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SAGE Open Medicine 2023This study aimed to evaluate the microbiological quality of water sources in Ishaka division, Bushenyi district.
OBJECTIVES
This study aimed to evaluate the microbiological quality of water sources in Ishaka division, Bushenyi district.
METHODS
Water from taps, wells and springs were sampled for the cross-sectional investigation. The enumeration and identification of microbes ( and total coliforms) in water samples were carried out using a variety of methods. was enumerated using the membrane filtration method; and using a two-step enrichment method; using the surface spread method and total coliforms using the most probable number technique. Mannitol salt agar was used for enumeration of and violet red bile agar was used for enumeration of total coliforms and ; xylose lysine deoxycholate agar was used for both spp. and spp. API-20E was used to phenotypically identify the Enterobacteriaceae contaminants in water. These included spp. and .
RESULTS
counts in the water from springs and wells ranged from 0 to 314 cfu/mL ( = 0.173) and 0 to 3 cfu/mL ( = 0.269), respectively, while tap water had no incidence of . Highest level of bacterial contamination in water sources, beyond acceptable WHO (0 cfu/100 mL) limits for drinking water, was reported: spp., 34 (54.8%), followed by total coliforms, 24 (38.7%), spp., 22 (35.5%) and least were spp. (8.1%) and spp. (8.1%).
CONCLUSION
It is therefore concluded that spring and well community water sources in Ishaka division, Uganda, are significantly contaminated with pathogenic bacteria and thus unsafe for drinking without adequate water treatment (disinfection and filtration).
PubMed: 38020800
DOI: 10.1177/20503121231194239 -
Plants (Basel, Switzerland) Nov 2023Dehnh is a tree species that is commonly used for various purposes, including forestry, agroforestry, and conservation. The present investigation was designed to...
Dehnh is a tree species that is commonly used for various purposes, including forestry, agroforestry, and conservation. The present investigation was designed to determine the composition of leaves essential oil and estimate its free radicals, porcine pancreatic lipase, α-amylase inhibitory, and antimicrobial properties in vitro. The chemical constituents were analyzed using the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique. DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), p-nitrophenyl butyrate, and 3,5-dinitro salicylic acid (DNSA) methods were employed to estimate the antioxidant, antiobesity, and antidiabetic effects of the essential oil. The microdilution assay was employed to assess the antimicrobial efficacy of the substance against a total of seven distinct microbial species. The GC-MS results revealed that essential oil contains 52 components that makeup 100% of the entire oil. The main chemical constituents in essential oil are -cymene (38.64%), followed by aromadendrene (29.65%), and 1,8-cineol (6.45%), with monocyclic monoterpene being the most abundant phytochemical group, followed by the sesquiterpene hydrocarbon group, representing 44.27 and 31.46%, respectively. The essential oil showed a weak antioxidant effect and had no antilipase or antiamylase effects. At the same time, the oil showed a strong antimicrobial effect against methicillin-resistant (MRSA), , and , which was even more potent than the positive controls, ciprofloxacin and ampicillin, which had MIC doses of 0.2 ± 0.01, 0.2 ± 0.01, and 6.25 ± 0.1 µg/mL, respectively. It also has a strong anti- effect with a MIC of 0.2 ± 0.01 µg/mL. In light of these findings, in vivo studies should be conducted to determine the efficiency of the essential oil in treating microbial infections.
PubMed: 38005702
DOI: 10.3390/plants12223805 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Nov 2023species produce different classes of antimicrobial and antioxidant substances: peptides or proteins with different structural compositions and molecular masses and a...
