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Nutrients Jun 2024The immune system is affected by the dietary products humans intake. Immune system regulation by nutrition has uses in the clinical context, but it can also benefit... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
Prospective, Randomized, Double-Blind Parallel Group Nutritional Study to Evaluate the Effects of Routine Intake of Fresh vs. Pasteurized Yogurt on the Immune System in Healthy Adults.
The immune system is affected by the dietary products humans intake. Immune system regulation by nutrition has uses in the clinical context, but it can also benefit healthy populations by delaying or preventing the emergence of immune-mediated chronic illnesses. In this study, the purpose was to describe and compare the modulator effects on the immune system of the routine ingestion of fresh vs. pasteurized yogurt. A unicentral, prospective, randomized, double-blind, parallel group 8-week nutritional study was carried out comparing the ingestion of 125 g of the products in healthy adults three times a day. A complete battery of in vitro tests on the activity of the immune system, processes and phenomena was performed. Exclusive immune-modulatory effects of fresh yogurt with respect to base line were found in terms of increased systemic IgM (primary immune responses), increased synthesis of IFN-gamma upon stimulation (Th1) and increased peripheral T cells (mainly "naive" CD4s). In the three interventions, we observed an increased phagocytic activity and burst test in granulocytes, together with increased secretion of IL-6, IL-1 β and IL-8 (pro-inflammatory) and increased CD16 expression (FcR favoring phagocytosis) in granulocytes. Overall, it is concluded that regardless of bacteria being alive or thermally inactivated, yogurt has common effects on the innate system, but the presence of live bacteria is necessary to achieve a potentiating effect on the specific immune response.
Topics: Yogurt; Humans; Double-Blind Method; Adult; Male; Female; Prospective Studies; Pasteurization; Phagocytosis; Cytokines; Young Adult; Immunoglobulin M; Interferon-gamma; Middle Aged; Granulocytes; Immune System; Receptors, IgG
PubMed: 38931322
DOI: 10.3390/nu16121969 -
Nutrients Jun 2024Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and vitamin D deficiency are common among children in Latin America. Previous studies show that improves IBS symptoms in adults. This...
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and vitamin D deficiency are common among children in Latin America. Previous studies show that improves IBS symptoms in adults. This real-world, single-arm, open-label study conducted in Chile investigated the effects of 35624 (1 × 10 colony-forming units, 12 weeks) on gastrointestinal symptoms (adapted IBS severity scoring system [IBS-SSS]; adapted Questionnaire on Pediatric Gastrointestinal Symptoms [QPGS], and Bristol Stool Form Scale) in 64 children and adolescents (8-18 years) and explored the relationship with baseline vitamin D status. Improvements in all IBS-SSS domains and composite score were observed at week 6 and 12 ( < 0.0007 versus baseline), with 98.3% of participants experiencing numerical improvements in ≥3 domains. Clinically meaningful improvement was seen in 96.6% of participants. The distribution of IBS-SSS severity categories shifted from moderate/severe at baseline to mild/remission ( < 0.0001). Improvements were not maintained during the two-week washout. Low baseline serum vitamin D levels did not correlate to IBS severity or probiotic response. QPGS significantly decreased from baseline to week 6 ( = 0.0005) and 12 ( = 0.02). 35624 may improve IBS symptoms in children and adolescents, even those with vitamin D deficiency. A confirmatory randomized controlled trial and further exploration of probiotic response and vitamin D status are needed.
Topics: Humans; Irritable Bowel Syndrome; Adolescent; Child; Probiotics; Male; Female; Bifidobacterium longum; Chile; Treatment Outcome; Severity of Illness Index; Vitamin D; Vitamin D Deficiency
PubMed: 38931319
DOI: 10.3390/nu16121967 -
Nutrients Jun 2024Type 2 diabetes is a disease with significant health consequences for the individual. Currently, new mechanisms and therapeutic approaches that may affect this disease... (Review)
Review
Type 2 diabetes is a disease with significant health consequences for the individual. Currently, new mechanisms and therapeutic approaches that may affect this disease are being sought. One of them is the association of type 2 diabetes with microbiota. Through the enteric nervous system and the gut-microbiota axis, the microbiota affects the functioning of the body. It has been proven to have a real impact on influencing glucose and lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity. With dysbiosis, there is increased bacterial translocation through the disrupted intestinal barrier and increased inflammation in the body. In diabetes, the microbiota's composition is altered with, for example, a more abundant class of Betaproteobacteria. The consequences of these disorders are linked to mechanisms involving short-chain fatty acids, branched-chain amino acids, and bacterial lipopolysaccharide, among others. Interventions focusing on the gut microbiota are gaining traction as a promising approach to diabetes management. Studies are currently being conducted on the effects of the supply of probiotics and prebiotics, as well as fecal microbiota transplantation, on the course of diabetes. Further research will allow us to fully develop our knowledge on the subject and possibly best treat and prevent type 2 diabetes.
