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Infection, Genetics and Evolution :... Jan 2023To determine Streptococcus agalactiae genes responsible for causing neonatal meningitis.
AIM
To determine Streptococcus agalactiae genes responsible for causing neonatal meningitis.
BACKGROUND
Streptococcus agalactiae strain 2603 V/R is causative agent of neonatal meningitis, maternal infection and sepsis in young children. World health organisation reported high burden of new born death caused by this bacterium. Streptococcus agalactiae colonizing epithelial cells of vagina and endothelial cells have high resistance to available antibiotic drugs which makes it essential to determine new drug targets.
OBJECTIVES
To compare the genome of selected strain with the non-pathogenic strains of streptococcus and identify the virulent and antibiotic resistant genes for adaptation in host environment.
METHOD
The whole genome of human pathogen Streptococcus agalactiae strain 2603 V/R was analysed and compared with Streptococcus dysgalactiae strains using visualization and annotation tools. Genomic islands, mobile genetic elements, virulent and resistant genes were studied.
RESULTS
Genetically pathogenic strain is most similar to Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis strain NCTC 7136. Comparative analysis revealed the importance of capsular polysaccharides and surface proteins responsible for avoiding immune system attachment to host epithelial cells and virulent behaviour. High number of genes coding for antibiotics resistance may provide a competitive advantage for survival of pathogenic Streptococcus agalactiae strain 2603 V/R in its niche.
CONCLUSIONS
The comparative analysis of pathogenic strain Streptococcus agalactiae with non-pathogenic strains of Streptococcus dysgalactiae provided new insights in pathogenicity that could aid in recognization for new regions and genes for development of new drug development strategies considering presence of high number of resistance genes.
Topics: Infant, Newborn; Female; Child; Humans; Child, Preschool; Endothelial Cells; Genome, Bacterial; Streptococcal Infections; Streptococcus; Streptococcus agalactiae; Anti-Bacterial Agents
PubMed: 36572056
DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2022.105398 -
PloS One 2022Laboratory surveillance and the monitoring of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) trends and patterns among local isolates have been highly effective in providing...
Laboratory surveillance and the monitoring of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) trends and patterns among local isolates have been highly effective in providing comprehensive information for public health decision-making. A total of 396 cases along with 449 specimens were received for antibiotic susceptibility testing at a public university veterinary diagnostic laboratory in Malaysia between 2015 and 2017. Escherichia coli was the most frequently isolated (n = 101, 13%) bacteria, followed by Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (n = 97, 12%) and Streptococcus canis (n = 62, 8%). In cats, S. pseudintermedius isolates were highly resistant to azithromycin (90%), while the E. coli isolates were highly resistant to doxycycline (90%), tetracycline (81%), and cephalexin (75%). About 55% of S. pseudintermedius and 82% of E. coli were multi-drug resistant (MDR). In dogs, S. intermedius isolates were highly resistant to aminoglycosides neomycin (90.9%) and gentamicin (84.6%), and tetracycline (75%). Whereas the E. coli isolates were highly resistant to cephalexin (82.1%) and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (76.5%). MDR was observed in 60% of S. intermedius and 72% of E. coli from dogs. Generally, the bacterial isolates from cats demonstrated higher levels of resistance to multiple antibiotics compared to those from dogs.
Topics: Cats; Dogs; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Escherichia coli; Retrospective Studies; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Drug Resistance, Multiple
PubMed: 36477195
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277664 -
BMC Veterinary Research Nov 2022Streptococcus canis causes deep pyoderma in canines, which raises concerns about the risk of isolates from lesions acquiring an antibiotic-resistant phenotype. It is...
BACKGROUND
Streptococcus canis causes deep pyoderma in canines, which raises concerns about the risk of isolates from lesions acquiring an antibiotic-resistant phenotype. It is necessary to identify effective antibiotics and the characteristics of the pathogenic cluster for S. canis-associated deep pyoderma.
