-
Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology... Dec 1999The potential toxicologic effects to dogs of 1,3-dichloropropene (1, 3-D), a soil fumigant used for the control of nematodes, were investigated. The 13-week subchronic...
The potential toxicologic effects to dogs of 1,3-dichloropropene (1, 3-D), a soil fumigant used for the control of nematodes, were investigated. The 13-week subchronic toxicity study consisted of male and female beagle dogs (4/sex/dose group) given approximately 0, 5, 15, or 41 mg 1,3-D/kg body wt/day (approximately equivalent amounts of cis and trans isomers) via their diets. The 1-year chronic toxicity study consisted of male and female beagle dogs (4/sex/dose group) provided diets delivering approximately 0, 0.5, 2. 5, or 15 mg/kg body wt/day. The test material was stabilized in the feed by microencapsulation in a starch/sucrose matrix (80/20). In both the 13-week and the 1-year studies, the primary effect of 1,3-D in male and female dogs ingesting a dosage of >/=15 mg/kg/day was hypochromic, microcytic anemia. The anemia was regenerative, with increased erythropoietic activity characterized by polychromasia of erythrocytes and increased numbers of reticulocytes in peripheral blood. In the 13-week study, the anemia in dogs given 41 mg/kg/day progressively worsened over time, while the anemia in dogs given 15 mg/kg/day remained relatively constant between 42 and 90 days of dosing. Partial reversal of the anemia of high-dose animals occurred during a 5-week recovery period following the 13-week dosing regimen. In the 13-week study, terminal fasted body weights of males given 15 or 41 mg/kg/day were decreased 3 and 28%, respectively, and body weights of females given 5, 15, or 41 mg/kg/day were decreased 4.5, 12, and 24%, respectively, relative to controls. Males given 5 mg/kg/day for 13 weeks had no change in body weights relative to controls. In the 1-year study, the hypochromic microcytic anemia in dogs given 15 mg/kg/day remained relatively constant in severity between 3 and 12 months of treatment. Histopathologic alterations associated with anemia in the 1-year study consisted of increased hematopoiesis of the bone marrow and increased extramedullary hematopoiesis of the spleen. Body weights of males given 15 mg/kg/day were 5-12% lower than controls during the first 13 weeks of the study and 13-19% lower than controls during the remaining 9 months. Body weights of females given 15 mg/kg/day were 5-14% lower than controls over the majority of the dosing period. Males and females given 0.5 or 2.5 mg/kg/day for 1 year had no change in body weights relative to controls. A no-observed-effect level of 2.5 mg/kg/day was established for male and female dogs from the 1-year study.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Allyl Compounds; Anemia, Hypochromic; Animals; Capsules; Creatine Kinase; Diet; Dogs; Drug Administration Schedule; Eating; Erythrocyte Count; Female; Hematocrit; Hemoglobins; Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated; Insecticides; Male; Reticulocyte Count; Urinalysis
PubMed: 10620473
DOI: 10.1006/rtph.1999.1352 -
Experimental Animals Jul 1999In order to clarify age-related changes in hematological values of normal rats after birth, blood samples from neonatal F344 rats of both sexes were examined... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
In order to clarify age-related changes in hematological values of normal rats after birth, blood samples from neonatal F344 rats of both sexes were examined periodically during the period from 0 to 40 days postpartum. The erythrocyte count (RBC) increased with time after birth as a function of age. In contrast, the reticulocyte count (Retics) continuously decreased with time after birth. Hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Ht), and the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) tended to decrease after birth until weaning (about 21 days postpartum), but they began to increase after weaning. Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) also gradually decreased after birth until weaning, but they were unchanged thereafter. The platelet count (PLT) gradually increased after birth and reached a plateau at weaning. Microscopic examination of blood smears revealed that erythrocytes at birth had characteristic morphological features such as anisocytosis, polychromasia, basophilic stippling, Howell-Jolly body, and erythroblastosis. These characteristic features, however, disappeared by 30 days after birth. The total leukocyte count (WBC) gradually increased with time after birth, due to an increase in the number of lymphocytes. The lymphocyte count started to rapidly increase within several days after birth and the increase continued thereafter. Other differential leukocyte counts also showed various characteristic patterns of changes during the neonatal period. There were no apparent differences between males and females in these changes in hematological values.
Topics: Aging; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Blood Cells; Erythrocyte Count; Female; Hematologic Tests; Leukocyte Count; Male; Rats; Rats, Inbred F344; Reference Values; Sex Characteristics
PubMed: 10480020
DOI: 10.1538/expanim.48.153 -
Perfusion May 1999In a retrospective case control study we aimed to evaluate whether infants and children with nucleated red blood cells (NRBCs) in their peripheral blood smears after...