species produce different classes of antimicrobial and antioxidant substances: peptides or proteins with different structural compositions and molecular masses and a broad range of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), some of which may serve as biomarkers for microorganism identification. The aim of this study is the identification of biologically active compounds synthesized by five species using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The current study profoundly enhances the knowledge of antibacterial and antioxidant metabolites ensuring the unambiguous identification of VOCs produced by some species, which were isolated from vegetable samples of potato, carrot, and tomato. Phylogenetic and biochemical studies were used to identify the bacterial isolates after culturing. Phylogenetic analysis proved that five bacterial isolates BSS12, BSS13, BSS16, BSS21, and BSS25 showed 99% nucleotide sequence similarities with AS-08, WAB2133, NiuFun, FORT 102, and F3, respectively. The crude extract was prepared from bacterial isolates to assess the antibiotic resistance potency and the antimicrobial potential against various targeted multidrug-resistant strains, including yeast strains such as , , and bacterial strains of , , , , , , group B, , , , , , and . GC-MS analysis of bacterial strains found that VOCs from species come in a variety of chemical forms, such as ketones, alcohols, terpenoids, alkenes, etc. Overall, 69 volatile organic compounds were identified from five species, and all five were found to share different chemical classes of volatile organic components, which have a variety of pharmacological applications. However, eight antibacterial compounds with different concentrations were commonly found in all five species: acetoin, acetic acid, butanoic acid, 2-methyl-, oxime-, methoxy-phenyl, phenol, 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis(2-methylpropyl) ester, nonanoic acid, and hexadecanoic acid, methyl. The present study has demonstrated that bacterial isolates BSS25, BSS21, and BSS16 display potent inhibitory effects against , while BSS25, BSS21, and BSS13 exhibit the ability to restrain the growth and activity of . Notably, BSS25 and BSS21 are the only isolates that demonstrate substantial inhibitory activity against . This disparity in inhibitory effects could be attributed to the higher concentrations of acetoin in BSS25 and BSS21, whereas BSS16 and BSS13 have relatively elevated levels of butanoic acid, 2-methyl-. Certainly, the presence of acetoin and butanoic acid, 2-methyl-, contributes to the enhanced antibacterial potential of these bacterial strains, in conjunction with other organic volatile compounds and peptides, among other factors. The biology and physiology of can be better understood using these results, which can also be used to create novel biotechnological procedures and applications. Moreover, because of its exceptional ability to synthesize and produce a variety of different antibacterial compounds, species can serve as natural and universal carriers for antibiotic compounds in the form of probiotic cultures and strains to fight different pathogens, including mycobacteria.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Volatile Organic Compounds; Antioxidants; Butyric Acid; Acetoin; Phylogeny; Bacillus; Anti-Infective Agents; Escherichia coli; Bacillus cereus; Enterobacter aerogenes; Peptides; Microbial Sensitivity Tests
PubMed: 38005278
DOI: 10.3390/molecules28227556 -
Foods (Basel, Switzerland) Nov 2023Sous-vide is a process comprising vacuum-sealing food, heating it to the desired temperature, and circulating it in a water bath in a sous vide machine. This cooking...
Sous-vide is a process comprising vacuum-sealing food, heating it to the desired temperature, and circulating it in a water bath in a sous vide machine. This cooking technique is increasingly common in homes and catering establishments due to its simplicity and affordability. However, manufacturers and chef's recommendations for low-temperature and long-term sous-vide cooking in media raise food safety concerns, particularly when preparing beef tenderloin. In this study, was found to be inactivated by heat and sage essential oil (EO) in beef samples from that had been sous vide processed. To determine whether heat treatment was likely to increase the sous vide efficiency, . and sage EO were mixed. After being vacuum-packed and injected with , the samples were cooked at 50-65 °C through the sous vide technique for the prescribed time. On days 1, 3, and 6, the amounts of , total bacteria, and coliform bacteria were measured in the control and treated groups of beef processed sous vide. Mass spectrometry was used to identify bacterial isolates on different days. On each day that was measured, a higher number of all the microbiota was found in the samples exposed to 50 °C for 5 min. The most frequently isolated microorganisms from both groups of samples were (17%), (8%), and (8%); in the treated group, also (21%), (13%), and (6%). After the heat treatment of samples at 65 °C for 20 min, the total count of bacteria and coliform bacteria was zero. It has been shown that adding sage essential oil (EO) in combination with sous vide processing technique leads to the stabilization and safety of beef tenderloin.
PubMed: 38002229
DOI: 10.3390/foods12224172 -
Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology Nov 2023Modern functional chemicals that can be employed in biotechnology, pharmaceutics, and food science are a sustainable source to be found in seaweeds. The bioactivity of...
Modern functional chemicals that can be employed in biotechnology, pharmaceutics, and food science are a sustainable source to be found in seaweeds. The bioactivity of the majority of these marine compounds has received scant research. Fucoidan is a highly sulfated polysaccharide with a range of bioactivities, including an antipathogenic effect. There is still much to learn about the relationship between fucoidan structure and its function in pathogen infections. By employing microwave and probe sonication to create crude fucoidan, DEAE-cellulose anion-exchange chromatography was used to further purify the substance. Purified fucoidan was structurally characterized using UV-Visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and NMR analysis. The results of the structural analysis demonstrate that sulfates and hydroxyl groups are present in the isolated fucoidan. There are fucose residues, according to the NMR data. The present study investigates the bioactivity of fucoidan, a polysaccharide derived from the brown algae Padina boryana, as a potent weapon against the known nosocomial diseases Proteus vulgaris and Salmonella enterica. Fluorescence microscopy was used to show that fucoidan antibiofilm action is totally effective against Proteus vulgaris and Salmonella enterica biofilm formations as well as planktonic cell growths at dosages over 25 g/mL. Here, using in vitro investigations of the possible inactivation of molecules that are regulated by acyl-homoserine lactone (AHL) in both bacterial species, we explore the antiquarum sensing and antibiofilm capabilities of fucoidan. According to the present study, extracted fucoidan from Padina boryana can be used to generate antibacterial compounds and operate as a quorum-sensing inhibitor to combat side effects and antibiotic resistance.
PubMed: 37947943
DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04767-5 -
Frontiers in Plant Science 2023, also known as sweet ginger, is a medicinal and edible plant. rhizome is popularly utilized in traditional Chinese medicine and as flavouring spices, but there are few...
, also known as sweet ginger, is a medicinal and edible plant. rhizome is popularly utilized in traditional Chinese medicine and as flavouring spices, but there are few reports on its constituents and bioactivities. This study analyzed the phytochemical components of rhizome by GC-MS and UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS and evaluated its antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-enzymatic properties. According to the GC-FID/MS data, its rhizome essential oil (EO) consisted mainly of ()-2-decenal (53.8%), ()-2-decenyl acetate (24.4%), ()-3-dodecenyl acetate (3.5%), and ()-2-octenal (3.5%). Its water extract (WE) and 70% ethanol extract (EE) showed high total phenolic content (TPC, 52.99-60.49 mg GAEs/g extract) and total flavonoid content (TFC, 260.69-286.42 mg REs/g extract). In addition, the phytochemicals of WE and EE were further characterized using UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS, and a total of sixty-three compounds were identified, including fourteen phenolic components and twenty-three flavonoid compounds. In the antioxidant assay, WE and EE revealed a potent scavenging effect on DPPH (IC: 6.59 ± 0.88 mg/mL and 17.70 ± 1.15 mg/mL, respectively), surpassing the BHT (IC: 21.83 ± 0.89 mg/mL). For the antimicrobial activities, EO displayed excellent antibacterial capabilities against , , , , and with DIZ (12.60-22.17 mm), MIC (0.78-1.56 mg/mL), and MBC (3.13 mg/mL) and significantly inhibited growth (MIC = 0.313 mg/mL, MFC = 0.625 mg/mL, respectively). In addition to weak tyrosinase and cholinesterase inhibition, EE and WE had a prominent inhibitory effect against α-glucosidase (IC: 0.013 ± 0.001 mg/mL and 0.017 ± 0.002 mg/mL), which was significantly higher than acarbose (IC: 0.22 ± 0.01 mg/mL). Hence, the rhizome of has excellent potential for utilization in the pharmaceutical and food fields as a source of bioactive substances.
PubMed: 37936928
DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1284931 -
Microbiology and Immunology Jan 2024Over the last decade, New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase (NDM) carbapenemase has silently spread in Brazil. In this study, we analyzed a large collection of...
Genomic characterization of New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase-producing species of Morganellaceae, Yersiniaceae, and Enterobacteriaceae (other than Klebsiella) from Brazil over 2013-2022.
Over the last decade, New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase (NDM) carbapenemase has silently spread in Brazil. In this study, we analyzed a large collection of Enterobacterales other than Klebsiella spp. received in our reference laboratory between 2013 and 2022. A total of 32 clinical isolates displaying different pulsed-field gel electrophoresis profiles, and represented by 11 species in the families Enterobacteriaceae (Citrobacter freundii, Citrobacter portucalensis, Enterobacter hormaechei, and Escherichia coli), Morganellaceae (Morganella morganii, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, Providencia rettgeri, Providencia stuartii, and Raoultella ornithinolytica), and Yersiniaceae (Serratia marcescens) had their whole genomes sequenced and further analyzed. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by disk diffusion, except for polymyxin B, assessed by broth microdilution. The bla allele was predominant (n = 29), but bla was identified in an E. coli specimen with a novel ST, and the bla allele was found in E. hormaechei ST45 and E. coli ST1049. Polymyxin was active against all but one Enterobacteriaceae isolate: an mcr-1-producing E. coli presenting minimal inhibitory concentration (4 mg/L). Isolates producing extended-spectrum β-lactamases were common: cefotaximase from Munich (CTX-M)-15 (n = 10), CTX-M-2 (n = 4), and CTX-M-8 (n = 3) were detected, and the mcr-1-producing E. coli was found to co-produce both CTX-M-8 and CTX-M-55 β-lactamases. The mcr-9 gene was found in 5/8 E. hormaechei isolates, distributed in four different sequence types, all of them presenting susceptibility to polymyxin. This study showed that NDM-producing Enterobacterales other than Klebsiella are already spread in Brazil, in diversified species, and cocarrying important resistance genes. Prompt detection and effective implementation of measures to prevent further spread are mandatory for mitigating the dissemination of NDM carbapenemase in hospital settings and preserving the already limited antimicrobial therapy options.
Topics: Humans; Escherichia coli; Klebsiella; Brazil; Anti-Bacterial Agents; beta-Lactamases; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Genomics; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Polymyxins
PubMed: 37859304
DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.13100 -
BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies Oct 2023Zingiber officinale, generally known as ginger, contains bioactive phytochemicals, including gingerols and shogaols, that may function as reducing agents and stabilizers...
BACKGROUND
Zingiber officinale, generally known as ginger, contains bioactive phytochemicals, including gingerols and shogaols, that may function as reducing agents and stabilizers for the formation of nickel nanoparticles (Ni-NPs). Ginger extract-mediated nickel nanoparticles were synthesized using an eco-friendly method, and their antibacterial, antioxidant, antiparasitic, antidiabetic, anticancer, dye degrading, and biocompatibility properties were investigated.
METHODS
UV-visible spectroscopy, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy were used to validate and characterize the synthesis of Ni-NPs. Agar well diffusion assay, alpha-amylase and glucosidase inhibitory assay, free radical scavenging assay, biocompatibility assay, and MTT assay were used to analyse the biomedical importance of Ni-NPs.
RESULTS
SEM micrograph examinations revealed almost aggregates of Ni-NPs; certain particles were monodispersed and spherical, with an average grain size of 74.85 ± 2.5 nm. Ni-NPs have successfully inhibited the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Proteus vulgaris by inducing membrane damage, as shown by the absorbance at 260 nm (A260). DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radicals were successfully scavenged by Ni-NPs at an inhibition rate of 69.35 ± 0.81% at 800 µg/mL. A dose-dependent cytotoxicity of Ni-NPs was observed against amastigote and promastigote forms of Leishmania tropica, with significant mortality rates of 94.23 ± 1.10 and 92.27 ± 1.20% at 1.0 mg/mL, respectively. Biocompatibility studies revealed the biosafe nature of Ni-NPs by showing RBC hemolysis up to 1.53 ± 0.81% at 400 µg/mL, which is considered safe according to the American Society for Materials and Testing (ASTM). Furthermore, Ni-NPs showed antidiabetic activity by inhibiting α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes at an inhibition rate of 22.70 ± 0.16% and 31.23 ± 0.64% at 200 µg/mL, respectively. Ni-NPs have shown significant cytotoxic activity by inhibiting MCF-7 cancerous cells up to 68.82 ± 1.82% at a concentration of 400 µg/mL. The IC50 for Ni-NPs was almost 190 µg/mL. Ni-NPs also degraded crystal violet dye up to 86.1% at 2 h of exposure.
