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Philosophical Transactions. Series A,... May 2023Prediction has a central role in the foundations of Bayesian statistics and is now the main focus in many areas of machine learning, in contrast to the more classical... (Review)
Review
Prediction has a central role in the foundations of Bayesian statistics and is now the main focus in many areas of machine learning, in contrast to the more classical focus on inference. We discuss that, in the basic setting of random sampling-that is, in the Bayesian approach, exchangeability-uncertainty expressed by the posterior distribution and credible intervals can indeed be understood in terms of prediction. The posterior law on the unknown distribution is centred on the predictive distribution and we prove that it is marginally asymptotically Gaussian with variance depending on the , i.e. on how the predictive rule incorporates information as new observations become available. This allows to obtain asymptotic credible intervals only based on the predictive rule (without having to specify the model and the prior law), sheds light on frequentist coverage as related to the predictive learning rule, and, we believe, opens a new perspective towards a notion of that seems to call for further research. This article is part of the theme issue 'Bayesian inference: challenges, perspectives, and prospects'.
PubMed: 36970827
DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2022.0142 -
Radiology May 2023
Topics: Humans; Artificial Intelligence
PubMed: 36943081
DOI: 10.1148/radiol.230580 -
RoFo : Fortschritte Auf Dem Gebiete Der... Jun 2023To test the feasibility of an online, simulator-based comprehensive interventional radiology (IR) training curriculum in times of COVID-19-induced travel restrictions.
PURPOSE
To test the feasibility of an online, simulator-based comprehensive interventional radiology (IR) training curriculum in times of COVID-19-induced travel restrictions.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A network of six VIST simulators (Mentice, Gothenburg, Sweden) was installed in six geographically different radiology departments. Two courses with six sessions each took place. 43 participants were recruited on a voluntary basis among local residents. The training sessions were conducted in real time with interconnected simulation devices and were led by experts in the field of IR on a rotational basis. The participants attitude toward various topics was quantified before and after training on a seven-point Likert scale (1 = "not at all", 7 = "to the highest degree"). In addition, post-course surveys were conducted.
RESULTS
The courses led to an improvement for all items compared with baseline: interest in IR (pre: 5.5, post: 6.1), knowledge of endovascular procedures (pre: 4.1, post: 4.6), likelihood of choosing IR as a subspecialty (pre: 5.7, post: 5.9). Experience with endovascular procedures (pre: 3.7, post: 4.6) improved significantly (p = 0.016). In the post-course surveys high satisfaction rates with the pedagogical approach (mean 6), the teaching content (mean 6.4), and the duration and frequency of the course (mean 6.1) were observed.
CONCLUSION
The implementation of a simultaneous endovascular online training curriculum in different geographic locations is feasible. The curriculum has the potential to meet the demand for training in IR in times of COVID-19-associated travel restrictions and can complement future training in the context of radiologic congresses.
KEY POINTS
· The implementation of a simultaneous endovascular online training curriculum in different geographic locations is feasible. For interested residents, the presented online curriculum can offer a low-threshold and comprehensive entry into the world of interventional radiology at the site of their training..
Topics: Humans; Pilot Projects; Feasibility Studies; COVID-19; Curriculum; Endovascular Procedures; Internship and Residency; Clinical Competence
PubMed: 36863363
DOI: 10.1055/a-1994-7381 -
Health Policy (Amsterdam, Netherlands) Apr 2023We provide evidence of geographical variations in the use of private health insurance (PHI) in Italy. Our study offers an original contribution, using a 2016 dataset on...
We provide evidence of geographical variations in the use of private health insurance (PHI) in Italy. Our study offers an original contribution, using a 2016 dataset on the use of PHI amongst a population of more than 200,000 employees of a major company. The average claim per enrolee was €925, representing approximately 50% of public health expenditure per capita, primarily for dental care (27.2%), specialist outpatient services (26.3%) and inpatient care (25.2%). Residents in northern regions and metropolitan areas respectively claimed reimbursements for €164 and €483 more than those in southern regions and in non-metropolitan areas. Both supply and demand factors can explain these large geographical differences. The study suggests the urgency for policymakers to address the considerable disparities in the Italian healthcare system, revealing the overall social, cultural and economic conditions that shape the demand for healthcare.
Topics: Humans; Insurance, Health; Delivery of Health Care; Health Expenditures; Geography; Italy
PubMed: 36801610
DOI: 10.1016/j.healthpol.2023.104720 -
Cell Reports Feb 2023Canonical microRNA (miRNA) hairpins are processed by the RNase III enzymes Drosha and Dicer into ∼22 nt RNAs loaded into an Argonaute (Ago) effector. In addition,...