Topics: Humans; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Probiotics; Prebiotics; Dysbiosis; Fecal Microbiota Transplantation; Animals
PubMed: 38931292
DOI: 10.3390/nu16121938 -
Nutrients Jun 2024Influenza, a severe respiratory disease caused by the influenza virus, has long been a prominent threat to human health. An increasing number of studies have...
Influenza, a severe respiratory disease caused by the influenza virus, has long been a prominent threat to human health. An increasing number of studies have demonstrated that oral administration with probiotics may increase the immune response to lung infection via the gut-lung axis leading to the alleviation of the pulmonary disease. In this study, we evaluated the effects of oral administration of MIANGUAN2 (MIANGUAN2) on influenza infection in a mouse model. Our results showed that oral administration of MIANGUAN2 significantly improved weight loss, lung index, and lung pathology, and decreased lung viral load of influenza-infected mice. Additionally, MIANGUAN2-treated mice showed significantly lower levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IFN-γ, and IL-12p70 and higher production of IL-4 in the lung. In accordance with this, the transcriptome analysis of the lung indicated that MIANGUAN2-treated mice had reduced expression of inflammation markers, such as TNF, apoptosis, and the NF-Kappa B pathway. Furthermore, the administration of MIANGUAN2 restored the SCFAs profiles through regulating the gut microbiota. SCFA-producing bacteria, such as p_Firmicutes, f_Lachnospiraceae, and f_Ruminococcaceae, were enriched in the MIANGUAN2-treated group compared with PBS-treated group. Consistently, the concentrations of SCFAs in the MIANGUAN2 group were significantly higher than those in the PBS-treated group. In addition, the concentrations of SCFAs were positively correlated with SCFA-producing bacteria, such as , while being negatively correlated with the virial titers and proinflammatory cytokines. In conclusion, this animal study suggests that MIANGUAN2 may alleviate the influenza infection by altering the gut microbiota composition and increasing the levels of gut microbiota-derived SCFAs.
Topics: Animals; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Pediococcus pentosaceus; Fatty Acids, Volatile; Mice; Probiotics; Lung; Orthomyxoviridae Infections; Disease Models, Animal; Cytokines; Male
PubMed: 38931277
DOI: 10.3390/nu16121923 -
Nutrients Jun 2024Probiotics are posited to enhance exercise performance by influencing muscle protein synthesis, augmenting glycogen storage, and reducing inflammation. This double-blind... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
Probiotics are posited to enhance exercise performance by influencing muscle protein synthesis, augmenting glycogen storage, and reducing inflammation. This double-blind study randomized 88 participants to receive a six-week intervention with either a placebo, subsp. LY-66, PL-02, or a combination of both strains, combined with a structured exercise training program. We assessed changes in maximal oxygen consumption (VO), exercise performance, and gut microbiota composition before and after the intervention. Further analyses were conducted to evaluate the impact of probiotics on exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD), muscle integrity, and inflammatory markers in the blood, 24 and 48 h post-intervention. The results demonstrated that all probiotic groups exhibited significant enhancements in exercise performance and attenuation of muscle strength decline post-exercise exhaustion ( < 0.05). Notably, PL-02 intake significantly increased muscle mass, whereas LY-66 and the combination therapy significantly reduced body fat percentage ( < 0.05). Analysis of intestinal microbiota revealed an increase in beneficial bacteria, especially a significant rise in following supplementation with PL-02 and LY-66 ( < 0.05). Overall, the combination of exercise training and supplementation with PL-02, LY-66, and their combination improved muscle strength, explosiveness, and endurance performance, and had beneficial effects on body composition and gastrointestinal health, as evidenced by data obtained from non-athlete participants.
Topics: Humans; Probiotics; Double-Blind Method; Lactobacillus plantarum; Male; Lactococcus lactis; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Muscle Strength; Physical Endurance; Female; Adult; Young Adult; Oxygen Consumption; Muscle, Skeletal; Exercise
PubMed: 38931275
DOI: 10.3390/nu16121921 -
Nutrients Jun 2024Gut microbiota are the microbial organisms that play a pivotal role in intestinal health and during disease conditions. Keeping in view the characteristic functions of...
