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Microbial Pathogenesis Mar 2024Otitis media (OM) in calves, is caused by different bacteria. OM treatment requires identification of etiological agents and antibiotic sensitivity testing. The gold...
Otitis media (OM) in calves, is caused by different bacteria. OM treatment requires identification of etiological agents and antibiotic sensitivity testing. The gold standard method of bacteriological study of OM is tympanocentesis, but using this technique in farm condition would be difficult. As a hypothesis, it is possible that bacteriologic examining the auditory canal can help to accelerate the bacteriological investigation of OM. This study was conducted with the aim of comparing the microbiota of the auditory canal in healthy calves and calves with OM. The present research which was a case-control study, mainly compared control group (18 swab samples from healthy and non-infected ear) with two case groups (20 swab samples from the non-affected ear and 32 swab samples from the affected ear in unilateral OM, 11 swab samples from both affected ears in bilateral OM). The results of bacteriological investigations showed three categories of bacteria including: pathogens (Staphylococcus chromogenes, Corynebacterium pilosum, Corynebacterium ovis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pasteurella multocida, Proteus vulgaris, Trueperella pyogenes, Klebsiella, Escherichia coli, Mycoplasma bovis), opportunists (Staphylococcus intermedius, Bacillus licheniformis) and commensals (Staphylococcus epidermidis, Corynebacterium bovis, Corynebacterium renale, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus). Based on the antibiotic sensitivity test of the isolates, enrofloxacin, florfenicol, and gentamicin were the chosen antibiotics for treatment. All affected animals were treated based on bacteriological results and antibiotic sensitivity tests. All treated animals were fully cured. Based on the results, it seems that in calves with OM, examining the microbiota of the auditory canal can be further studied as an alternative to tympanocentesis in farm conditions.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Case-Control Studies; Otitis Media; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Klebsiella; Escherichia coli
PubMed: 38296119
DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106547 -
PLOS Global Public Health 2024Antimicrobial resistance in Enterobacteriaceae is an emerging global public health problem. Numerous studies have reported community-acquired AmpC beta-lactamase and...
Antimicrobial resistance in Enterobacteriaceae is an emerging global public health problem. Numerous studies have reported community-acquired AmpC beta-lactamase and extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing Enterobacteriaceae in Nepal. However, there are limited data on community-acquired Metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL) producing Enterobacteriaceae. A hospital-based descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted using 294 Enterobacteriaceae isolates from a total of 2,345 different clinical specimens collected from patients attending a tertiary care hospital in Nepal. Bacteria were isolated using standard microbiological growth media and identified using biochemical tests. For antimicrobial susceptibility testing, Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique was used. AmpC, ESBL, and MBL productions were detected by using combined disc method. AmpC, ESBL, and MBL productions were detected in 19.4%, 29.6%, and 8.5% of total Enterobacteriaceae isolates respectively. Higher rates of beta-lactamases production were seen among the isolates from in-patients in comparison with those from out-patients. However, 11.6%, 25%, and 3.7% of the total isolates from out-patients were AmpC, ESBL, and MBL producers respectively. The co-production of the beta-lactamases was also detected, with two Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates producing all three beta-lactamases. One MBL producing Proteus vulgaris isolate that was pan-resistant with no remaining treatment options was also isolated. Prevalence of drug resistant Enterobacteriaceae in our study was very high. Detection of AmpC, ESBL, and MBL positive isolates from out-patients, who did not have recent history of hospital visit, indicated the community dissemination of the drug resistant bacteria. This is a matter of great concern and an immediate attention to formulate strategies to prevent further development and spread of antibiotic resistance is required.
PubMed: 38241346
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0000858 -
BMC Chemistry Jan 2024Zinc chromium oxide (Cr/ZnO, 5wt.%) was prepared by a facile chemical co-precipitation route. The structure, composition, and chemical bonding were analyzed using X-ray...
Zinc chromium oxide (Cr/ZnO, 5wt.%) was prepared by a facile chemical co-precipitation route. The structure, composition, and chemical bonding were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) indicating that chromium ions were integrated the host framework to form Cr/ZnO nanocomposite. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) micrographs showed comb-shaped nanoparticles with an average size 20 nm and large surface area. The energy gap of the thin films was estimated from T% and R% measurements which exhibit a strong optical absorption edge close to the visible spectrum. The insecticidal activity of the synthesized nanocombs against C. pipiens larvae was evaluated with LC (30.15 ppm) and LC (100.22 ppm). Besides, the nanocomposite showed high antibacterial performance against gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis) and gram-negative bacteria (Proteus vulgaris) with inhibition zones 21.9 and 19 mm, respectively.
PubMed: 38216997
DOI: 10.1186/s13065-023-01108-9 -
Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) Nov 2023L. is a small evergreen tree known for its magnificent medicinal and nutritional value. This study aimed to evaluate the nutritional profile and in vitro...
L. is a small evergreen tree known for its magnificent medicinal and nutritional value. This study aimed to evaluate the nutritional profile and in vitro pharmacological potentialities of the different leaf extracts of four cultivars of namely Surka chitti, Allahabad safeda, Karela, and Lucknow-49. The standard procedures of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) were followed to carry out the nutritional analysis and all of the cultivars recorded the presence of elements at a nominal range. The highest presence of phenols (125.77 mg GAE/g) and flavonoids (92.38 mg QE/g) in the methanolic leaf extract of the Karela cultivar was recorded. A wide range of minerals such as sodium, phosphorus, magnesium, zinc, and boron were recorded with a higher percentage in the Karela cultivar of . In the enzyme inhibitory assays, Allahabad safeda showed potential inhibition with an IC of 113.31 ± 1.07, 98.2 ± 0.66 and 95.73 ± 0.39 μg/mL in α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and tyrosinase inhibition assays, respectively. The strong antioxidant effect was established by Lucknow-49 (IC of 74.43 ± 1.86 μg/mL) and Allahabad safeda (IC of 78.93 ± 0.46 μg/mL) for ABTS and DPPH assays, respectively. The ethyl acetate and methanolic leaf extracts of the Allahabad safeda cultivar showed better inhibition against with an MIC of 14.84 and 28.69 µg/mL, respectively. A decent mean zone of inhibition was recorded in methanolic leaf extract that ranged from 21-25 mm in diameter against the tested bacterial strains (, , and ). This is the first scientific report on the comparative and comprehensive analysis of indigenous guava cultivars to evidently shortlist the elite cultivars with enriched dietary nutrition and biological activities.
PubMed: 38139763
DOI: 10.3390/ph16121636 -
Frontiers in Endocrinology 2023Diabetic foot is one of the most significant complications in individuals with diabetes and is closely associated with lower limb amputation. The antibiotic...
BACKGROUND
Diabetic foot is one of the most significant complications in individuals with diabetes and is closely associated with lower limb amputation. The antibiotic susceptibility patterns of these bacterial isolates play a critical role in guiding effective treatment strategies We aimed to determine the most common bacterial agents causing diabetic foot infections in a tertiary-care hospital in Peru.
METHODS
Clinical and microbiological data were collected from 181 patients diagnosed with diabetic foot infections and positive microbiological culture results. All the samples were analyzed with the Vitek 2 compact system and the cut-off points were defined with the CLSI M100 guide. The data were segregated based on mono-microbial or poly-microbial cultures, bacterial types, and antibiotic susceptibility profiles.
RESULTS
A total of 32 bacterial species were identified, predominantly Gram-negative (63%). The most frequent bacterial agents isolated were (19.9%), (12.2%), (8.3%), and (6.6%). These bacteria commonly exhibited resistance to Ampicillin, Ciprofloxacin, Levofloxacin, Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and Cefuroxime. showed the highest antibiotic resistance (19 antibiotics), while Gentamicin, Tobramycin, and Levofloxacin demonstrated the highest sensitivity against the most prevalent bacteria. Gram-negative bacteria also exhibited notable antibiotic-susceptibility to Meropenem, Piperacillin/tazobactam, and Amikacin. Regarding the presence of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase, 54 isolates tested positive, with 35 (64.8%) and 14 (42.4%) of these being .
CONCLUSIONS
Bacterial agents causing diabetic foot infections pose a constant concern, particularly due to the increasing antibiotic resistance observed. This difficulty in treating the condition contributes to a higher risk of amputation and mortality. Further research on bacterial susceptibility is necessary to determine appropriate dosages for pharmacological treatment and to prevent the overuse of antibiotics.
Topics: Humans; Diabetic Foot; Cross-Sectional Studies; Peru; Staphylococcus aureus; Escherichia coli; Levofloxacin; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Staphylococcal Infections; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Diabetes Mellitus
PubMed: 38116313
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1267699 -
International Journal of Pharmaceutical... 2023Maintaining the microbial quality of the environment is crucial in pharmaceutical institutions, especially community pharmacies, since they have a direct...
Maintaining the microbial quality of the environment is crucial in pharmaceutical institutions, especially community pharmacies, since they have a direct relationship with patients. The sterility of the environmental surfaces of pharmacies can be maintained by proper cleaning and disinfecting. Microbial contamination is the primary reason for product spoilage or deterioration. The present study was carried out to assess the sanitation practices of pharmacies on the maintenance of cleanliness followed by isolation and identification of microorganisms from surface and air samples of selected pharmacies. All the pharmacies followed daily sanitization practices in the pharmacy premises and surrounding environment. However, only 20% of the pharmacies cleaned their equipment daily. In total, 33 bacterial species were identified from the pharmacies. Of these, 31 were Gram-positive (29 coagulase-negative staphylococci) and 2 Streptococcus spp., while 2 were Gram-negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus vulgaris). The colony-forming unit count of air samples after one-hour exposure under uni-directional air flow was less than 20 except from one pharmacy which was 59. Significant statistical associations were not observed between the presence of separate extemporaneous preparation rooms, separate counseling places, type of disinfectant, spillage management, and the growth of organisms in the pharmaceutical products and complaints received for spoiled products. However, some pharmacies under investigation were confirmed to have had poor sterility-control practices since they showed the growth of fastidious organisms both Gram-negative bacilli and Gram-positive cocci of which the latter was in more abundance.
Topics: Humans; Pharmacies; Sri Lanka; Bacteria; Pharmaceutical Services; Infertility
PubMed: 38100668
DOI: No ID Found -
Silver nanoparticles synthesized by probiotic bacteria and antibacterial role in resistant bacteria.AMB Express Dec 2023Many dangerous bacteria have become highly resistant to traditional antibiotics, which is a huge public health concern. This study investigated the use of silver...
Many dangerous bacteria have become highly resistant to traditional antibiotics, which is a huge public health concern. This study investigated the use of silver nanoparticles biosynthesized in a culture filtrate of Lactobacillus acidophilus as antimicrobials. UV-visual spectrophotometry, Fourier-transform-infrared spectroscopy, X-ray power diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy have all validated the findings. The biosynthesized nanoparticles ranged in size from 33 to 90 nm. The cytotoxicity of the nanosilver generated was then investigated using nine 200 g BW rats separated into three groups. When compared to the control group, the treated rats showed little signs of toxicity; parameters of physiological function, including alanine transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase, albumin, creatinine, and urea were significantly different in treated and non-treated animals. Moreover, the antibacterial role of the generated silver nanoparticles was examined in multi-drug resistant (MDR) pathogenic bacteria, Proteus vulgaris, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Klebsiella pneumoniae, revealing high antibacterial activity against the examined bacteria. For more demonstration of the effect of the nanosilver on transcription and gene regulation of treated and non-treated bacteria differential display droplet digital-PCR was used, and the results revealed that several genes were up- and down-regulated. Some genes were selected for DNA sequencing and according to the sequence analysis, these genes were mecA, beta-lactam, and unidentified protein genes, and these have been deposited in the GenBank Database with the following accession numbers: Staphylococcus MZ748472 and Klebsiella MZ748473. We conclude that silver nanoparticles biosynthesized by L. acidophilus are environmentally friendly and have antibacterial activities against MDR pathogenic bacteria.
PubMed: 38062240
DOI: 10.1186/s13568-023-01651-7 -
Environmental Research Feb 2024The Andrographis paniculata recognized as most valuable medicinal plant in folk medicine. Hence, this research was designed to evaluate antibacterial potential of...
The Andrographis paniculata recognized as most valuable medicinal plant in folk medicine. Hence, this research was designed to evaluate antibacterial potential of petroleum ether (PE) and methanol (ME) extracts of A. paniculata against skin infection causing bacterial pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter aerogenes, Proteus vulgaris, and Propionibacterium acnes. Also assessed the antidiabetic (α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibition assay), antioxidant, and photoprotective potential of PE and ME extract analyses. The major bioactive compounds were identified and characterized through UV, FTIR, H-NMR and C-NMR spectra analyses. The ME extract contain more number of phytochemicals (alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids, glycoside, protein, and phytosterol) than PE extract. The antibacterial activity result also revealed that the ME (as dose dependent) extract showed better activity at 250 mg mL as in the following order: P. acnes (6-29 mm) > K. pneumoniae (3-28 mm) > S. aureus (3-27 mm) > P. vulgaris (3-26 mm) > S. pyogenes (2-25 mm) > E. aerogenes (1-23 mm). PE: E. aerogenes (3-20 mm) > P. vulgaris (2-19 mm) > P. acnes (3-18 mm) > K. pneumoniae (3-17 mm) > S. aureus (2-16 mm) > S. pyogenes (0-11 mm). The MIC value of ME extract was found as 100-150 mg mL and it was better than PE extract. Similarly, the ME also possesses dose based α-glucosidase inhibition activity as up to 85% at 250 mg mL concentration. The fluorescence spectra analysis method also stated that the ME extract possess photoprotective bioactive agent. The ME fractions (F01 and F02) obtained from TLC and column chromatogram were identified as 3-O-β-d-glucosyl-14- deoxyandrographiside and 14-deoxyandrographolide respectively through UV, FTIR, H-NMR and C-NMR spectra analyses. Such compounds may be responsible for significant antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacteria causing skin infections, excellent antidiabetic activity, as well as photoprotective potential.
Topics: Andrographis paniculata; Plant Extracts; Staphylococcus aureus; alpha-Glucosidases; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Hypoglycemic Agents; Solvents; Methanol
PubMed: 38029828
DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117763 -
Environmental Research Feb 2024The anti-dermatophytic (Proteus vulgaris, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter aerogenes, Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus pyogenes) and...
Antibacterial, antidiabetic, acute toxicity, antioxidant, and nephroproductive competence of extracts of Lannea coromandelica fruit through in-vitro and in-vivo animal model investigation.
The anti-dermatophytic (Proteus vulgaris, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter aerogenes, Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus pyogenes) and nephroprotective activities of methanol and aqueous extracts obtained from Lannea coromandelica fruit were investigated through in-vitro (agar well diffusion method) and in-vivo (animal model) study. The methanol extract showed considerable antibacterial activity against selective bacterial pathogens at increased concentration (15.0 mg mL) in the following order P. vulgaris (35.2 ± 1.6 mm) > E. aerogenes (32.1 ± 2.1 mm) > K. pneumoniae (29.3±2 mm) > P. acnes (28.2 ± 2.4 mm) > S. aureus (25.5 ± 2.4 mm) > S. pyogenes (24.3 ± 2.1 mm) than aqueous extract. The MIC values of this methanol and aqueous extract was found as 2.5-7.5 mg mL and 5.0 to 1.0 mg mL respectively. Different treatment sets (A-E) on a rat-based animal model study revealed that the methanol extract has excellent antioxidant and nephroprotective activity, as well as favorable effects on essential biochemical substances involved in active metabolic activities. As demonstrated by histopathological and microscopic examination, the biologically active chemical present in methanol extract had a positive effect on serum markers, enzyme, and non-enzyme-based antioxidant activities, as well as lowering the toxicity caused by EG in the rat (as nephroprotective activity) renal cells.
Topics: Rats; Animals; Antioxidants; Plant Extracts; Methanol; Fruit; Staphylococcus aureus; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Water; Anacardiaceae
PubMed: 38029826
DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117767 -
Germs Mar 2023Infections caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria, extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL), metallo-β-lactamase (MBL) and AmpC-β-lactamase (AmpC-βL)-producers are...
Enterobacteriaceae isolates from clinical and household tap water samples: antibiotic resistance, screening for extended-spectrum, metallo- and ampC-beta-lactamases, and detection of and in Uyo, Nigeria.
INTRODUCTION
Infections caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria, extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL), metallo-β-lactamase (MBL) and AmpC-β-lactamase (AmpC-βL)-producers are increasing globally. This study identified bacteria in clinical and tap water samples and determined the prevalence of MDR, and β-lactamase enzymes and genes.
METHODS
Isolates were identified by the Vitek 2 (bioMérieux, France) automated system. Antibiotic resistance and screening for β-lactamase enzymes and genes was done using disc diffusion method and Vitek 2 automated system, CHROMagar-ESBL, combined double disc, inhibition-based method and multiplex polymerase chain reaction, respectively.
RESULTS
The Enterobacteriaceae isolates obtained were , , spp., , , , , , , and . Of the 674 isolates from clinical samples, 36.5%, 28.5%, and 19.9% were ESBL, MBL, and AmpC-βL producers, respectively. A low prevalence of AmpC-βL and MBL producers were obtained, with no significant difference (p<0.05) between the prevalence of ESBL and non-ESBL producers. Isolates exhibited varied levels of resistance to gentamicin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, ciprofloxacin, and tetracycline. The results showed that 54.6% of ESBL producers, 57.9% of MBL producers, and 62.8% of AmpC-βL producers were MDR strains. Of the 141 representative isolates tested, 36.9%, 15.6%, and 20.6% had only , , and , respectively; 5.7% possessed both and ; 7.1% possessed both and and 4.3% had both and .
CONCLUSIONS
This study found a high prevalence of β-lactamase producers, indicating the need for further research on the molecular epidemiology of β-lactamase producers and their impacts in the region.
PubMed: 38023952
DOI: 10.18683/germs.2023.1366