Canonical microRNA (miRNA) hairpins are processed by the RNase III enzymes Drosha and Dicer into ∼22 nt RNAs loaded into an Argonaute (Ago) effector. In addition, splicing generates numerous intronic hairpins that bypass Drosha (mirtrons) to yield mature miRNAs. Here, we identify hundreds of previously unannotated, splicing-derived hairpins in intermediate-length (∼50-100 nt) but not small (20-30 nt) RNA data. Since we originally defined mirtrons from small RNA duplexes, we term this larger set as structured splicing-derived RNAs (ssdRNAs). These associate with Dicer and/or Ago complexes, but generally accumulate modestly and are poorly conserved. We propose they contaminate the canonical miRNA pathway, which consequently requires defense against the siege of splicing-derived substrates. Accordingly, ssdRNAs/mirtrons comprise dominant hairpin substrates for 3' tailing by multiple terminal nucleotidyltransferases, notably TUT4/7 and TENT2. Overall, the rampant proliferation of young mammalian mirtrons/ssdRNAs, coupled with an inhibitory molecular defense, comprises a Red Queen's race of intragenomic conflict.
Topics: Animals; RNA Splicing; MicroRNAs; Ribonuclease III; RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional; Introns; Mammals
PubMed: 36800291
DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112111 -
Medical Engineering & Physics Jan 2023Radiostereometric analysis (RSA) is routinely implemented with two paired Roentgen tubes for three-dimensional (3D) implant migration measurements. A conventional set-up...
Radiostereometric analysis (RSA) is routinely implemented with two paired Roentgen tubes for three-dimensional (3D) implant migration measurements. A conventional set-up of one stationary tube and one mobile could be time-consuming. Utilizing two customized ceiling-mounted tubes is normally associated with investment costs. Thus, a pilot set-up of a motorized system (single Roentgen source) for radiostereometric image acquisition may be a time-saving and space-efficient alternative. RSA using the motorized system is feasible in this study as a non-synchronized image acquisition technique, however, patient motion may occur and influence the assessment of implant migration. The phantom study aimed to assess accuracy of RSA using the motorized Roentgen system in this in vitro study. Accuracy values of translations and rotations were ±0.29 mm and ±0.48° for the single Roentgen source RSA set-up and ±0.26 mm and ±0.48° for the conventional RSA set-up. This study was also performed to simulate potential patient motion during exposure intervals between paired image acquisition. RSA using the motorized system is able to implement RSA with acceptable accuracy. In general, RSA with synchronized image acquisition is the gold standard to access in vivo implant migration with the highest accuracy. Patient motion exists in non-synchronized image acquisition techniques and results in RSA-related motion artifacts. Then we introduced what RSA-related motion artifacts are. The uniplanar calibration cage applied in the study has a few fiducial and control markers, and some of the markers were occluded in radiographs. Whereas, the number of markers in the calibration cage is correlated with accuracy of 3D implant reconstruction.
Topics: Humans; Radiostereometric Analysis; Pilot Projects; Computer Simulation; Phantoms, Imaging
PubMed: 36792244
DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2022.103929 -
Annals of Surgical Oncology May 2023
Topics: Humans; Melanoma; Skin Neoplasms
PubMed: 36763289
DOI: 10.1245/s10434-023-13107-0 -
Skin Health and Disease Feb 2023Radiation-induced morphea (RIM) is a rare but recognized late complication of radiotherapy. It was first described in 1905, not long after the initial discovery of...
Radiation-induced morphea (RIM) is a rare but recognized late complication of radiotherapy. It was first described in 1905, not long after the initial discovery of X-rays by Roentgen. Characterized by the deposition of excess collagen in the dermis, it results in thickening of the skin. Its frequency is approximately 2 in 1000. We present a series of three cases involving patients receiving radiotherapy treatment for breast cancer, each of which subsequently developed RIM. Because of its rarity, RIM is often misdiagnosed as infection or metastatic disease. This can lead to delayed diagnosis and treatment, leading to poorer outcomes such as chronic pain issues. Early dermatological involvement and tissue sampling to examine histopathological features can avoid this, leading to better care and improved results. A variety of treatment options are available, ranging from topical to systemic, with early induction more likely to result in a positive response.
PubMed: 36751336
DOI: 10.1002/ski2.148 -
Nucleic Acids Research Feb 2023tRNAs are key partners in ribosome-dependent protein synthesis. This process is highly dependent on the fidelity of tRNA aminoacylation by aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases and... (Review)
Review
tRNAs are key partners in ribosome-dependent protein synthesis. This process is highly dependent on the fidelity of tRNA aminoacylation by aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases and relies primarily on sets of identities within tRNA molecules composed of determinants and antideterminants preventing mischarging by non-cognate synthetases. Such identity sets were discovered in the tRNAs of a few model organisms, and their properties were generalized as universal identity rules. Since then, the panel of identity elements governing the accuracy of tRNA aminoacylation has expanded considerably, but the increasing number of reported functional idiosyncrasies has led to some confusion. In parallel, the description of other processes involving tRNAs, often well beyond aminoacylation, has progressed considerably, greatly expanding their interactome and uncovering multiple novel identities on the same tRNA molecule. This review highlights key findings on the mechanistics and evolution of tRNA and tRNA-like identities. In addition, new methods and their results for searching sets of multiple identities on a single tRNA are discussed. Taken together, this knowledge shows that a comprehensive understanding of the functional role of individual and collective nucleotide identity sets in tRNA molecules is needed for medical, biotechnological and other applications.
Topics: Aminoacylation; Transfer RNA Aminoacylation; Amino Acyl-tRNA Synthetases; Biotechnology; RNA, Transfer
PubMed: 36744444
DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad007