-
Journal of Materials Chemistry. B Nov 2023A nanocomposite of (2-aminoethyl)piperazine ligand substituted with zinc(II) tetra carboxylic acid phthalocyanine (ZnTEPZCAPC) and MWCNTs was constructed and employed to...
A novel MWCNT-encapsulated (2-aminoethyl)piperazine-decorated zinc(II) phthalocyanine composite: development of an electrochemical sensor for detecting the antipsychotic drug promazine in environmental samples.
A nanocomposite of (2-aminoethyl)piperazine ligand substituted with zinc(II) tetra carboxylic acid phthalocyanine (ZnTEPZCAPC) and MWCNTs was constructed and employed to develop an electrochemical sensor with outstanding sensitivity and a low detection limit. The macrocyclic complex ZnTEPZCAPC was first synthesized and then employed for the electrochemical determination of the antipsychotic drug promazine (PMZ). The as-prepared ZnTEPZCAPC and MWCNT nanocomposite was characterized using different techniques, such as Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Further, the prepared ZnTEPZCAPC@MWCNT nanocomposites were modified on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) surface, and the electrochemical activity was investigated using cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), and chronoamperometry (CA) tests in pH 7.0 phosphate buffer solution (PBS) in the potential window of 0.0-1 V. The ZnTEPZCAPC@MWCNTs displayed a superior electrochemical performance because of their high electrochemical active surface area (0.453 cm), good conductivity, and a synergetic effect. The developed electrochemical sensor exhibited a broad linear range of 0.05-635 μM and the lowest detection limit of 0.0125 nM, as well as excellent sensitivity, repeatability, and reproducibility. Finally, the fabricated sensor was successively used for the real-time detection of PMZ in environmental and biological samples and displayed feasible recoveries.
Topics: Antipsychotic Agents; Promazine; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; Reproducibility of Results; Zinc; Piperazines
PubMed: 37917006
DOI: 10.1039/d3tb01859h -
Environmental Science and Pollution... Jul 2023This research aims to remove two phenothiazines, promazine (PRO) and promethazine (PMT), from their individual and binary mixtures using olive tree pruning biochar...
Competitive adsorptive removal of promazine and promethazine from wastewater using olive tree pruning biochar: operational parameters, kinetics, and equilibrium investigations.
This research aims to remove two phenothiazines, promazine (PRO) and promethazine (PMT), from their individual and binary mixtures using olive tree pruning biochar (BC-OTPR). The impact of individual and combinatory effects of operational variables was evaluated for the first time using central composite design (CCD). Simultaneous removal of both drugs was maximized utilizing the composite desirability function. At low concentrations, the uptake of PRO and PMT from their individual solutions was achieved with high efficiency of 98.64%, 47.20 mg/g and 95.87%, 38.16 mg/g, respectively. No major differences in the removal capacity were observed for the binary mixtures. Characterization of BC-OTPR confirmed successful adsorption and showed that the OTPR surface was predominantly mesoporous. Equilibrium investigations revealed that the Langmuir isotherm model best describes the sorption of PRO/PMT from their individual solutions with maximum adsorption capacities of 640.7 and 346.95 mg/g, respectively. The sorption of PRO/PMT conforms to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Regeneration of the adsorbent surface was successfully done with desorption efficiencies of 94.06% and 98.54% for PRO and PMT, respectively, for six cycles.
Topics: Wastewater; Promethazine; Olea; Promazine; Kinetics; Adsorption; Charcoal; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
PubMed: 37326738
DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27688-6 -
Journal of Analytical Toxicology Apr 2023The use of dried urine spots (DUS) can simplify sample handling, shipment and storage when compared to liquid urine samples. To prepare DUS, a small amount of urine is...
The use of dried urine spots (DUS) can simplify sample handling, shipment and storage when compared to liquid urine samples. To prepare DUS, a small amount of urine is pipetted on a filter paper card. The subsequent drying of the specimen can prevent the post-sampling formation or degradation of substances (e.g., caused by bacteria). To evaluate the potential of DUS screening, 17 authentic urine samples, containing a broad range of substances, were extracted and analyzed on a Sciex TripleTOF® 5600+ System using a non-targeted screening and library searching approach. The screening results were compared to the analysis of the same urine sample in liquid form, using the same high-resolution liquid chromatography--quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry method. More than 65 different legal and illegal drugs were successfully identified within the investigated 17 urine samples using the DUS screening approach. When compared to the analysis of liquid urine, the following compounds could not be identified: 1x ecgonine methyl ester, 1x nicotine, 1x promazine and 1x 11-nor-9-carboxy-∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Overall, 95.2% of the target substances that have been detected in liquid urine were identified correctly using the DUS approach. In conclusion, DUS screening offers a simple, cost-effective and easier sample handling alternative to the traditional use of liquid urine and provides the detection of the most important substances for forensic requirements. Furthermore, the DUS sample preparation can be fully automated (sample documentation, internal standard application and extraction).
Topics: Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Body Fluids; Mass Spectrometry; Chromatography, Liquid; Specimen Handling
PubMed: 36722166
DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkad007 -
BMC Nursing Jan 2023Animal models are increasingly used in Nursing science to study care approaches. Despite the scientific relevance and the ethical debate surrounding the use of...
BACKGROUND
Animal models are increasingly used in Nursing science to study care approaches. Despite the scientific relevance and the ethical debate surrounding the use of experimental animals, there is a scarcity of scholarly literature exploring this topic in Nursing Schools.
AIM
To evaluate perceptions and attitudes of nursing students enrolled in a Pharmacology course on the use of experimental animals and implementation of alternative methods, by comparing the experience for two academic years. An interdisciplinary collaboration has also been developed.
METHODS
A descriptive cross-sectional, quantitative study was developed. Undergraduate nursing students were enrolled in the Pharmacology subject at the University of Leon (Spain). The study was carried out in the Pharmacology facilities. Students followed a two-session practical class regarding experimental animals and alternative methods in the Pharmacology course (Degree in Nursing) in two different academic years (2019-20/2020-21). At the end of the activity, they answered a questionnaire to assess their opinions on the use of experimental animals and alternative methods in Pharmacology and the 3Rs principle.
RESULTS
A comparison of the students' perception with and without direct participation in the evaluation of promazine effects in mice was made. A total of 190 students participated in the teaching experience, providing high scores in all items (4-5 out of 5 points) regarding the teaching experience. Students became also aware of the advantages and disadvantages on the use of experimental animals, as well as the ethical considerations to bear in mind for their use and the need for alternative methods.
CONCLUSIONS
In the students' opinion, the total replacement of animals by alternative techniques was very difficult, and they preferred to do the practice face-to-face. The alternative method designed was useful for the students to accept the employment of experimental animals in biomedical research and education, and know the legislation applied in the protection of animals.
PubMed: 36639785
DOI: 10.1186/s12912-023-01172-5 -
JMIR Medical Informatics Dec 2022Data analysis is used to identify signals suggestive of variation in treatment choice or clinical outcome. Analyses to date have generally focused on a hypothesis-driven...
Identifying Patterns of Clinical Interest in Clinicians' Treatment Preferences: Hypothesis-free Data Science Approach to Prioritizing Prescribing Outliers for Clinical Review.
BACKGROUND
Data analysis is used to identify signals suggestive of variation in treatment choice or clinical outcome. Analyses to date have generally focused on a hypothesis-driven approach.
OBJECTIVE
This study aimed to develop a hypothesis-free approach to identify unusual prescribing behavior in primary care data. We aimed to apply this methodology to a national data set in a cross-sectional study to identify chemicals with significant variation in use across Clinical Commissioning Groups (CCGs) for further clinical review, thereby demonstrating proof of concept for prioritization approaches.
METHODS
Here we report a new data-driven approach to identify unusual prescribing behaviour in primary care data. This approach first applies a set of filtering steps to identify chemicals with prescribing rate distributions likely to contain outliers, then applies two ranking approaches to identify the most extreme outliers amongst those candidates. This methodology has been applied to three months of national prescribing data (June-August 2017).
RESULTS
Our methodology provides rankings for all chemicals by administrative region. We provide illustrative results for 2 antipsychotic drugs of particular clinical interest: promazine hydrochloride and pericyazine, which rank highly by outlier metrics. Specifically, our method identifies that, while promazine hydrochloride and pericyazine are barely used by most clinicians (with national prescribing rates of 11.1 and 6.2 per 1000 antipsychotic prescriptions, respectively), they make up a substantial proportion of antipsychotic prescribing in 2 small geographic regions in England during the study period (with maximum regional prescribing rates of 298.7 and 241.1 per 1000 antipsychotic prescriptions, respectively).
CONCLUSIONS
Our hypothesis-free approach is able to identify candidates for audit and review in clinical practice. To illustrate this, we provide 2 examples of 2 very unusual antipsychotics used disproportionately in 2 small geographic areas of England.
