eradication, the evolution of poliovirus vaccines, and the role of SIAs. We used polio epidemiology to provide context for successes and failures and updated prior modeling to show the contribution of SIAs in achieving and maintaining low polio incidence compared to expected incidence for the counterfactual of RI only.
RESULTS
We identified multiple phases of polio eradication that included shifts in targets and timelines and the introduction of different poliovirus vaccines, which influenced polio epidemiology. Notable shifts occurred in GPEI investments in SIAs since 2001, particularly since 2016. Modeling results suggest that SIAs play(ed) a key role in increasing (and maintaining) high population immunity to levels required to eradicate poliovirus transmission globally.
CONCLUSIONS
Shifts in polio eradication strategy and poliovirus vaccine usage in SIAs provide important context for understanding polio epidemiology, delayed achievement of polio eradication milestones, and complexity of the polio endgame.
Topics: Poliomyelitis; Humans; Disease Eradication; Global Health; Poliovirus Vaccines; Immunization Programs; Incidence; Poliovirus
PubMed: 38813792
DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2024.2361060 -
The Journal of Infectious Diseases May 2024Although polioviruses (PVs) replicate in lymphoid tissue of both the pharynx and ileum, research on polio vaccine-induced mucosal immunity has predominantly focused on...
BACKGROUND
Although polioviruses (PVs) replicate in lymphoid tissue of both the pharynx and ileum, research on polio vaccine-induced mucosal immunity has predominantly focused on intestinal neutralizing and binding antibody levels measured in stool.
METHODS
To investigate the extent to which routine immunization with intramuscularly injected inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) may induce nasal and pharyngeal mucosal immunity, we measured PV type-specific neutralization and immunoglobulin (Ig) G, IgA, and IgM levels in nasal secretions, adenoid cell supernatants, and sera collected from 12 children, aged 2 to 5 years, undergoing planned adenoidectomies. All participants were routinely immunized with IPV and had no known contact with live PVs.
RESULTS
PV-specific mucosal neutralization was detected in nasal and adenoid samples, mostly from children who had previously received four IPV doses. Across the three PV serotypes, both nasal (Spearman's rho ≥ 0.87, p≤0.0003 for all) and adenoid (Spearman's rho ≥0.57, p≤0.05 for all) neutralization titers correlated with serum neutralization titers. In this small study sample, there was insufficient evidence to determine which Ig isotype(s) was correlated with neutralization.
CONCLUSIONS
Our findings provide policy-relevant evidence that routine immunization with IPV may induce nasal and pharyngeal mucosal immunity. The observed correlations of nasal and pharyngeal mucosal neutralization with serum neutralization contrast with previous observations of distinct intestinal and serum responses to PV vaccines. Further research is warranted to determine which antibody isotype(s) correlate with polio vaccine-induced nasal and pharyngeal mucosal neutralizing activity and to understand the differences from intestinal mucosal immunity.
PubMed: 38809190
DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiae264 -
BMC Infectious Diseases May 2024To assess the immunogenicity of the current primary polio vaccination schedule in China and compare it with alternative schedules using Sabin or Salk-strain IPV (sIPV,...
BACKGROUND
To assess the immunogenicity of the current primary polio vaccination schedule in China and compare it with alternative schedules using Sabin or Salk-strain IPV (sIPV, wIPV).
METHODS
A cross-sectional investigation was conducted at four sites in Chongqing, China, healthy infants aged 60-89 days were conveniently recruited and divided into four groups according to their received primary polio vaccination schedules (2sIPV + bOPV, 2wIPV + bOPV, 3sIPV, and 3wIPV). The sero-protection and neutralizing antibody titers against poliovirus serotypes (type 1, 2, and 3) were compared after the last dose.
RESULTS
There were 408 infants completed the protocol. The observed seropositivity was more than 96% against poliovirus types 1, 2, and 3 in all groups. IPV-only groups induced higher antibody titers(GMT) against poliovirus type 2 (Median:192, QR: 96-384, P<0.05) than the "2IPV + bOPV" group. While the "2IPV + bOPV" group induced significantly higher antibody titers against poliovirus type 1 (Median:2048, QR: 768-2048, P<0.05)and type 3 (Median:2048, QR: 512-2048, P<0.05) than the IPV-only group.
