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Journal of Medical Toxicology :... Mar 2017Lead toxicosis occurs in veterinary patients, with few reports involving rabbits, and no previous reports using oral calcium disodium EDTA.
INTRODUCTION
Lead toxicosis occurs in veterinary patients, with few reports involving rabbits, and no previous reports using oral calcium disodium EDTA.
CASE REPORT
A 7-year-old male castrated Lionhead rabbit presented to the Cornell University Hospital for Animals (CUHA) for evaluation after a 2-day history of lethargy and a 2-week history of hyporexia. The patient had been observed pulling paint from the walls of the home, a house built circa 1900, in the months prior to presentation. The patient was moderately anemic with a hematocrit of 21% with red blood cell morphological changes consistent with lead toxicosis, including basophilic stippling, nucleated red blood cells, and polychromasia. Radiographic images of the abdomen revealed excessive accumulation of gas in the gastrointestinal tract in a pattern consistent with gastric stasis and numerous small mineral to metallic opacities in the cecum. The blood lead concentration was 792 μg/dL, confirming the diagnosis of lead toxicosis with secondary gastrointestinal stasis. The rabbit was hospitalized for treatment with oral and subcutaneous calcium disodium EDTA for 4 days and then discharged home to the care of the owners.
DISCUSSION
Severe lead toxicosis in a rabbit can be treated successfully with oral and subcutaneous calcium disodium EDTA and aggressive supportive treatment.
Topics: Animals; Antidotes; Chelating Agents; Gastroparesis; Lead; Lead Poisoning; Male; Rabbits; Succimer
PubMed: 28091810
DOI: 10.1007/s13181-016-0597-x -
Veterinary Clinical Pathology Mar 2017A 2.5-year-old spayed female American Pit Bull Terrier dog presented with a primary complaint of chronic refractory ascites. The dog's CBC displayed a moderate to severe...
A 2.5-year-old spayed female American Pit Bull Terrier dog presented with a primary complaint of chronic refractory ascites. The dog's CBC displayed a moderate to severe macrocytic, hypochromic, nonregenerative anemia, and a moderate leukopenia as result of a moderate neutropenia and monocytopenia. Microscopic examination of the blood smear showed marked anisocytosis, mild polychromasia, mild acanthocytosis and ovalocytosis, moderate schistocytosis and poikilocytosis, and 4 metarubricytes/100 WBC. Abdominal ultrasonography revealed a homogenous, mild to moderately hyperechoic appearing liver as well as marked amounts of speckled anechoic to slightly hypoechoic peritoneal fluid. Cytology of the ascitic fluid demonstrated a sterile transudate, with evidence of a chronic inflammatory reaction as well as erythroid and myeloid precursor cells, and a few megakaryocytes with occasional micromegakaryocytes. Histologic sections of bone marrow, spleen, and liver were examined, using routine H&E stains, as well as a variety of immunohistochemistry and other special stains. Histopathology of the bone marrow and spleen revealed varying degrees of fibrosis, erythroid, and myeloid hyperplasia, as well as multiple small hyperplastic clusters of megakaryocytes. The megakaryocytes displayed many features of atypia such as increased cytoplasmic basophilia and occasional abnormal chromatin clumping with mitoses. Histopathologic examination of the liver disclosed evidence of mild extramedullary hematopoiesis. This case represents the first report of canine idiopathic myelofibrosis associated with peritoneal extramedullary hematopoiesis, resulting in refractory ascites. Although idiopathic myelofibrosis is a relatively rare condition in dogs, this case demonstrates that ascites caused by peritoneal implants of hematopoietic tissue may be the initial manifestation of myelofibrosis.
Topics: Animals; Ascites; Ascitic Fluid; Bone Marrow; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Female; Hematopoiesis, Extramedullary; Immunohistochemistry; Liver; Megakaryocytes; Primary Myelofibrosis; Spleen; Ultrasonography
PubMed: 27874969
DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12430 -
Veterinary Clinical Pathology Dec 2016Bobtail lizards (Tiliqua rugosa) are native to Australia. The only previous study on the hematology of this species documented just 6 animals.
INTRODUCTION
Bobtail lizards (Tiliqua rugosa) are native to Australia. The only previous study on the hematology of this species documented just 6 animals.
OBJECTIVES
The aims of this study were to characterize the light microscopy, ultrastructure and cytochemistry of blood cells, and evaluate CBCs of captive Bobtail lizards.
