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Journal of Pharmacy & Bioallied Sciences Apr 2024The majority of species previously categorized as Bacteroides have been reassigned into new genera. Bacteroides levii (Holdeman, Cato, and Mooretaxonomic)'s status has... (Review)
Review
The majority of species previously categorized as Bacteroides have been reassigned into new genera. Bacteroides levii (Holdeman, Cato, and Mooretaxonomic)'s status has remained uncertain. This species shares a high degree of similarity with members of the genus Porphyromonas based on biochemical, chemical, and comparative 16s rRNA sequence analysis. As a result, Bacteroides levii (Holdeman, Cato, and Moore) was reclassified as comb. now under the genus Porphyromonas.
PubMed: 38882857
DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_1106_23 -
Journal of Dairy Science May 2024The source of infection of digital dermatitis (DD), an infectious lameness condition, is still uncertain. In this cross-sectional study, we aimed to identify potential...
The source of infection of digital dermatitis (DD), an infectious lameness condition, is still uncertain. In this cross-sectional study, we aimed to identify potential reservoirs of DD bacteria in dairy cattle body sites with different stages of the disease and farm environments. We collected skin swabs from 85 dairy cows from 5 herds, 3 with and 2 without DD, from foot, hock, and udder cleft skin (with lesions or not), saliva, urine, and feces. We also obtained environmental samples. Real-time quantitative PCR targeted Treponema phagedenis, Treponema medium, Treponema pedis, Porphyromonas levii, Bacteroides pyogenes, Fusobacterium necrophorum, and Fusobacterium mortiferum. Digital dermatitis-associated Treponema spp. were exclusively detected in DD-affected herds in DD-foot and other skin lesions, healthy skin, saliva, and environmental samples. In contrast, the non-Treponema spp. were found in samples from both DD-negative and affected herds. As expected, DD lesions had higher bacterial loads than healthy skin. Interestingly, similar counts were observed in udder cleft lesions, indicating a potential opportunistic behavior on compromised skin. None of the targeted species were detected in fecal samples, but P. levii, B. pyogenes, and F. necrophorum were detected in urine. All 7 species were detected in saliva, although in low quantities. No associations were observed between the presence of each bacterial species in DD lesions and urine; however, there was an association between the presence of DD-Treponema spp. in lesions and saliva, hock, and udder skin. Feces and urine do not seem to be a DD bacteria primary source, but saliva and other skin lesions may play a role. Longitudinal studies would improve our understanding of DD-associated bacteria's transient or persistent presence in these sites. Investigating the sources of DD-associated bacteria will guide future interventions to minimize bacterial shedding and transmission, ultimately more effectively reducing bacterial load, transmission, and sources of infection in dairy herds.
Topics: Cattle; Female; Animals; Digital Dermatitis; Cross-Sectional Studies; Farms; Treponema; Bacteria; Skin Diseases; Cattle Diseases
PubMed: 38135044
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24160 -
Schweizer Archiv Fur Tierheilkunde Dec 2023Diseases of the digits often occur in cattle on larger cattle mountain pastures. In the late spring 2020, at the time of the ascent of 1554 cattle to 11 high altitude...
Diseases of the digits often occur in cattle on larger cattle mountain pastures. In the late spring 2020, at the time of the ascent of 1554 cattle to 11 high altitude alpine pastures in the Lower Engadine region, lesions in the area of the digits were clinically assessed and documented. 254 cattle were of non-cantonal and 1300 of local origin (Lower Engadine; postal code CH-75XX). Skin lesions in the area of the digits, identified as digital dermatitis (DD; Mortellaro's disease), were further classified according to the DD scoring system. Nonspecific skin lesions with clinical evidence of granulation tissue formation were termed chronic penetrating skin lesions (CPSL). At the end of the alpine pasturing season, in the early fall (descent of cattle from the alpine pastures), the procedure was repeated, and biopsies were taken from randomly selected cattle with CPSL. Digital dermatitis lesions were found in 34 of 1551 cattle at ascent, but no case of CPSL was found at that time. At descent, 19 of 1529 cattle had DD lesions and 88 cattle had CPSL. The clinical appearance of the CPSL was consistent with chronic skin lesions caused by penetrating skin lacerations. Histologically, the majority of the CPSL were classified as chronic hyperplastic dermatitis with granulation tissue formation. In all CPSL biopsies examined by PCR, Fusobacterium necrophorum and Porphyromonas levii, but neither Dichelobacter nodosus nor the tested Treponema species were detected. Fluorescence in situ hybridization revealed a negative result for Treponema species in all biopsies. In the regression analysis, cattle in the age group of 365 to 730 days had an increased risk for the presence of CPSL compared to the age group of 160 to 365 days (odds ratio (OR) = 4,95; confidence interval (CI) = 1,97-12,43). Holstein cattle had an increased risk of developing CPSL compared to Brown cattle (OR = 2,92; CI = 1,46-5,86) and cattle of non-cantonal origin showed a massively higher risk compared to local cattle (OR = 10,59; CI = 5,79 - 19,37). The statistically significant associations found in the present study can be taken into account in the selection of animals for summer pasturing on high altitudes in the future in order to reduce the prevalence of CPSL and consequently reduce the antimicrobial use. Spread of DD during the alpine pasturing season within the cattle groups examined was not found.
Topics: Cattle; Animals; Digital Dermatitis; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; Switzerland; Cattle Diseases; Treponema; Risk Factors
PubMed: 38014543
DOI: 10.17236/sat00412 -
Journal of Dairy Science Nov 2023The objective of this study was to characterize the species composition and functional potential of the vaginal and uterine microbiota at 1 wk postpartum in dairy cows...
The objective of this study was to characterize the species composition and functional potential of the vaginal and uterine microbiota at 1 wk postpartum in dairy cows diagnosed with or without purulent vaginal discharge (PVD) at 3 wk postpartum. The hypothesis was that differences in the vaginal and uterine microbiota between cows diagnosed with (PVD+) or without (PVD-) PVD were dependent on parity and breed. Cytobrush samples of the vagina and uterus were collected at 1 wk postpartum from 36 Holstein-Friesian (7 primiparous and 29 multiparous) and 29 Jersey (10 primiparous and 19 multiparous) cows. Microbial DNA was isolated from each sample and processed for shotgun metagenomic sequencing. The odds of multiparous cows being diagnosed as PVD+ was less compared with primiparous cows (OR = 0.21). Neither the α-diversity nor β-diversity of the uterine and vaginal microbiota were associated with PVD but the β-diversity was different between breeds and between parities. In the vagina of primiparous cows, differences in the microbiota of PVD- and PVD+ cows were minor, but the microbiota of multiparous PVD+ cows had greater relative abundance of Fusobacterium necrophorum, Trueperella pyogenes, Porphyromonas levii, and greater functional potential for amino acid and protein synthesis, energy metabolism, and growth compared with PVD- cows. The uterus of primiparous PVD+ cows had lesser relative abundance of Bacteroides heparinolyticus compared with PVD- cows. In the uterine microbiota, differences included greater functional potential for cellulose biosynthesis and fucose catabolism in multiparous PVD+ cows compared with PVD- cows. In the uterine microbiota of primiparous PVD+ cows, the functional potential for gram-negative cell wall synthesis and for negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor signaling was lesser compared with multiparous PVD+ cows. In the vagina of Holstein-Friesian PVD+ cows, the relative abundance of Caviibacter abscessus was greater whereas in the vagina of Jersey PVD+ cows the relative abundance of Catenibacterium mitsuokai, Finegoldia magna, Klebsiella variicola, and Streptococcus anginosus was greater compared with PVD- cows. In the uterine microbiota of Holstein-Friesian cows, the functional potential for spermidine biosynthesis was reduced compared with PVD- cows. In summary, differences in the species composition and functional potential of the vaginal and uterine microbiota between PVD- and PVD+ cows were dependent on parity and breed. The findings suggest that alternative strategies may be required to treat PVD for different parities and breeds of dairy cow.
PubMed: 37641353
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22720 -
Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2022Interdigital hyperplasia (IH) is a fold of fibrous tissue protruding into the interdigital space that rarely occurs in sheep. Interdigital hyperplasia secondary infected...
Interdigital hyperplasia (IH) is a fold of fibrous tissue protruding into the interdigital space that rarely occurs in sheep. Interdigital hyperplasia secondary infected with bovine digital dermatitis (BDD) treponemes has been reported in cattle in the course of the increasing spread of classical BDD lesions. In this report, we describe proliferative/ulcerative interdigital lesions associated with contagious ovine digital dermatitis (CODD) treponemes and clinically scored as (IH+CODD), occurring in both hind limbs of a ram and the left hindlimb of a ewe. Both cases exhibited epidermal hyperplasia, parakeratosis and focal-extensive areas of epidermal necrosis with numerous infiltrating neutrophils. PCR and fluorescence hybridization (FISH) were positive for phylotype 1 (PT1). In addition, and were detected in the biopsy by PCR. In three slaughter sheep, without claw lesions, which were kept together with both affected sheep, spp. were detected neither with PCR nor FISH; the PCRs for and were also negative. Complete clinical healing occurred in the ewe within 6 weeks after three local applications of a chlortetracycline spray in 2 weeks intervals. This report is the first description of IH+CODD in sheep as demonstrated by a combination of histopathological and molecular analyses.
PubMed: 36686194
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1028880 -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... Dec 2022The aim of the study was to characterize the dynamics of anaerobic cultivable postpartum microbiota in the uterus of dairy cows. In total, 122 dairy cows were enrolled...
The aim of the study was to characterize the dynamics of anaerobic cultivable postpartum microbiota in the uterus of dairy cows. In total, 122 dairy cows were enrolled and sampled on day 0 (day of calving) and on days 3, 9, 15, 21, and 28 postpartum (pp). Samples were cultivated anaerobically and analyzed by MALDI-TOF MS. In total, 1858 isolates were recovered. The most prevalent facultative anaerobic genera were (27.8%), (25.4%), and (13.1%). The most prevalent obligate anaerobes were (9.3%), (3.3%), and (2.4%). The microbial communities were highly dynamic and diverse. On the animal level, on day 21 and 28 pp was associated with clinical endometritis, and on day 21 pp was associated with subclinical endometritis. The occurrence of on day 28 was related to uterine health. The presence of , , and was significantly associated with an increased risk for purulent vaginal discharge. Primiparous cows showed a higher prevalence of , , , and spp. than multiparous cows but were not more susceptible to uterine diseases. This study might provide a suitable basis for future co-cultivation studies to elucidate potential synergistic interactions between microbiota.
PubMed: 36611691
DOI: 10.3390/ani13010082 -
Treatment of digital dermatitis using salicylic acid in European bison () reveals promising results.Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2022Digital dermatitis (DD) associated with the presence of multiple spp. was recently described for the first time in European bison (). DD is characterized by skin...
Digital dermatitis (DD) associated with the presence of multiple spp. was recently described for the first time in European bison (). DD is characterized by skin inflammation in the distal foot area in various ungulates. The objective of this proof of concept study was to test a treatment protocol adopted from cattle for its applicability in this wildlife species using five animals. Keratolytic salicylic acid paste was administered topically under bandages for seven days to enable removal of the affected skin. All interventions were performed under general anesthesia. To evaluate the treatment efficacy, photographs and biopsies were taken pre- and post-treatment. The biopsies were examined histologically, by PCR for the presence of different bacterial species, by -specific fluorescent hybridization (FISH), and by transmission electron microscopy. Based on photographs, complete clinical healing of the 15 feet with macroscopical DD lesions was achieved. Histological examination showed mild to moderate dermatitis in 17/20 feet before, and in 12/20 feet after treatment. 17/20 feet were spp. PCR positive before, and none was positive after treatment. , and could not be detected in any of the samples. By FISH and electron microscopy, spp. could be visualized in the stratum corneum before, but not after treatment. These results suggest that this treatment method can be applied as standard practice prior to transporting DD affected European bison to prevent the spread of this contagious disease.
PubMed: 36532358
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1012226 -
Biofilm Dec 2022Host immune cells and clinical interventions often fail to eradicate biofilm-mediated infections, resulting in chronic inflammation. The role of the biofilm...
Host immune cells and clinical interventions often fail to eradicate biofilm-mediated infections, resulting in chronic inflammation. The role of the biofilm three-dimensional structure in this tolerant phenotype has been studied extensively; however, the impact of small molecules released from biofilm-bacteria in modulating host immune function is less well understood. A model of mixed-species biofilms composed of and was developed to evaluate bovine neutrophil responses to bioactive molecules released from either biofilm or planktonic bacteria. We hypothesized that different soluble extracellular factors (ECFs) would be released from planktonic and biofilm bacteria, resulting in altered neutrophil function. Neutrophils exposed to ECFs from planktonic bacteria showed significantly elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In contrast, biofilm components from these same species of bacteria failed to induce such a response. Size-exclusion filtration of ECFs revealed that the bioactive molecule causing neutrophil ROS responses was below 3 kDa. Intensive heat, nuclease, lipase, or protease treatments of the <3 kDa fractions did not alter neutrophil functional responses. Protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) is an important heme precursor and growth requirement for many anaerobes. species can accumulate environmental PPIX at the cell surface as a strategy to protect the bacteria from oxidative stress and we investigated the direct interaction of bovine neutrophils with PPIX. In the present study, evidence suggests that the accumulation of protoporphyrin in these dual-species biofilm ECFs attenuates neutrophil ROS production and chemotaxis. The diminished neutrophil response to biofilm ECFs via the action of PPIX may represent a biofilm immune-evasion strategy that could assist in explaining the ineffectual host clearance of biofilm-mediated infections involving these bacteria.
PubMed: 36478961
DOI: 10.1016/j.bioflm.2022.100095 -
Schweizer Archiv Fur Tierheilkunde Dec 2022Contagious ovine digital dermatitis (CODD) is an emerging infectious foot disease in sheep. To date, CODD has been described in Great Britain, Ireland, Sweden and...
Contagious ovine digital dermatitis (CODD) is an emerging infectious foot disease in sheep. To date, CODD has been described in Great Britain, Ireland, Sweden and Germany and now in Switzerland for the first time. Unlike foot rot, the CODD lesions do not spread from the interdigital space, but usually begin at the dorsal/abaxial coronary band. The changes can spread to the hoof wall and the sole and finally can lead to exungulation, similar to foot rot. Treponema spp. are often found in CODD lesions analogous to digital dermatitis (Mortellaro's disease) in cattle. Involvement of Dichelobacter nodosus (D. nodosus) is considered a risk factor, but the presence of the bacterium is not mandatory. In February 2022, ulcerative lesions in the dorso-axial coronary band area were noticed on both claws of the left forelimb in an ewe. Histology of the biopsy showed hyperkeratosis and erosion with exocytosis and crust formation. Treponema spp. PCR and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) were positive for Treponema phylotype 1 (PT1). In addition, D. nodosus and Porphyromonas levii could be detected in the biopsy using PCR. A single local application of chlortetracycline spray led to clinical healing within two weeks, no recurrence was seen within the following two months. Three control sheep, which were kept together with the diseased sheep, did not show any clinical signs of CODD. Treponema spp could not be found in interdigital and coronary band biopsies by PCR or FISH. This is the first description of CODD in Switzerland and aims to sensitize veterinarians to CODD as a differential diagnosis for foot diseases in sheep.
Topics: Animals; Female; Dichelobacter nodosus; Digital Dermatitis; Foot Rot; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; Switzerland; Treponema
PubMed: 36454014
DOI: 10.17236/sat00378 -
Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2022The increasing prevalence of bovine digital dermatitis (BDD) contributes to a higher occurrence of secondary infections of exposed corium with spp. in bovine claws....
The increasing prevalence of bovine digital dermatitis (BDD) contributes to a higher occurrence of secondary infections of exposed corium with spp. in bovine claws. "Non-healing" claw horn lesions (NHL) clinically resemble BDD lesions. They are severe, cause chronic lameness, and may persist for several months. They poorly respond to standard treatments of BDD and represent a serious welfare issue. In this study, four cases of NHL were classified clinically either as BDD-associated axial horn fissures (BDD-HFA; = 3) or BDD-associated sole ulcer (BDD-SU; = 1). In all four cases, pronounced multifocal keratinolysis of the stratum corneum, ulceration, and severe chronic lymphoplasmacytic perivascular to interstitial dermatitis were observed. All lesional samples tested positive for spp., (.) , and (.) by PCRs. BDD-HFA lesions contained as revealed by genetic identities of 93, 99, and 100%. Treponemes in the BDD-SU lesion were 94% homologous to phylotype PT3. Fluorescent hybridization (FISH) revealed extensive epidermal infiltration by treponemes that made up > 90% of the total bacterial population in all four lesions. FISH also tested positive for and negative for in all four cases, whilst only one BDD-HFA contained . Our data point to BDD-associated treponemes and constituting potential etiological agents in the development of "non-healing" claw horn lesions in cattle.
PubMed: 36337205
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1041215