Gut microbiota are the microbial organisms that play a pivotal role in intestinal health and during disease conditions. Keeping in view the characteristic functions of gut microbiota, in this study, TPC32 ( TPC32) was isolated and identified, and its whole genome was analyzed by the Illumina MiSeq sequencing platform. The results revealed that TPC32 had high resistance against acid and bile salts with fine in vitro antibacterial ability. Accordingly, a genome sequence of TPC32 has a total length of 2,214,495 base pairs with a guanine-cytosine content of 38.81%. Based on metabolic annotation, out of 2,212 protein-encoding genes, 118 and 101 were annotated to carbohydrate metabolism and metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, respectively. Similarly, drug-resistance and virulence genes were annotated using the comprehensive antibiotic research database (CARD) and the virulence factor database (VFDB), in which and drug-resistance genes were annotated in TPC32, while virulence genes are not annotated. The early prevention of TPC32 reduced the () infection in mice. The results show that TPC32 could improve the serum IgM, decrease the intestinal cytokine secretion to relieve intestinal cytokine storm, reinforce the intestinal biochemical barrier function by elevating the sIgA expression, and strengthen the intestinal physical barrier function. Simultaneously, based on the 16S rRNA analysis, the TPC32 results affect the recovery of intestinal microbiota from disease conditions and promote the multiplication of beneficial bacteria. These results provide new insights into the biological functions and therapeutic potential of TPC32 for treating intestinal inflammation.
Topics: Limosilactobacillus reuteri; Probiotics; Animals; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Whole Genome Sequencing; Mice; Swine; Genome, Bacterial; Salmonella typhimurium; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 38931255
DOI: 10.3390/nu16121900 -
Nutrients Jun 2024Human milk provides essential nutrients for infants but also consists of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), which are resistant to digestion by the infant....
Human milk provides essential nutrients for infants but also consists of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), which are resistant to digestion by the infant. Bifidobacteria are among the first colonizers, providing various health benefits for the host. This is largely facilitated by their ability to efficiently metabolize HMOs in a species-specific way. Nevertheless, these abilities can vary significantly by strain, and our understanding of the mechanisms applied by different strains from the same species remains incomplete. Therefore, we assessed the effects of strain-level genomic variation in HMO utilization genes on growth on HMOs in 130 strains from 10 species of human associated bifidobacteria. Our findings highlight the extent of genetic diversity between strains of the same species and demonstrate the effects on species-specific HMO utilization, which in most species is largely retained through the conservation of a core set of genes or the presence of redundant pathways. These data will help to refine our understanding of the genetic factors that contribute to the persistence of individual strains and will provide a better mechanistic rationale for the development and optimization of new early-life microbiota-modulating products to improve infant health.
Topics: Bifidobacterium; Humans; Oligosaccharides; Milk, Human; Species Specificity; Genetic Variation; Infant; Genes, Bacterial
PubMed: 38931248
DOI: 10.3390/nu16121893 -
Nutrients Jun 2024Immune system development during gestation and suckling is significantly modulated by maternal environmental and dietary factors. Breastfeeding is widely recognized as...
Immune system development during gestation and suckling is significantly modulated by maternal environmental and dietary factors. Breastfeeding is widely recognized as the optimal source of nutrition for infant growth and immune maturation, and its composition can be modulated by the maternal diet. In the present work, we investigated whether oral supplementation with and short-chain galacto-oligosaccharide (scGOS) and long-chain fructo-oligosaccharide (lcFOS) to rat dams during gestation and lactation has an impact on the immune system and microbiota composition of the offspring at day 21 of life. On that day, blood, adipose tissue, small intestine (SI), mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN), salivary gland (SG), cecum, and spleen were collected. Synbiotic supplementation did not affect the overall body or organ growth of the pups. The gene expression of , , , and were upregulated in the SI, and the increase in IgA gene expression was further confirmed at the protein level in the gut wash. Synbiotic supplementation also positively impacted the microbiota composition in both the small and large intestines, resulting in higher proportions of genus, among others. In addition, there was an increase in butanoic, isobutanoic, and acetic acid concentrations in the cecum but a reduction in the small intestine. At the systemic level, synbiotic supplementation resulted in higher levels of immunoglobulin IgG2c in plasma, SG, and MLN, but it did not modify the main lymphocyte subsets in the spleen and MLN. Overall, synbiotic maternal supplementation is able to positively influence the immune system development and microbiota of the suckling offspring, particularly at the gastrointestinal level.