RESULTS
The signalment, molecular typing, and antibiotic-resistant status of S. canis isolated from deep pyoderma lesions (27 strains) and oral cavities (26 strains) were analyzed. Older dogs tended to have S. canis-associated deep pyoderma (15 of 27 dogs over 10 years old). Veterinarians chose quinolones for 10/16 cases (63%), even though the rate of quinolone-resistant strains of S. canis is 38-59%. Although 70% of the strains showed resistance to three or more antibiotic classes (37/53), 94% (50/53) strains showed sensitivity for penicillins. We also identified β-lactamase activity among penicillin-resistant strains of S. canis. Clonal complex 13 (CC13) was detected only in lesions and formed independent clusters in the phylogenetic tree. One strain of CC13 was resistant to the anti-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus drugs, vancomycin and linezolid.
CONCLUSION
Although antibiotic-resistant strains of S. canis are isolated at a high rate, they can currently be treated with β-lactamase-inhibiting penicillins. CC13 may be a pathogenic cluster with high levels of antibiotics resistance.
Topics: Dogs; Animals; Pyoderma; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Phylogeny; Dog Diseases; Penicillins; beta-Lactamases; Staphylococcal Infections
PubMed: 36352470
DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03482-3 -
Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2022Describe the pharmacokinetics of extended-release parenteral ceftiofur (Excede) in canine tear film and compare these concentrations to minimal inhibitory concentrations...
PURPOSE
Describe the pharmacokinetics of extended-release parenteral ceftiofur (Excede) in canine tear film and compare these concentrations to minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of ceftiofur against common ocular pathogens in dogs.
METHOD
Six dogs of various breeds were enrolled. Disruption of blood-tear barrier was achieved with histamine-induced conjunctivitis to ensure clinical relevance of the results. Each dog received a single subcutaneous injection of 5 mg/kg Excede, followed by tear collection with Schirmer strips at times 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144, 168, 192, 216 and 240 h. Drug quantification was performed with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. MICs were determined for and by assessing bacterial growth ( = 10 per bacterial species) in the presence of ceftiofur at increasing concentrations.
RESULTS
Blood-tear barrier breakdown provided tear film concentrations of ceftiofur 3.2-28.9-fold higher than in the contralateral healthy eye ( = 1 dog, pilot experiment). In all six dogs, ceftiofur concentrations in tears varied from 2.3 to 637.5 ng/mL and were detectable up to 10 days (240 h) after subcutaneous injection. However, tear levels always remained below MICs for common ocular isolates (≥640 ng/mL).
CONCLUSIONS
Ceftiofur reached the tear compartment (for up to 10 days) after a single parenteral injection, however tear concentrations were extremely variable and too low to be effective against common bacterial pathogens in dogs. Further studies with different ceftiofur dosage or other long-acting injectable antibiotics are warranted.
PubMed: 36213401
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.975113 -
Veterinary Dermatology Dec 2022Necrotising fasciitis (NF) is a rare, rapidly progressive subcutaneous bacterial infection. Few studies have characterised NF in dogs.
BACKGROUND
Necrotising fasciitis (NF) is a rare, rapidly progressive subcutaneous bacterial infection. Few studies have characterised NF in dogs.
HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES
To retrospectively describe clinical and laboratory findings, with treatments and outcomes, in dogs with NF.
ANIMALS
Twenty-three client-owned dogs treated at a veterinary teaching hospital between 1998 and 2021.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Medical records and laboratory data from 23 dogs diagnosed with NF were reviewed.
RESULTS
Male dogs were significantly over-represented (p = 0.003). The most common presenting complaint was sudden lameness. Infection occurred in one or two limbs in 19 of 23 dogs, with right hindlimbs most often affected (13 of 23). Pitting oedema was evident in 14 of 23 dogs. Antibiotic and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs were administered before presentation in nine and 13 of 23 dogs, respectively. Common clinicopathological abnormalities included hypoalbuminemia, hyponatremia, elevated liver enzymes, elevated creatine kinase, increased bands and lymphopenia. Streptococcus canis was isolated from 18 of 23 dogs. Histopathological features included acute necrosis and severe neutrophilic inflammation. Fifteen dogs were euthanised or died, while surgical intervention led to survival in eight of 23 dogs.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Dogs presenting for acute swelling of a limb with oedema should have the diagnosis of NF considered and early surgical intervention might increase survival.
Topics: Male; Dogs; Animals; Fasciitis, Necrotizing; Retrospective Studies; Hospitals, Animal; Hospitals, Teaching; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Dog Diseases
PubMed: 36043338
DOI: 10.1111/vde.13113 -
Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) Jul 2022Growing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in companion-animal pathogens, including (), is a significant concern for pet treatment as well for public health. Despite the...
Growing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in companion-animal pathogens, including (), is a significant concern for pet treatment as well for public health. Despite the importance of in veterinary and human medicine, studies concerning the AMR of this bacterium are still scarce. A total of 65 strains, isolated from dogs and cats, were assessed to test for susceptibility to six clinically relevant antimicrobials via a microdilution method. The prevalence of the selected acquired-resistance genes was also investigated via PCR. High MIC and MIC values (≥128 μg/mL) were noted for tetracycline, erythromycin and clindamycin. Only a few strains were resistant to the tested beta-lactams (6.2%). Tetracycline resistance was found in 66.2% of the strains. Resistance to erythromycin and clindamycin (ML resistance) was found in 55.4% of the strains. Strains with a phenotype showing concurrent resistance to tetracycline and ML were predominant (53.8%). AMR in the tested strains was associated with a variety of acquired and potentially transferable genes. Tetracycline resistance was conferred by (O) (40.0%), (M) (9.2%), and (T) (1.5%), which is reported for the first time in . In most cases, the (M) gene was detected in relation to the conjugative transposon Tn. The MLS phenotype was confirmed in the strains harboring (B) (43.1%) and (TR) (7.7%). To conclude, a high rate of strains occurring in dogs and cats displayed resistance to antimicrobials important for treatment; moreover, they are a potential reservoirs of various resistance determinants. Therefore, AMR in these pathogens should be continuously monitored, especially regarding the One Health concept.
PubMed: 36009903
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11081034 -
Journal of the American Veterinary... Jul 2022To profile Streptococcus canis isolates obtained from corneal ulcers in dogs.
OBJECTIVE
To profile Streptococcus canis isolates obtained from corneal ulcers in dogs.
ANIMALS
10 dogs.
PROCEDURES
Medical records were searched to identify dogs diagnosed with ulcerative keratitis by a veterinary ophthalmologist and having a positive corneal culture for S canis during the year 2020. For each case, clinical findings and outcome were determined, antimicrobial resistance and sensitivity panels were summarized, whole genome sequencing was performed, and isolates were typed using multi-locus sequence typing and genome-based proteome phylogenetic analysis.
RESULTS
10 S canis isolates were included from dogs diagnosed with ulcerative keratitis. Dogs were either treated surgically via keratectomy and conjunctival grafting (n = 6) or treated medically (4). Three of 10 corneas failed to heal and required enucleation (2/6 conjunctival grafts and 1/4 medically managed corneal ulcers). All three corneal ulcers that failed to heal were associated with S canis sequence type (ST) 43. Sequence types identified from successfully treated cases included ST8 (n = 1), ST50 (1), ST2 (2), ST27 (1), and ST15 (1). One ST43 isolate was obtained from a dog that healed following a conjunctival graft, however this was the only dog that received an oral antibiotic in addition to topical antibiotics.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Based on this small dataset, S canis ST43 may be associated with increased virulence and contribute to conjunctival graft failure and progressive corneal collagenolysis. The postoperative administration of an oral antimicrobial may protect against conjunctival graft rejection in dogs specifically due to S canis ST43.
Topics: Dogs; Animals; Corneal Ulcer; Multilocus Sequence Typing; Phylogeny; Ulcer; Dog Diseases; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Treatment Failure
PubMed: 35943931
DOI: 10.2460/javma.22.03.0153 -
Veterinary Microbiology Oct 2022Streptococcus canis is a multi-host pathogen that causes disease of varying severity in a wide range of mammals, including humans. Dogs and cats appear to be the primary... (Review)
Review
Streptococcus canis is a multi-host pathogen that causes disease of varying severity in a wide range of mammals, including humans. Dogs and cats appear to be the primary hosts and may play a role in transmitting infection to humans. The broader epidemiology of S. canis, however, is still poorly understood, as are its virulence mechanisms, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and population structure. In this review we gather existing knowledge on S. canis, describing its epidemiology in animals and humans and present information on virulence factors, classification schemes and AMR prevalence. We describe the main ecological niches of S. canis in companion animals, discuss potential risk factors for infection in humans and propose a multi-host transmission cycle. We show that current knowledge on S. canis virulence determinants is limited and sometimes contradictory. We illustrate the different typing systems proposed to classify S. canis. We also report the range of known AMR phenotypes and the emergence of new mechanisms of resistance. Finally, we discuss the zoonotic potential of S. canis, highlighting the need for further evidence in this area. Streptococcus canis may be regarded as a neglected pathogen of one health concern. Further research is needed for its better understanding and effective control.