METHODS
Over 2 consecutive summers, heparinized venous blood was collected from the ventral coccygeal vein of 46 clinically healthy, captive indoor- or outdoor-housed adult Bobtails. Complete blood cell counts and smear evaluations were performed, and cytochemical stains and transmission electron microscopy were used to further characterize blood cells.
RESULTS
The eosinophils of this species were uniformly vacuolated: a unique feature not previously reported in reptiles. Heterophils were the predominant leukocyte, with fewer lymphocytes, azurophilic and nonazurophilic monocytes, occasional eosinophils, and basophils. Thrombocytes were frequently clumped. Slight polychromasia (0-15% of erythrocytes) was typically present. Hemogregarine parasites were seen on some smears. The range of CBC results was often wide. The PCV ranged from 11% to 38%. Total plasma proteins by refractometry were between 3.5 and 7.8 g/dL. Hemoglobin ranged between 2.6 and 12.6 g/dL by the modified hemoglobin-hydroxylamine method. Manual RBC count was 0.35-1.27 × 10 /μL, and WBC count was 2.86-22.66 × 10 /μL. Bobtail lizards housed outdoors had lower PCVs than indoor-housed animals. Bobtails with hemogregarine infections had lower PCVs than noninfected lizards.
CONCLUSIONS
Ranges for CBC data were often very wide, influenced by preanalytic and analytic factors. Hemogregarine infection is associated with a decreased PCV, suggesting that some hemogregarine species are pathogenic in this population.
Topics: Animals; Australia; Blood Cell Count; Female; Hematology; Histocytochemistry; Lizards; Male; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; Refractometry
PubMed: 27870110
DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12425 -
Veterinary Clinical Pathology Dec 2016A 9-year-old, female Maltese dog was referred to the Veterinary School of Toulouse with a 2-day history of anorexia and weakness. On clinical examination, the dog had...
A 9-year-old, female Maltese dog was referred to the Veterinary School of Toulouse with a 2-day history of anorexia and weakness. On clinical examination, the dog had hyperthermia (39.7°C), abdominal discomfort, and polypnea. Significant laboratory findings included pigmenturia, hyperbilirubinemia, hypercreatininemia, hyperfibrinogenemia, abnormal Snap canine pancreas-specific lipase, and pancytopenia with a nonregenerative anemia. A peripheral blood smear revealed numerous intraerythrocytic large Babesia but no polychromasia. There was a discrepancy between the absolute automated reticulocyte count (Sysmex reticulocyte count: 60 × 10 /L; RI 19.4-150.1 × 10 /L) and the manual reticulocyte count (3.6 × 10 /L) as well as the absence of polychromasia. The optical red blood cell scattergram showed an abnormal isolated reticulocyte cluster at the location of low-fluorescence ratio cells. These findings were interpreted as erythrocytes parasitized by large Babesia. The discrepancy between the Sysmex reticulocyte count and the manual reticulocyte count has been reported previously in people with falciparum malaria and numerous intra-erythrocytic Plasmodium falciparum organisms. This spurious reticulocyte profile and reticulocyte count were observed with the Sysmex XT-2000iV and the ProCyte using the same fluorescent dye polymethine but not with the LaserCyte using new methylene blue which does not stain Babesia organisms on a blood smear performed for manual reticulocyte counting.
Topics: Animals; Babesia; Babesiosis; Blood Cell Count; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Erythrocytes; Female; Reticulocyte Count; Reticulocytes
PubMed: 27755775
DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12395 -
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy Nov 2016Fungal infections pose a significant public health burden with high morbidity and mortality. CD101 is a novel echinocandin under development for the treatment and... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Fungal infections pose a significant public health burden with high morbidity and mortality. CD101 is a novel echinocandin under development for the treatment and prevention of systemic Candida infections. Preclinical studies were conducted to evaluate the metabolic stability, plasma protein binding, pharmacokinetics, toxicity, and efficacy of CD101 at various dose levels. CD101 was stable to biotransformation in rat, monkey, and human liver microsomes and rat, monkey, dog, and human hepatocytes. In vitro studies suggest minimal interaction with recombinant cytochrome P450 enzymes (50% inhibitory concentrations [ICs] of >10 μM). Similar to anidulafungin, CD101 bound avidly (>98%) to human, mouse, rat, and primate plasma proteins. In a 2-week repeat-dose comparison study, CD101 was well tolerated in rats (no effects on body weight, hematology, coagulation, or urinalysis). In contrast, administration of anidulafungin (at comparable exposure levels) resulted in reduced body weight, decreases in red blood cell, hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean cell volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, platelet, and reticulocyte counts, increases in neutrophil and eosinophil counts, polychromasia, and decreased activated partial thromboplastin time. Elevated plasma transaminases, total bilirubin, cholesterol, and globulin, dark and enlarged spleens, and single-cell hepatocyte necrosis were also observed for anidulafungin but not CD101. Hepatotoxicity may be due to the inherent chemical lability of anidulafungin generating potentially reactive intermediates. A glutathione trapping experiment confirmed the formation of a reactive species from anidulafungin, whereas CD101 did not exhibit instability or reactive intermediates. CD101 showed antifungal activity against Candida and Aspergillus infections in neutropenic mice. These preclinical studies demonstrated that CD101 is chemically and metabolically stable, well tolerated with no hepatotoxicity, and efficacious as an antifungal agent.
Topics: Anidulafungin; Animals; Antifungal Agents; Aspergillosis; Biotransformation; Blood Proteins; Candidiasis; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Echinocandins; Female; Humans; Inactivation, Metabolic; Macaca fascicularis; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Microsomes, Liver; Rats, Sprague-Dawley
PubMed: 27620474
DOI: 10.1128/AAC.00701-16 -
Journal of Cataract and Refractive... Apr 2016Polychromasia capsulare is a rare condition in which the anterior lens capsule exhibits an extraordinary array of colors during biomicroscopy that change with the...
UNLABELLED
Polychromasia capsulare is a rare condition in which the anterior lens capsule exhibits an extraordinary array of colors during biomicroscopy that change with the incident angle of direct illumination consistent with iridescence. We present the case of a 59-year-old man with bilateral polychromasia capsulare who had successful cataract surgery. Routine light microscopy of the patient's capsulorhexis specimen was normal; however, transmission electron microscopy showed an unusual pattern of polygonal profiles with a periodicity estimated to be approximately 400 to 500 nm. This was not found in a control sample of normal lens capsule, which was relatively uniform in structure and significantly more osmiophilic. The iridescence in this patient's lens capsule is thought to be derived from a complex interplay between light and the abnormal nanoarchitecture of the lens capsule, producing an iridescent appearance. Thus, polychromasia capsulare is evidence of the phenomenon known as structural color in human biology.
FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE
None of the authors has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
Topics: Anterior Capsule of the Lens; Capsulorhexis; Cataract Extraction; Humans; Iridescence; Lens Capsule, Crystalline; Lens Implantation, Intraocular; Male; Middle Aged
PubMed: 27113889
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrs.2016.03.026 -
Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic... Oct 2015Haemoglobin H disease, also known as the alpha-thalassaemia is characterized by the presence of HbH inclusions in red blood cells, detectable on supra-vital stain. We...
Haemoglobin H disease, also known as the alpha-thalassaemia is characterized by the presence of HbH inclusions in red blood cells, detectable on supra-vital stain. We present a case of a previously asymptomatic 31-year-old male, who insidiously developed anaemia and had prominent splenomegaly. Peripheral smear examination revealed microcytic hypochromic anaemia with numerous spherocytes and moderate polychromasia. In reticulocyte preparation with Brilliant cresyl blue, HbH inclusions were mistakenly identified as granulofilamentous reticulum of reticulocytes, giving a spuriously high reticulocyte percentage. After the literature review, repeat assessment was performed and with the aid of high performance liquid chromatography result, it was possible to delineate the HbH inclusions.
PubMed: 26557534
DOI: 10.7860/JCDR/2015/13649.6657 -
Biotechnic & Histochemistry : Official... 2015A modified dichromatic iron-eriocyanine R (Fe-ECR) staining method is described. Staining obtained with this new technique generally was similar to that of hematoxylin... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
A modified dichromatic iron-eriocyanine R (Fe-ECR) staining method is described. Staining obtained with this new technique generally was similar to that of hematoxylin and eosin (H & E). Cell nuclei were stained blue. Cardiac, smooth and skeletal muscle, and red blood cells, were stained different shades of red. Collagen fibers were stained different shades of orange, usually faintly. Decalcified bony tissue was stained pinkish violet. Epithelial cells were strongly stained deep shades of red, magenta and violet. Cartilage matrix, and goblet and mast cells were unstained. Although Fe-ECR staining differed too much from standard H & E staining to be a substitute for diagnostic purposes, the dichromatic method described might usefully replace van Gieson or trichrome stains, especially if muscle is of interest. A pH 0.95 staining solution was used to differentiate initially over-stained sections followed by washing in distilled water. This dichromatic technique is easier to perform and more precisely controllable than other ECR dichromatic methods. The entire procedure can be completed in less than 5 min. The technique has the advantages of greater technical simplicity and speed, a larger range of polychromasia, and a longer shelf-life than H & E. ECR also is more reliably available than hematoxylin and usually is less expensive.
Topics: Animals; Azo Compounds; Benzenesulfonates; Coloring Agents; Eosine Yellowish-(YS); Histological Techniques; Iron; Methyl Green; Staining and Labeling; Sus scrofa
PubMed: 26140653
DOI: 10.3109/10520295.2015.1058420 -
Comparative Medicine Apr 2015Hematologic parameters are important markers of disease in human and veterinary medicine. Biomedical research has benefited from mouse models that recapitulate such... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Review
Hematologic parameters are important markers of disease in human and veterinary medicine. Biomedical research has benefited from mouse models that recapitulate such disease, thus expanding knowledge of pathogenetic mechanisms and investigative therapies that translate across species. Mice in health have many notable hematologic differences from humans and other veterinary species, including smaller erythrocytes, higher percentage of circulating reticulocytes or polychromasia, lower peripheral blood neutrophil and higher peripheral blood and bone marrow lymphocyte percentages, variable leukocyte morphologies, physiologic splenic hematopoiesis and iron storage, and more numerous and shorter-lived erythrocytes and platelets. For accurate and complete hematologic analyses of disease and response to investigative therapeutic interventions, these differences and the unique features of murine hematopathology must be understood. Here we review murine hematology and hematopathology for practical application to translational investigation.
Topics: Animals; Bone Marrow; Disease Models, Animal; Hematologic Diseases; Hematology; Hematopoiesis; Humans; Mice; Pathology, Veterinary; Translational Research, Biomedical
PubMed: 25926395
DOI: No ID Found -
PloS One 2014Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) are a popular companion animal, food animal, and animal model of human disease. Abnormal red cell shapes (poikilocytes) have been...
Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) are a popular companion animal, food animal, and animal model of human disease. Abnormal red cell shapes (poikilocytes) have been observed in rabbits, but their significance is unknown. The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence and type of poikilocytosis in pet rabbits and its association with physiologic factors, clinical disease, and laboratory abnormalities. We retrospectively analyzed blood smears from 482 rabbits presented to the University of California-Davis Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital from 1990 to 2010. Number and type of poikilocytes per 2000 red blood cells (RBCs) were counted and expressed as a percentage. Acanthocytes (>3% of RBCs) were found in 150/482 (31%) rabbits and echinocytes (>3% of RBCs) were found in 127/482 (27%) of rabbits, both healthy and diseased. Thirty-three of 482 (7%) rabbits had >30% acanthocytes and echinocytes combined. Mild to moderate (>0.5% of RBCs) fragmented red cells (schistocytes, microcytes, keratocytes, spherocytes) were found in 25/403 (6%) diseased and 0/79 (0%) healthy rabbits (P = 0.0240). Fragmentation and acanthocytosis were more severe in rabbits with inflammatory disease and malignant neoplasia compared with healthy rabbits (P<0.01). The % fragmented cells correlated with % polychromasia, RDW, and heterophil, monocyte, globulins, and fibrinogen concentrations (P<0.05). Echinocytosis was significantly associated with renal failure, azotemia, and acid-base/electrolyte abnormalities (P<0.05). Serum cholesterol concentration correlated significantly with % acanthocytes (P<0.0001), % echinocytes (P = 0.0069), and % fragmented cells (P = 0.0109), but correlations were weak (Spearman ρ <0.02). These findings provide important insights into underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms that appear to affect the prevalence and type of naturally-occurring poikilocytosis in rabbits. Our findings support the need to carefully document poikilocytes in research investigations and in clinical diagnosis and to determine their diagnostic and prognostic value.
Topics: Acanthocytes; Animal Diseases; Animals; Erythrocytes, Abnormal; Female; Hematologic Diseases; Male; Prevalence; Rabbits
PubMed: 25402479
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112455