In a retrospective case control study we aimed to evaluate whether infants and children with nucleated red blood cells (NRBCs) in their peripheral blood smears after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) had longer bypass times than controls without NRBCs. On review of a 3-year period, 58 children with NRBCs after CPB (and without NRBCs prior to CPB) were identified (cases). A random sample of 100 children without NRBCs after CPB over the same period served as controls. The median age (range) of the children with NRBCs and without NRBCs was 0.6 years (2 days to 20 years) and 1.4 years (2 days to 16 years), respectively (p = 0.03). The children with NRBCs had a significantly longer bypass time than the controls (mean, standard deviation (SD): 114 min, 50 vs 79 min, 46 min; p < 0.0001). For the patients with postoperative polychromasia alone, the mean CPB time (111 min, SD 46 min) was also significantly longer than the respective time in the controls (p < 0.001). Markers of organ dysfunction (renal failure, use of inotropic support, time of endotracheal intubation, stay in intensive care unit and stay in hospital) were significantly more frequent/longer in the NRBC group. Post-CPB release of NRBCs is associated with longer CPB time. This alteration may be part of the CPB-related systemic inflammatory response syndrome.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Cardiopulmonary Bypass; Case-Control Studies; Child; Child, Preschool; Erythrocytes, Abnormal; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Postoperative Complications; Retrospective Studies; Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome; Time Factors
PubMed: 10411246
DOI: 10.1177/026765919901400304 -
American Journal of Hematology Apr 1999Hemoglobin S/O(Arab) (Hb S/O(Arab)) is a rare compound heterozygous hemoglobinopathy characterized by the presence of two variant beta-globin chains: beta6Glu --> Val... (Review)
Review
Hemoglobin S/O(Arab) (Hb S/O(Arab)) is a rare compound heterozygous hemoglobinopathy characterized by the presence of two variant beta-globin chains: beta6Glu --> Val (Hb S) and beta121Glu --> Lys (Hb O(Arab)). The diagnosis of Hb S/O(Arab) requires electrophoresis on both cellulose acetate and citrate agar, since Hb O(Arab) co-migrates with Hb C at alkaline pH and close to Hb S at acidic pH. To date only case reports and small series of patients with Hb S/O(Arab) have been described. To better characterize the clinical and laboratory aspects of this unusual disorder, we reviewed the Duke University Medical Center experience. We identified 13 African-American children and adults with Hb S/O(Arab) ranging in age from 2.7 to 62.5 years. All patients had hemolytic anemia with a median Hb of 8.7 gm/dL (range 6.1-9.9 gm/dL), and a median reticulocyte count of 5.8% (range 1.2-10.3%). The peripheral blood smear typically showed sickled erythrocytes, target cells, polychromasia, and nucleated red blood cells. All 13 patients have had significant clinical sickling events including acute chest syndrome (11), recurrent vasoocclusive painful events (10), dactylitis (7), gallstones (5), nephropathy (4), aplastic crises (2), avascular necrosis (2), leg ulcers (2), cerebrovascular accident (CVA) (1), osteomyelitis (1), and retinopathy (1). Four patients have died, including two from pneumococcal sepsis/meningitis at ages 5 and 10 years, one of acute chest syndrome at age 14 years, and one of multiorgan failure at age 35 years. We conclude that Hb S/O(Arab) disease is a severe sickling hemoglobinopathy with laboratory and clinical manifestations similar to those of homozygous sickle cell anemia.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anemia, Hemolytic; Black People; Child; Child, Preschool; Electrophoresis, Cellulose Acetate; Erythrocyte Indices; Erythrocytes; Female; Globins; Hemoglobin, Sickle; Hemoglobinopathies; Hemoglobins, Abnormal; Heterozygote; Humans; Hyperbilirubinemia; Male; Middle Aged; Mutation; Reticulocyte Count
PubMed: 10203101
DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8652(199904)60:4<279::aid-ajh5>3.0.co;2-2 -
Clinical and Laboratory Haematology Feb 1998An 8-week-old boy presented with failure to thrive from birth. He had been fed with breast and formula milk. He had an anaemia of 6.6 g/dl with polychromasia, nucleated...
An 8-week-old boy presented with failure to thrive from birth. He had been fed with breast and formula milk. He had an anaemia of 6.6 g/dl with polychromasia, nucleated red blood cells and immature myeloid cells in the peripheral blood. He showed evidence of haemolysis with a reticulocyte count of 120 x 10(9)/l, a raised unconjugated bilirubin and had low plasma protein levels. Investigation revealed a low vitamin E level and a diagnosis of cystic fibrosis.