CONCLUSIONS
Our findings have proved that the two doses of IPV with one dose of bOPV is currently the best polio routine immunization schedule in China.
Topics: Humans; Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated; Poliomyelitis; Infant; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral; Male; Immunization Schedule; Female; Antibodies, Viral; Cross-Sectional Studies; China; Antibodies, Neutralizing; Poliovirus; Immunogenicity, Vaccine; Vaccination
PubMed: 38807038
DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-09389-8 -
Microorganisms Apr 2024Enterovirus (EV) infections are widespread and associated with a range of clinical conditions, from encephalitis to meningitis, gastroenteritis, and acute flaccid...
Enterovirus (EV) infections are widespread and associated with a range of clinical conditions, from encephalitis to meningitis, gastroenteritis, and acute flaccid paralysis. Knowledge about the circulation of EVs in neonatal age and early infancy is scarce, especially in Africa. This study aimed to unveil the frequency and diversity of EVs circulating in apparently healthy newborns from the Free State Province, South Africa (SA). For this purpose, longitudinally collected faecal specimens (May 2021-February 2022) from a cohort of 17 asymptomatic infants were analysed using metagenomic next-generation sequencing. Overall, seven different non-polio EV (NPEV) subtypes belonging to EV-B and EV-C species were identified, while viruses classified under EV-A and EV-D species could not be characterised at the sub-species level. Additionally, under EV-C species, two vaccine-related poliovirus subtypes (PV1 and PV3) were identified. The most prevalent NPEV species was EV-B (16/17, 94.1%), followed by EV-A (3/17, 17.6%), and EV-D (4/17, 23.5%). Within EV-B, the commonly identified NPEV types included echoviruses 6, 13, 15, and 19 (E6, E13, E15, and E19), and coxsackievirus B2 (CVB2), whereas enterovirus C99 (EV-C99) and coxsackievirus A19 (CVA19) were the only two NPEVs identified under EV-C species. Sabin PV1 and PV3 strains were predominantly detected during the first week of birth and 6-8 week time points, respectively, corresponding with the OPV vaccination schedule in South Africa. A total of 11 complete/near-complete genomes were identified from seven NPEV subtypes, and phylogenetic analysis of the three EV-C99 identified revealed that our strains were closely related to other strains from Cameroon and Brazil, suggesting global distribution of these strains. This study provides an insight into the frequency and diversity of EVs circulating in asymptomatic infants from the Free State Province, with the predominance of subtypes from EV-B and EV-C species. This data will be helpful to researchers looking into strategies for the control and treatment of EV infection.
PubMed: 38792747
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12050920 -
Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) May 2024Despite coordinated efforts at global level, through the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI), poliomyelitis disease (Polio) is still a major public health issue....
Polio Surge Capacity Support Program Contributions to Building Country Capacities in Support of Polio Outbreak Preparedness and Response: Lessons Learned and Remaining Challenges.
Despite coordinated efforts at global level, through the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI), poliomyelitis disease (Polio) is still a major public health issue. The wild poliovirus type-1 (WPV1) is still endemic in Afghanistan and Pakistan, and new circulations of the WPV1 were confirmed in southeast Africa in 2021, in Malawi and Mozambique. The circulating vaccine derived polioviruses (cVDPV) are also causing outbreaks worldwide. The Task Force for Global Health (TFGH)'s Polio Surge Capacity Support Program, established in 2019, is an effort to reinforce the existing partnership with the GPEI to strengthen countries' capacities for polio outbreak preparedness and response. In four years, its coordinated efforts with GPEI partners have resulted in a remarkable improvement in the early detection of poliovirus circulation and reducing the missed children gaps in many countries. However, these encouraging results cannot hide an increasingly complex programmatic environment with numerous funding and operational challenges.