Topics: Animals; Cat Diseases; Cats; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Humans; Mammals; Streptococcus; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 35933975
DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109524 -
Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases Nov 2022The eye (including the cornea) and ear canal are the major sources of Streptococcus canis in companion animal practice. In this study, we aimed to clarify the genotypic...
The eye (including the cornea) and ear canal are the major sources of Streptococcus canis in companion animal practice. In this study, we aimed to clarify the genotypic and phenotypic features of eye-origin isolates collected in 2021 compared to ear-origin isolates collected in 2021 and eye-origin isolates collected in 2017. Of the 102 isolates in 2021, 9 eye-origin isolates were enrolled. Twenty ear-origin isolates in 2021 and 13 eye-origin isolates in 2017 were included as controls. Genotypic analyses included profiling of virulence-associated genes (VAGs; inl, sagA, slo, scp, lbp, fbp, gbp, ap1, fp1, and brp), S. canis M-like protein (SCM) allele typing, multilocus sequence typing, and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genotyping and phenotyping analyses including hemolytic activity (HA) measurement and AMR phenotyping. One 2017-eye-origin isolate displayed high-level HA; the others displayed low-level HA. No association was evident between the 2021-eye-origin population and the detection rate of each VAG. There was no association between the 2021-eye-origin population and the main SCM allele 2. A significant association was evident between the 2021-eye-origin population and the main clonal complex (CC) 46 containing sequence type (ST) 46/ST2. A significant association was also detected between the 2021-eye-origin population and AMR phenotypes/genotypes. Our observations suggest unique microbiological features (CC46 with AMR phenotypes/genotypes) among the 2021-eye-origin population.
Topics: Dogs; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Streptococcal Infections; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Genotype; Multilocus Sequence Typing
PubMed: 35908873
DOI: 10.7883/yoken.JJID.2022.137 -
BMC Infectious Diseases Jul 2022Streptococcus canis is a group G beta-hemolytic Streptococcus species which normally resides on the skin and mucosal surfaces of dogs. Although it rarely causes...
BACKGROUND
Streptococcus canis is a group G beta-hemolytic Streptococcus species which normally resides on the skin and mucosal surfaces of dogs. Although it rarely causes infection in humans, our case and review of relevant literature demonstrate that this multi-host pathogen may be responsible for metastatic infection. We present an appropriate management strategy in such cases.
CASE PRESENTATION
A previously healthy 26-year-old male presented to the emergency department with a 2-day history of erythema, pain, and swelling of the left ankle and foot, consistent with acute cellulitis. The patient was initially discharged home with a plan to complete a course of IV cefazolin as an outpatient, but later recalled after two sets of blood cultures grew gram positive cocci. Blood cultures speciated as Streptococcus canis. This was performed by identifying beta hemolytic strep on blood agar, then typed as Lancefield group G, followed by MALDI-TOF which distinguished S. canis. History was unremarkable except for a 2-week history of lower back pain precipitated by a wrestling injury. There was no canine bite or scratch wound, although the patient lives with a dog. CT spine was obtained which demonstrated right piriformis myositis and S1 osteomyelitis. MRI additionally demonstrated right erector spinae myositis, right sacroiliitis, and multiple collections in the right posterior paraspinal soft tissues. Transthoracic echocardiogram did not demonstrate valvular vegetations. The S. canis isolate was pan-susceptible and the patient was ultimately discharged home and completed a 8-week course of IV penicillin G. After completion of therapy, his symptoms, repeat imaging, and biochemical markers suggested resolution of infection on follow-up.
CONCLUSIONS
We suggest that management of S. canis bacteremia should involve consideration of screening for metastatic infection and infectious diseases consultation. However, despite its potential for systemic involvement, S. canis is often susceptible to narrow spectrum antibiotics, and may be treated with penicillins.
Topics: Abscess; Adult; Animals; Bacteremia; Dogs; Humans; Male; Myositis; Osteomyelitis; Sacroiliitis; Streptococcal Infections; Streptococcus
PubMed: 35840925
DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07580-3