Topics: Animals; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Synbiotics; Female; Bifidobacterium breve; Pregnancy; Oligosaccharides; Rats; Animals, Suckling; Dietary Supplements; Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Lactation; Immune System; Male; Animals, Newborn
PubMed: 38931246
DOI: 10.3390/nu16121890 -
Nutrients Jun 2024Celiac disease (CeD) is an autoimmune disease with a strong association with human leukocyte antigen (HLA), characterized by the production of specific autoantibodies... (Review)
Review
Celiac disease (CeD) is an autoimmune disease with a strong association with human leukocyte antigen (HLA), characterized by the production of specific autoantibodies and immune-mediated enterocyte killing. CeD is a unique autoimmune condition, as it is the only one in which the environmental trigger is known: gluten, a storage protein present in wheat, barley, and rye. How and when the loss of tolerance of the intestinal mucosa to gluten occurs is still unknown. This event, through the activation of adaptive immune responses, enhances epithelial cell death, increases the permeability of the epithelial barrier, and induces secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, resulting in the transition from genetic predisposition to the actual onset of the disease. While the role of gastrointestinal infections as a possible trigger has been considered on the basis of a possible mechanism of antigen mimicry, a more likely alternative mechanism appears to involve a complex disruption of the gastrointestinal microbiota ecosystem triggered by infections, rather than the specific effect of a single pathogen on intestinal mucosal homeostasis. Several lines of evidence show the existence of intestinal dysbiosis that precedes the onset of CeD in genetically at-risk subjects, characterized by the loss of protective bacterial elements that both epigenetically and functionally can influence the response of the intestinal epithelium leading to the loss of gluten tolerance. We have conducted a literature review in order to summarize the current knowledge about the complex and in part still unraveled dysbiosis that precedes and accompanies CeD and present some exciting new data on how this dysbiosis might be prevented and/or counteracted. The literature search was conducted on PubMed.gov in the time frame 2010 to March 2024 utilizing the terms "celiac disease and microbiota", "celiac disease and microbiome", and "celiac disease and probiotics" and restricting the search to the following article types: Clinical Trials, Meta-Analysis, Review, and Systematic Review. A total of 364 papers were identified and reviewed. The main conclusions of this review can be outlined as follows: (1) quantitative and qualitative changes in gut microbiota have been clearly documented in CeD patients; (2) intestinal microbiota's extensive and variable interactions with enterocytes, viral and bacterial pathogens and even gluten combine to impact the inflammatory immune response to gluten and the loss of gluten tolerance, ultimately affecting the pathogenesis, progression, and clinical expression of CeD; (3) gluten-free diet fails to restore the eubiosis of the digestive tract in CeD patients, and also negatively affects microbial homeostasis; (4) new tools allowing targeted microbiota therapy, such as the use of probiotics (a good example being precision probiotics like the novel strain of (20220303-A2) begin to show exciting potential applications.
Topics: Celiac Disease; Humans; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Glutens; Dysbiosis; Intestinal Mucosa
PubMed: 38931237
DOI: 10.3390/nu16121882 -
Nutrients Jun 2024Dietary factors can modify the function of the intestinal barrier, causing permeability changes. This systematic review analyzed evidence on the link between diet or... (Review)
Review
Dietary factors can modify the function of the intestinal barrier, causing permeability changes. This systematic review analyzed evidence on the link between diet or dietary interventions and changes in intestinal barrier permeability (IBP) in healthy individuals. A systematic search for primary studies was conducted using the virtual databases EMBASE, PubMed, Web of Science, CINAHL, and Scopus. This review adhered to PRISMA 2020 guidelines, assessing the methodological quality using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale for observational studies and ROB 2.0 for randomized clinical trials. Out of 3725 studies recovered, 12 were eligible for review. Chicory inulin and probiotics reduced IBP in adults with a moderate GRADE level of evidence. The opposite result was obtained with fructose, which increased IBP in adults, with a very low GRADE level of evidence. Only intervention studies with different dietary components were found, and few studies evaluated the effect of specific diets on the IBP. Thus, there was no strong evidence that diet or dietary interventions increase or decrease IBP in healthy individuals. Studies on this topic are necessary, with a low risk of bias and good quality of evidence generated, as there is still little knowledge on healthy populations.
Topics: Humans; Permeability; Diet; Intestinal Mucosa; Probiotics; Adult; Inulin; Healthy Volunteers; Fructose; Intestines; Female; Male; Cichorium intybus; Intestinal Barrier Function
PubMed: 38931225
DOI: 10.3390/nu16121871