CONCLUSIONS
In conclusion, Zingiber officinale extract was found successful in producing stable nanoparticles. Ni-NPs have shown substantial biomedical activities, and as a result, we believe these nanoparticles have potential as a powerful therapeutic agent for use in nanomedicine.
Topics: Zingiber officinale; Nickel; Rhizome; Metal Nanoparticles; Hypoglycemic Agents; alpha-Amylases
PubMed: 37789322
DOI: 10.1186/s12906-023-04182-7 -
Biology Sep 2023Frozen chicken breast was hydrolyzed by treatment with thermolysin enzyme to obtain a chicken hydrolysate containing bioactive peptides. After that, a peptide was...
Frozen chicken breast was hydrolyzed by treatment with thermolysin enzyme to obtain a chicken hydrolysate containing bioactive peptides. After that, a peptide was purified from the chicken hydrolysate utilizing a Sep-Pak C18 cartridge and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). The molecular weight of the chicken peptide was 2766.8. Protein sequence analysis showed that the peptide was composed of 25 amino acid residues. The peptide, designated as C25, demonstrated an inhibitory action on the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) with a half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC) value of 1.11 µg/mL. Interestingly, C25 showed antimicrobial activity against multi-drug resistant bacteria F24B and JM109, both with MIC values of 24 µg/mL. The chicken hydrolysate showed antioxidant activity with an IC value of 348.67 µg/mL. Furthermore, the proliferation of aerobic bacteria and as well as lipid oxidation were significantly reduced when the chicken hydrolysate was used as a natural preservative during cold storage of chicken breasts. Hydrolysates derived from muscle sources have the potential to be used in formulated food products and to contribute positively to human health.
PubMed: 37759617
DOI: 10.3390/biology12091218 -
BMC Infectious Diseases Sep 2023With the absence of new antimicrobial drugs being developed to replace those facing resistance, bacterial resistance continues to grow. Despite previous studies...
BACKGROUND
With the absence of new antimicrobial drugs being developed to replace those facing resistance, bacterial resistance continues to grow. Despite previous studies conducted in various countries, there is a lack of comprehensive local reporting on the occurrence of carbapenem resistance among gram-negative bacteria.
OBJECTIVE
This study aims to identify the prevalence of carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacterial isolates.
METHOD
A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted at an academic hospital in Jordan over an eight-month period, spanning from November 2021 to June 2022. The study involved screening electronic medical records to identify patients with clinical cultures showing the growth of Gram-negative bacteria. Antimicrobial susceptibility results of the Gram-negative isolates were recorded.
RESULTS
A total of 1,043 isolated Gram-negative bacteria were analyzed for carbapenem susceptibility. Among the species tested, the most common carbapenem-resistant bacteria were Acinetobacter baumannii (153/164, 93.3%), followed by Klebsiella pneumonia (184/311, 59.2%), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (67/160, 41.9%). The least commonly isolated species resistant to carbapenem were Escherichia coli (25/361, 6.9%) and Proteus mirabilis (1/30, 3.3%). None of Serratia marcescens or Proteus vulgaris isolates were resistant to carbapenem (0%). Overall, the prevalence of carbapenem-resistance gram-negative isolates was 41.2% (430 out of 1,043).
CONCLUSION
This study provides population-specific data that are crucial for guiding empirical antimicrobial treatment decisions not only within the participating hospital but also in other nearby healthcare facilities. The results underscore the urgent need for coordinated efforts to address antibiotic resistance in Jordan. Comprehensive measures such as strict infection control methods, annual nationwide surveillance programs, and effective antimicrobial stewardship programs at the national level are imperative to reduce the overuse of broad-spectrum antibiotics.
Topics: Humans; Jordan; Prevalence; Cross-Sectional Studies; Retrospective Studies; Hospitals, Teaching; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Carbapenems; Escherichia coli
PubMed: 37759305
DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08610-4