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Nurse Education in Practice Jun 2024This study explored the challenges nursing students face while learning CPR and identified experiential learning strategies to address these challenges.
AIM
This study explored the challenges nursing students face while learning CPR and identified experiential learning strategies to address these challenges.
BACKGROUND
Nursing students often experience challenges and anxiety during clinical learning, including CPR training. Given the experimental nature of CPR training, experiential learning models like mARC can significantly enhance the learning experience by addressing these prevalent challenges.
DESIGN
This study adopts an interpretivist approach within a qualitative methodology and uses a phenomenological design.
METHOD
Semi-structured interviews and the Delphi method were used to gather firsthand experiences from 37 educational supervisors, nursing professors and nursing students undergoing CPR clinical training at five public medical universities.
RESULTS
Four main challenges and eighteen sub-challenges of CPR training were identified, elaborated and modeled. Additionally, thirteen experiential learning strategies, based on the mARC experiential learning model (more Authentic, Reflective, Collaborative), were mapped to address these challenges.
CONCLUSIONS
Among the four main challenges of CPR training identified by this study, the lack of pedagogy appears to be the underlying cause of the other three. This underscores the significance of integrating effective pedagogical approaches into nurse education strategies and initiatives.
PubMed: 38943760
DOI: 10.1016/j.nepr.2024.104040 -
Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy Jun 2024Moderately vigorous physical activity (PA) may be beneficial for people with sub-acute low back pain (LBP), but may initially be painful for patients and challenging for...
Embedded motivational interviewing combined with a smartphone application to increase physical activity in people with sub-acute low back pain: a cluster randomised controlled trial.
BACKGROUND
Moderately vigorous physical activity (PA) may be beneficial for people with sub-acute low back pain (LBP), but may initially be painful for patients and challenging for physical therapists to facilitate.
OBJECTIVES
This study investigated motivational interviewing (MI) delivered by physical therapists and a smartphone app for increasing PA in people with LBP.
METHODS
A mixed methods cluster randomised controlled trial involving 46 adults with LBP in Melbourne, Australia. Participants attended weekly 30-min physical therapy consultations for 6 weeks. Experimental group physical therapists were taught to embed MI into consultations and patients were provided with a self-directed app. The primary outcome was accelerometer-derived moderately vigorous PA. Secondary outcomes were LBP disability (Oswestry Disability Index), functional capacity (Patient Specific Functional Scale), and self-efficacy (Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire). Between-group differences were analysed by ANCOVA post-intervention.
RESULTS
There was no statistically significant difference between the experimental group and control group for PA. Between-group differences in LBP disability (MD= 19.4 units, 95% CI: 8.5, 30.3), functional capacity (primary MD= -4.1 units, 95% CI: -6.9, -1.3; average MD= -3.1, 95% CI: -4.9, -1.2) and self-efficacy (MD -11.3 units, 95%CI -20.2, -2.5) favoured the control group with small to moderate effect sizes. There were low levels of overall engagement with the app.
CONCLUSION
The embedded MI intervention was no more beneficial than physical therapy alone for PA and was associated with poorer LBP disability, function, and self-efficacy. The effectiveness of embedding MI and a smartphone app into usual care for LBP was not supported.
PubMed: 38943741
DOI: 10.1016/j.bjpt.2024.101091 -
Psychoneuroendocrinology Jun 2024The investigation of collective stress experiences, including collective stressors and the psychophysiological reactivity of a collective to these stressors, has been...
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES
The investigation of collective stress experiences, including collective stressors and the psychophysiological reactivity of a collective to these stressors, has been widely neglected so far. Here, we examined public non-professional orchestra concerts as collective naturalistic, real-life stressors of psychosocial nature and the resulting psychophysiological reactivity in a collective of non-professional orchestra musicians.
METHODS
The members of two non-professional music orchestras (N = 54) were accompanied during a public concert (stress condition) and a rehearsal (control condition). We repeatedly assessed heart rate, salivary cortisol, and excitement levels before, during, and after the concert/rehearsal in addition to the anticipatory cognitive stress appraisal.
RESULTS
We observed greater physiological reactivity to the concert compared to the rehearsal (p's ≤.017), with higher increases in heart rate levels in anticipation of and in reaction to the concert and in cortisol levels in reaction to the concert compared to the rehearsal. Moreover, orchestra members reported greater psychological reactivity to the concert than to the rehearsal (p's ≤.024) in terms of higher cognitive stress appraisal in anticipation and increased excitement levels before and during the concert compared to the rehearsal.
DISCUSSION
Our findings indicate that orchestra concerts by non-professional musicians constitute collective naturalistic, real-life stressors of psychosocial nature, resulting in significant psychophysiological stress responses with reactivity kinetics differing between the sympathetic-adrenal-medullary axis, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and the psychological response. Potential implications and modulating factors need to be elucidated in future studies.
PubMed: 38943721
DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2024.107109 -
Psychoneuroendocrinology Jun 2024Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) is implicated in extinction learning, which is a primary mechanism of exposure therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)....
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) is implicated in extinction learning, which is a primary mechanism of exposure therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Brief aerobic exercise has been shown to promote BDNF release and augment extinction learning. On the premise that the Val allele of the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism facilitates greater release of BDNF, this study examined the extent to which the Val allele of the BDNF polymorphism predicted treatment response in PTSD patients who underwent exposure therapy combined with aerobic exercise or passive stretching. PTSD patients (N = 85) provided saliva samples in order to extract genomic DNA to identify Val/Val and Met carriers of the BDNF Val66Met genotype, and were assessed for PTSD severity prior to and following a 9-week course of exposure therapy combined with aerobic exercise or stretching. The sample comprised 52 Val/Val carriers and 33 Met carriers. Patients with the BDNF high-expression Val allele display greater reduction of PTSD symptoms at posttreatment than Met carriers. Hierarchical regression analysis indicated that greater PTSD reduction was specifically observed in Val/Val carriers who received exposure therapy in combination with the aerobic exercise. This finding accords with animal and human evidence that the BDNF Val allele promotes greater extinction learning, and that these individuals may benefit more from exercise-augmented extinction. Although preliminary, this result represents a possible avenue for augmented exposure therapy in patients with the BDNF Val allele.
PubMed: 38943720
DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2024.107106 -
Psychoneuroendocrinology Jun 2024Recent research has increasingly acknowledged the impact of oral contraceptives on affective behavior and stress responses; however, the underlying mechanisms are still...
Recent research has increasingly acknowledged the impact of oral contraceptives on affective behavior and stress responses; however, the underlying mechanisms are still not well understood. Studies have previously shown that steroid hormones modulate automatic approach and avoidance behavior. Here, we thus investigated the effects of oral contraceptives on approach and avoidance behavior and whether these effects are modulated by stress. The study comprised 130 female participants, half of whom were using oral contraceptives, while the other half were not using any hormonal contraception (NC). The participants completed the Approach Avoidance Task (AAT), which measures automatic approach and avoidance behavior to socio-affective signals. The AAT was run once before and once after a stress manipulation using the Socially Evaluated Cold Pressor Test. OC users showed absent avoidance behavior to social threat signals and a stress-induced increase in approach behavior to positive social signals. The latter was found in particular in women taking androgenic acting OC, demonstrating that different OC preparations need to be taken into account in research on OC effects. However, OC and NC group did not differ in their cortisol stress response. Overall, the results suggest that OC usage impacts on approach and avoidance behavior to social signals, which might also contribute to the development of affective side effects.
PubMed: 38943719
DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2024.107111 -
Comprehensive Psychiatry Jun 2024Several studies have explored the relationship between personality and work addiction, suggesting that individuals with certain mental disorders, including personality...
BACKGROUND
Several studies have explored the relationship between personality and work addiction, suggesting that individuals with certain mental disorders, including personality disorders such as obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD), may be more prone to work addiction. However, the characterization of personality organization (PO) among workaholics and its contribution to the persistence of work addiction remains unclear.
METHODS
In this longitudinal study of a representative sample of young adults (N = 1748), we applied the Bergen Work Addiction Scale and the Inventory of Personality Organization.
RESULTS
We found significant correlations between work addiction and identity diffusion, primitive psychological defenses, reality testing, and overall personality disorganization across three waves. A latent class growth analysis revealed three profiles: no work addiction, increasing work addiction, and constant moderate work addiction. Multinomial logistic regression analysis indicated that higher levels of personality disorganization in wave 1 and increases in personality disorganization between waves 1 and 3 were associated with higher odds of belonging to the increasing work addiction group. Similarly, higher overall personality disorganization in wave 1 was associated with higher odds of belonging to the constant moderate work addiction group.
CONCLUSION
These findings suggest that individuals with chronic work addiction have lower levels of PO, and PO declines as work addiction persists. Screenings for work addiction are recommended to prevent potential mental health issues. Future research should explore the influence of workplace characteristics and work motivations on the association between work addiction and personality disorders.
PubMed: 38943714
DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2024.152513 -
Psychotherapy Research : Journal of the... Jun 2024The present paper focuses on therapist responsiveness during the initial therapy session with clients with borderline personality disorder (BPD), aiming to analyze...
OBJECTIVE
The present paper focuses on therapist responsiveness during the initial therapy session with clients with borderline personality disorder (BPD), aiming to analyze therapist responsiveness at short intervals during the initial session and determine if it can predict therapeutic alliance from both therapist and client viewpoints.
METHOD
A sample of 47 clients participated in the study for 10 sessions of therapy. Therapeutic alliance from therapists' and clients' perspectives was rated after each session; external raters assessed therapist responsiveness during the initial session. Multiple linear regression models and linear mixed models with backward variable selection based on AIC were run to analyze whether specific therapist behaviors during session one predicted therapeutic alliance rated from therapists' and clients' perspectives.
RESULTS
The results indicate that therapists normalizing and validating clients' experiences during the first session are crucial for establishing therapeutic alliance for BPD clients; however, for therapists, the increase in variability of emotions verbalized by clients during the initial session negatively impacts therapeutic alliance.
CONCLUSION
The study contributes to further understand the impact of therapists' behavior at the beginning of therapy with BPD clients. Therapist responsiveness is crucial for therapy outcome but is methodologically challenging; therefore, efforts in this direction should be pursued.
PubMed: 38943681
DOI: 10.1080/10503307.2024.2368784 -
Psychotherapy Research : Journal of the... Jun 2024Real relationship (RR) refers to a genuine human relationship between client and therapist, that has been found to be positively related to treatment outcome, and to...
OBJECTIVES
Real relationship (RR) refers to a genuine human relationship between client and therapist, that has been found to be positively related to treatment outcome, and to predict unique variance in outcome over and above the working alliance. However, thus far, the measurement of RR has been limited to self-report. We aimed to develop an observer-rated version of the RR measure (RR-O) to assess RR in therapy sessions.
METHODS
We adapted items from the self-report measures to an observer rated measure, which was reviewed by RR experts. The final 24-item RR-O was rated in 540 session transcripts from 27 psychoanalytic treatments that already had existing process and outcome scores.
RESULTS
The RR-O showed good internal consistency and good interrater reliability. In hierarchical EFA, items clustered into a general RR factor, and client realism, client genuineness, therapist genuineness, and therapist realism group factors. In addition, the RR-O was positively related to another RR measure and to the therapeutic alliance.
CONCLUSION
The RR-O shows initial reliability and validity as an observer-rated measure of the RR to be used in post-hoc psychotherapy research. Future research should clarify the relation between RR-O and treatment outcome.
PubMed: 38943680
DOI: 10.1080/10503307.2024.2360459 -
Stress and Health : Journal of the... Jun 2024Increasing evidence points out that Executive Functions (i.e., EFs) may be core mechanisms for the generation of resilient responses to adversity. A systematic review... (Review)
Review
Increasing evidence points out that Executive Functions (i.e., EFs) may be core mechanisms for the generation of resilient responses to adversity. A systematic review testing the relations between either affective (hot) and/or non-affective (cold) EFs (i.e., inhibition, flexibility and working memory updating) and resilience was conducted. A total of 449 articles were initially identified. After two steps of title-and-abstract (k = 449), and full-text reading filtering (k = 67), 11 studies were reviewed. Three studies included cold measures of working memory and supported significant positive relations between higher working memory functioning and higher trait resilience levels. One study included cold measures of inhibition and another one both hot and cold measures, with only the first one supporting a positive relation between more efficient inhibition and higher trait resilience levels. Finally, 7 studies measured flexibility in its cold and/or hot dimensions and overall supported significant relations between higher flexibility and higher levels of trait, process and outcome resilience measures. These results support the role of EFs performance to promote different forms of resilience. This review allows to identify different issues that need to be addressed in future research and highlight the need to integrate the analysis of all hot and cold EFs components to understand their role in the generation of resilience.
PubMed: 38943558
DOI: 10.1002/smi.3439 -
The Gerontologist Jun 2024This study examined the psychometric properties and measurement invariance of the 10-item Awareness of Age-Related Change Short Form (AARC-SF) questionnaire in a...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
This study examined the psychometric properties and measurement invariance of the 10-item Awareness of Age-Related Change Short Form (AARC-SF) questionnaire in a Chinese-speaking sample of older adults in Taiwan.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Data from 292 participants (Mage = 77.64 years) in the Healthy Aging Longitudinal Study in Taiwan (HALST) cohort were used for Study 1, whereas data from young-old adult samples in Germany were used for Study 2.
RESULTS
Study 1 showed that the AARC-SF had satisfactory reliability and validity for assessing adults' AARC in Taiwan. Analyses confirmed the two-factor structure of AARC-gains and AARC-losses. Study 2 demonstrated strong measurement invariance across men and women, whereas direct comparisons of the item scores between young-old adults and old-old adults need to be made with caution. Non-invariance of loadings indicated that certain items were more closely linked to AARC-gains and AARC-losses in Taiwan than in Germany. Non-invariance of intercepts suggested potential biases in comparing item scores between Taiwanese and German older adults.
DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS
The AARC-SF emerged as a reliable and valid instrument for capturing positive and negative subjective aging experiences among Taiwanese older adults. However, it is noteworthy that some items on the AARC-SF may solicit different responses from individuals of different ages and different countries of origin, requiring caution with age group and cross-cultural comparisons.
PubMed: 38943547
DOI: 10.1093/geront/gnae086