Topics: Anemia; Cystic Fibrosis; Failure to Thrive; Humans; Infant; Male; Vitamin E Deficiency
PubMed: 9681214
DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2257.1998.00099.x -
Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift... Mar 1998A 24-year-old woman, an administrative employee, was admitted with colicky abdominal pain and constipation, as well as breathing-related chest pain of recent onset with...
HISTORY AND ADMISSION FINDINGS
A 24-year-old woman, an administrative employee, was admitted with colicky abdominal pain and constipation, as well as breathing-related chest pain of recent onset with cough and sometimes blood-streaked sputum. She had previously been unsuccessfully treated for gastritis and adnexitis. On physical examination revealed diffuse, ill-defined abdominal pain on pressure and mild tachycardia, but was otherwise unremarkable.
INVESTIGATIONS
Electrocardiogram, chest radiogram, lung scintigraphy, abdominal sonography, oesophago-gastro-duodenoscopy and gynaecological examination indicated nothing abnormal. Laboratory tests showed microcytic anemia, slight leucocytosis and anisocytosis, as well as polychromasia and basophilic stippling of erythrocytes. The 24-h urinary porphyrin concentration was elevated. DIAGNOSIS TREATMENT AND COURSE: Precise differentiation of porphyrins in urine, stool and erythrocytes by enzymatic measurement first raised the suspicion of lead poisoning. Whole-blood lead concentration was markedly raised to 600 micrograms/l (normal up to 90 micrograms/l) and 170 micrograms/dl in urine (normal up to 80 micrograms/dl). A ceramic cup from Greece was traced as the source of the lead, the patients having regularly for over 2 1/2 months drunk lemon instant-tea from it. She was treated with oral doses of DMPS (sodium salt of 2,3-dimercapto-1-propanesulphonic acid), 5-10 mg/kg 3x daily for 2 days, followed by 2.5 mg/kg 2 x daily, until lead concentrations in blood and urine had become normal, when all symptoms disappeared: detoxification was complete within 4 months.
CONCLUSION
This case impressively illustrates how difficult it can be to diagnose lead poisoning and identify its source. Oral DMPS is a practicable and efficacious form of treatment.
Topics: Abdominal Pain; Adult; Ceramics; Chelating Agents; Chest Pain; Constipation; Cooking and Eating Utensils; Female; Greece; Humans; Lead; Lead Poisoning; Porphyrins; Unithiol
PubMed: 9551039
DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-1023971 -
Acta Cytologica 1997To assess the applicability of Ultrafast Papanicolaou stain (UFP), a 90-second, high-resolution stain incorporating the air-dried rehydration technique, to...
OBJECTIVE
To assess the applicability of Ultrafast Papanicolaou stain (UFP), a 90-second, high-resolution stain incorporating the air-dried rehydration technique, to intraoperative cytology in surgical pathology laboratories.
STUDY DESIGN
Two hundred sixty-two randomly selected surgical specimens for intraoperative consultations were included in the study. Each specimen was first conventionally prepared by touch imprinting, wet fixation in alcohol and staining by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E); the remaining specimens were then sampled by the "scratch and smear" technique and subjected to the UFP staining protocol.
RESULTS
The combined use of the scratch and smear sampling technique and UFP staining was superior to the conventional methods of touch imprinting and H&E staining in every case because of the following features: (1) intact tissue fragments composed of both epithelial and stromal elements rather than epithelial cells only, (2) polychromasia rather than bichromasia, (3) sharper nuclear and cytoplasmic details, (4) histologic criteria applicable to thick tissue fragments due to transparency and flatness and (5) clear background devoid of red blood cells and eosin.
CONCLUSION
The combined use of the "scratch and smear" sampling technique and UFP enhances intraoperative cytology.
Topics: Cytological Techniques; Evaluation Studies as Topic; Humans; Intraoperative Period; Neoplasms; Staining and Labeling
PubMed: 9305393
DOI: 10.1159/000332868 -
Biomedical Sciences Instrumentation 1997Reactive cell change in cervicovaginal smears is a controversial issue. The most common criteria for reactive cell change include an increase in nuclear size, presence...
Reactive cell change in cervicovaginal smears is a controversial issue. The most common criteria for reactive cell change include an increase in nuclear size, presence of nucleoli, binucleation, cytoplasmic vacuolization, and polychromasia. The purpose of this study is to define, as specifically as possible, the criteria of reactive cell change. Sixty-one cervicovaginal smears in a routine examination obtained during 1988 to 1994 were reviewed for this study. All cases had been diagnosed as reactive. Fifty-three of these were re-diagnosed as reactive and 8 cases were rediagnosed as negative. Inflammatory cells were present in 79% and organisms involvement such as Herpes, Trichomonas, Chlamydia, Gardnerella, and Candida were present in 23% percent. The smears were also evaluated for cellular arrangement, origin of the reactive cells, and presence of nucleoli. The majority of reactive cells were found in aggregates and were of metaplastic origin. Nucleoli were present in 85% of the cases. In all cases the most important criteria of reactive cell change were found to be aggregates of metaplastic cells with central nuclei containing nucleoli and a fine chromatin pattern, followed by the presence of organisms. Additionally, the majority of cases with a cytology diagnosis of reactive cell change had a squamous intraepithelial lesion on biopsy. In conclusion, this study suggests that follow-up Pap smears over a two year period may revert to normal in some of the cases.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Cervix Uteri; Female; Humans; Infections; Inflammation; Middle Aged; Papanicolaou Test; Uterine Cervical Diseases; Vagina; Vaginal Diseases; Vaginal Smears
PubMed: 9731375
DOI: No ID Found -
Australian Veterinary Journal Jan 1997A dog which presented with anorexia and fever was found to have strong IgG Coombs' positive immune mediated haemolysis but only marginal anaemia. The abnormalities...
A dog which presented with anorexia and fever was found to have strong IgG Coombs' positive immune mediated haemolysis but only marginal anaemia. The abnormalities detected included marked spherocytosis, polychromasia and mild hyperbilirubinaemia. The major presenting signs disappeared after glucocorticoid therapy. Compensated idiopathic immune mediated haemolysis was diagnosed.
Topics: Anemia, Hemolytic, Autoimmune; Animals; Anorexia; Coombs Test; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Female; Fever; Glucocorticoids; Immunoglobulin G; Methylprednisolone
PubMed: 9034492
DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1997.tb13822.x -
Fundamental and Applied Toxicology :... Mar 1996Toxicity studies were performed by exposing F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice to 2- and 4-chloronitrobenzene (CNB) by whole-body inhalation 6 hr/day, 5 days/week, for 13...
Toxicity studies were performed by exposing F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice to 2- and 4-chloronitrobenzene (CNB) by whole-body inhalation 6 hr/day, 5 days/week, for 13 weeks. Animals were evaluated for clinical chemistry (rats), hematology (rats), histopathology, and body/organ weights. Exposure concentrations were 0, 1.1, 2.3, 4.5, 9, and 18 ppm for 2-CNB and 0, 1.5, 3, 6, 12, and 24 ppm for 4-CNB. All rats in the 2-CNB study survived until the end of the study. Two male mice in the 18-ppm group in the 2-CNB study, however, died during Week 12; no deaths attributable to 4-CNB exposure occurred in rats or mice. In both studies, the mean body weight gains of exposed animals were similar to those of the respective controls. In rats, inhalation exposure to 2- or 4-CNB resulted in methemoglobinemia leading to a regenerative anemia and a variety of tissue changes secondary to the oxidative erythrocyte injury. In the 2-CNB study, methemoglobinemia resulted in a normocytic, normochromic, responsive anemia, whereas with 4-CNB, the methemoglobinemia was more severe and resulted in a macrocytic, hyperchromic, responsive anemia. Alterations of erythrocyte morphology were observed in both studies; changes included Heinz bodies, poikilocytes, and polychromasia. In rats, both isomers caused increases in serum activities of alanine aminotransferase and sorbitol dehydrogenase and increased bile acid concentrations. Microscopic liver changes included hemosiderin deposition in Kupffer cells (rats and mice exposed to 4-CNB), hepatocytomegaly (mice), and cytoplasmic basophilia (rats). Hepatocellular necrosis and chronic inflammation observed in mice were rather specific to the 2-CNB isomer, as only slight evidence of focal necrosis in the liver was observed in mice exposed to 4-CNB. Splenic lesions included hemosiderin accumulation capsular fibrosis, and increased hematopoietic cell proliferation. Increased bone marrow hemosiderin and hematopoietic cell proliferation and kidney tubule hemosiderin deposition were also observed. Other findings, attributed to chemical exposure but not to the hematotoxicity, were described. Lesions included hyaline droplet nephropathy and degeneration of the testis in male rats exposed to 4-CNB, inflammation of the harderian gland in rats exposed to 4-CNB, hyperplasia of the nasal cavity epithelium in rats exposed to 2-CNB, and hyperplasia of the forestomach epithelium in mice exposed to 4-CNB; these lesions have not been described previously in studies with these chemicals. Based on the exposure concentrations evaluated, A no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) for histopathological injury in mice was 4.5 ppm for 2-chloronitrobenzene and 6 ppm for 4-chloronitrobenzene; a NOAEL was not determined for rats.
Topics: Administration, Inhalation; Animals; Blood Cell Count; Female; Kidney; Liver; Male; Methemoglobinemia; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Nitrobenzenes; No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level; Organ Size; Rats; Rats, Inbred F344; Spleen
PubMed: 8812232
DOI: 10.1006/faat.1996.0045