PubMed: 36538350
DOI: 10.2196/41200 -
Journal of Applied Toxicology : JAT Apr 2023In this review, we summarized the current literature on the impact of phenothiazine derivatives on autophagy in vitro. Phenothiazines are antipsychotic drugs used in the... (Review)
Review
In this review, we summarized the current literature on the impact of phenothiazine derivatives on autophagy in vitro. Phenothiazines are antipsychotic drugs used in the treatment of schizophrenia, which is related to altered neurotransmission and dysregulation of neuronal autophagy. Thus, phenothiazine derivatives can impact autophagy. We identified 35 papers, where the use of the phenothiazines in the in vitro autophagy assays on normal and cancer cell lines, Caenorhabditis elegans, and zebrafish were discussed. Chlorpromazine, fluphenazine, mepazine, methotrimeprazine, perphenazine, prochlorperazine, promethazine, thioridazine, trifluoperazine, and novel derivatives can modulate autophagy. Stimulation of autophagy by phenothiazines may be either mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-dependent or mTOR-independent. The final effect depends on the used concentration as well as the cell line. A further investigation of the mechanisms of autophagy regulation by phenothiazine derivatives is required to understand the biological actions and to increase the therapeutic potential of this class of drugs.
Topics: Animals; Antipsychotic Agents; Zebrafish; Promazine; Phenothiazines; Chlorpromazine; Mammals
PubMed: 36165981
DOI: 10.1002/jat.4397 -
Psychiatria Danubina 2022To assess potential benefits of quetiapine for persistent sleep disturbances in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) on stable combined SSRI and...
Quetiapine Add-On Therapy May Improve Persistent Sleep Disturbances in Patients with PTSD on Stabile Combined SSRI and Benzodiazepine Combination: A One-Group Pretest-Posttest Study.
BACKGROUND
To assess potential benefits of quetiapine for persistent sleep disturbances in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) on stable combined SSRI and benzodiazepine therapy, who previously failed to respond to various benzodiazepine and non-benzodiazepine hypnotic adjuvant treatment as well as to first-generation antipsychotic add-on treatment.
SUBJECTS AND METHODS
Fifty-two male PTSD outpatients on stable combination treatment with SSRI and benzodiazepines, with persistent sleep disturbances not responding to prescription of zolpidem, flurazepam, nitrazepam, promazine, and levopromazine, were assessed for sleep disturbances improvements after prescription of quetiapine in the evening. Each patient met both ICD-10 and DSM-IV criteria for PTSD. Psychiatric comorbidity and premorbidity were excluded using the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). Improvement on the CAPS recurrent distressing dream item, reduction in the amount of time needed to fall asleep, prolongation of sleep duration, and reduction in average number of arousals per night in the last 7 days before the assessment period were used as efficacy measures.
RESULTS
All sleep-related parameters improved significantly at the end of a five-week follow-up: sleep duration increased by one hour (p<0.001), sleep latency decreased by 52.5 minutes (p<0.001), median number of arousals per night decreased from two to one (p<0.001), CAPS recurrent distressing dream item median decreased from five to four (p<0.001), and the number of patients dissatisfied with their sleep quality and quantity decreased from 45 to two (p<0.001).
CONCLUSION
Quetiapine prescribed in the evening may be successful therapy for persistent sleep disturbances in patients with PTSD and generally good response to an SSRI and benzodiazepine combination, who previously failed to respond to some of the usual hypnotic medication or addition of first-generation antipsychotics: zolpidem, flurazepam, nitrazepam, promazine, and levopromazine.