PubMed: 38787229
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13050377 -
Pediatrics Jun 2024Ensuring equitable vaccination access for immigrant communities is critical for guiding efforts to redress health disparities, but vaccine coverage data are limited. We...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
Ensuring equitable vaccination access for immigrant communities is critical for guiding efforts to redress health disparities, but vaccine coverage data are limited. We evaluated childhood vaccination coverage by parental birth country (PBC) through the linkage of Washington State Immunization Information System data and birth records.
METHODS
We conducted a retrospective cohort evaluation of children born in Washington from January 1, 2006 to November 12, 2019. We assessed up-to-date vaccination coverage status for measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR), diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis (DTaP), and poliovirus vaccines at ages 36 months and 7 years. Children with ≥1 parent(s) born in selected non-US countries were compared with children with 2 US-born parents, using Poisson regression models to provide prevalence ratios.
RESULTS
We identified 902 909 eligible children, of which 24% had ≥1 non-US-born parent(s). Vaccination coverage at 36 months by PBC ranged from 41.0% to 93.2% for ≥1 MMR doses and ≥3 poliovirus doses and 32.6% to 86.4% for ≥4 DTaP doses. Compared with children of US-born parents, the proportion of children up to date for all 3 vaccines was 3% to 16% higher among children of Filipino-, Indian-, and Mexican-born parents and 33% to 56% lower among children of Moldovan-, Russian-, and Ukrainian-born parents. Within-PBC coverage patterns were similar for all vaccines with some exceptions. Similar PBC-level differences were observed at 7 years of age.
CONCLUSIONS
The linkage of public health data improved the characterization of community-level childhood immunization outcomes. The findings provide actionable information to understand community-level vaccination determinants and support interventions to enhance vaccine coverage.
Topics: Humans; Vaccination Coverage; Washington; Retrospective Studies; Child, Preschool; Female; Male; Child; Emigrants and Immigrants; Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine; Parents; Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine
PubMed: 38774987
DOI: 10.1542/peds.2023-064626 -
Frontiers in Pediatrics 2024Pretransplant vaccination is generally recommended to solid organ transplant recipients. In infants with congenital nephrotic syndrome (CNS), the immune response is...
BACKGROUND
Pretransplant vaccination is generally recommended to solid organ transplant recipients. In infants with congenital nephrotic syndrome (CNS), the immune response is hypothetically inferior to other patients due to young age and urinary loss of immunoglobulins, but data on the immunization response in severely nephrotic children remain scarce. If effective, however, early immunization of infants with CNS would clinically be advantageous.
METHODS
We investigated serological vaccine responses in seven children with CNS who were immunized during nephrosis. Antibody responses to measles-mumps-rubella -vaccine (MMR), a pentavalent DTaP-IPV-Hib -vaccine (diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis, inactivated poliovirus, type b), varicella vaccine, combined hepatitis A and B vaccine, and pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) were measured after nephrectomy either before or after kidney transplantation.
RESULTS
Immunizations were started at a median age of 7 months [interquartile range (IQR) 7-8], with a concurrent median proteinuria of 36,500 mg/L (IQR 30,900-64,250). Bilateral nephrectomy was performed at a median age of 20 months (IQR 14-25), and kidney transplantation 10-88 days after the nephrectomy. Antibody levels were measured at median 18 months (IQR 6-23) after immunization. Protective antibody levels were detected in all examined children for hepatitis B (5/5), (7/7), rubella virus (2/2), and mumps virus (1/1); in 5/6 children for varicella; in 4/6 for poliovirus and vaccine-type pneumococcal serotypes; in 4/7 for type B and ; in 1/2 for measles virus; and in 2/5 for hepatitis A. None of the seven children had protective IgG levels against .
CONCLUSION
Immunization during severe congenital proteinuria resulted in variable serological responses, with both vaccine- and patient-related differences. Nephrosis appears not to be a barrier to successful immunization.
PubMed: 38756974
DOI: 10.3389/fped.2024.1392873