Topics: Antipsychotic Agents; Benzodiazepines; Flurazepam; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Male; Methotrimeprazine; Nitrazepam; Promazine; Quetiapine Fumarate; Sleep; Sleep Wake Disorders; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic; Zolpidem
PubMed: 35772134
DOI: 10.24869/psyd.2022.245 -
Chemosphere Oct 2022Water pollution has significant impact on water usage, and various contaminants, such as organic and inorganic compounds, heavy metals, dyes, pharmaceuticals compounds,... (Review)
Review
Water pollution has significant impact on water usage, and various contaminants, such as organic and inorganic compounds, heavy metals, dyes, pharmaceuticals compounds, pathogens and radioactive compounds, are implicated. The quest for globalisation, structural developments and other related anthropogenic activities promote the release of contaminants that induce water pollution. Hence, treatment and remediation options that can remove pollutants from watercourses and wastewater have been developed. Applied nanotechnology using carbon nanocomposites has recently drawn attention because it has the advantages of low preparation cost, high surface area, pore volume and environmental stability. Magnetic carbon nanocomposites usually exhibit excellent performance in adsorbing contaminants from aqueous solutions, and thus expanding the use of nanotechnology in water treatment is of great importance. Therefore, this review explores the geographical outlook of water pollution, sources of water pollution and types of contaminants found in water and discusses the use of carbon nanocomposites as an emerging sustainable technology for water pollutant removal. The various properties of carbon-based composites influence the extent of pollutant adsorption during water treatment processes. Most carbon-based nanocomposites are generated from biomass produced by agro-waste materials. Magnetic activated carbon nanocomposites produced from walnut shells and rice husk waste can remove 78% of Cd(II) from contaminated aqueous systems. Magnetic nanocomposites from peanut shell, tea waste, curcumin nanoparticles, sunflower head waste, rice husk, hydrophyte biomass, palm waste and sugarcane bagasse facilitate hydrothermal carbonisation, chemical precipitation, co-precipitation, chemical activation, calcination and fast pyrolysis. These nanocomposites have benefitted wastewater treatment by increasing efficiency in removing pharmaceutical, dye and organic contaminants, such as promazine, ciprofloxacin, amoxicillin, rhodamine 6G, methyl blue, phenol and phenanthrene. Hence, this review discusses the relatively low costs, good biocompatibility, large surface-to-volume ratio, magnetic separation capability and reusability carbon materials and highlights the advantages of using magnetic carbon nanocomposites in the removal of contaminants from water or wastewater through adsorption mechanisms.
Topics: Adsorption; Cellulose; Coloring Agents; Environmental Pollutants; Magnetic Phenomena; Nanocomposites; Saccharum; Wastewater; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Water Purification
PubMed: 35724716
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135384 -
ACS Omega May 2022Four aliphatic phenothiazine cations (promazinium, promethazinium, chlorpromazinium, and triflupromazinium) were each paired with docusate anions and three different...
Four aliphatic phenothiazine cations (promazinium, promethazinium, chlorpromazinium, and triflupromazinium) were each paired with docusate anions and three different NSAID anions (ibuprofen, salicylate, and naproxen) to form fifteen glassy materials and one solid. The compounds were prepared the metathesis reaction between the corresponding phenothiazine hydrochloride salts and sodium docusate or sodium NSAID salts and were obtained as liquid co-crystals with various degrees of ionization. The self-diffusion coefficients of several derivatives in 0.06 M DMSO- solutions were determined using DOSY NMR spectroscopy. The influence of the size, shape of the compounds, and intermolecular forces has been investigated by using the four promazine and the four ibuprofen co-crystals. The ion pairs (or aggregates) were found to be maintained in six out of the seven compounds examined. All fifteen glassy compounds showed reversible glass transitions in the -25 to 10 °C range with the docusate derivatives exhibiting the highest thermal stability ( values being at least 40 °C higher than those of the corresponding phenothiazine hydrochlorides).
PubMed: 35647432
DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c07382 -
International Journal of Molecular... Apr 2022The aim of this study was to assess the potency of selected antipsychotic drugs (haloperidol (HAL), bromperidol (BRMP), benperidol (BNP), penfluridol (PNF), pimozide...
The aim of this study was to assess the potency of selected antipsychotic drugs (haloperidol (HAL), bromperidol (BRMP), benperidol (BNP), penfluridol (PNF), pimozide (PIM), quetiapine (QUET) and promazine (PROM)) on the main pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Binary mixtures of donepezil and antipsychotics produce an anti-BuChE effect, which was greater than either compound alone. The combination of rivastigmine and antipsychotic drugs (apart from PNF) enhanced AChE inhibition. The tested antipsychotics (excluding HAL and PNF) significantly reduce the early stage of Aβ aggregation. BRMP, PIM, QUET and PROM were found to substantially inhibit Aβ aggregation after a longer incubation time. A test of human erythrocytes hemolysis showed that short-term incubation of red blood cells (RBCs) with QUET resulted in decreased hemolysis. The antioxidative properties of antipsychotics were also proved in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC); all tested drugs were found to significantly increase cell viability. In the case of astrocytes, BNP, PNF, PIM and PROM showed antioxidant potential.
Topics: Alzheimer Disease; Antipsychotic Agents; Cholinesterase Inhibitors; Endothelial Cells; Hemolysis; Humans; Quetiapine Fumarate; Rivastigmine
PubMed: 35563011
DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094621