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Frontiers in Immunology 2021Despite the discovery that the human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) is the pathogen of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in 1983, there is still no effective...
Despite the discovery that the human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) is the pathogen of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in 1983, there is still no effective anti-HIV-1 vaccine. The major obstacle to the development of HIV-1 vaccine is the extreme diversity of viral genome sequences. Nonetheless, a number of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) against HIV-1 have been made and identified in this area. Novel strategies based on using these bNAbs as an efficacious preventive and/or therapeutic intervention have been applied in clinical. In this review, we summarize the recent development of bNAbs and its application in HIV-1 acquisition prevention as well as discuss the innovative approaches being used to try to convey protection within individuals at risk and being treated for HIV-1 infection.
Topics: AIDS Vaccines; Animals; Antibody Specificity; Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies; Gene Transfer Techniques; Genes, env; Genetic Therapy; Genetic Variation; HIV Antibodies; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Humans; Immunity, Humoral; Immunization, Passive; Models, Immunological; Vaccine Development; env Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
PubMed: 34354709
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.697683 -
Imbalance of Peripheral Lymphocyte Subsets in Patients With Ankylosing Spondylitis: A Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in Immunology 2021Ankylosing spondylitis is a complicated consequence of genetic predisposition and environmental factors. Enthesitis is believed to be the hallmark of ankylosing... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Ankylosing spondylitis is a complicated consequence of genetic predisposition and environmental factors. Enthesitis is believed to be the hallmark of ankylosing spondylitis, and the chronic inflammatory state of this disease is perpetuated by the disturbances of both the innate immune system and the acquired immune system. To clarify the alteration of immune system in patients with AS, we conducted a meta-analysis concerning the proportions of major lymphocyte subsets in the peripheral blood of AS patients. We systematically searched PubMed and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) for articles related to this subject. A total of 95 articles involving 4,020 AS patients and 3,065 healthy controls were included in the analysis. This meta-analysis is performed on R platform using R package "meta", and Egger's tests were used to determine the presence of publication bias. Results showed that the percentages of T cells, NK cells and NKT cells were not significantly different between AS patients and healthy controls, but B cells were significantly increased. Among the subsets of T cells, the proportions of CD4+ T cells, Th17 cells, Tfh cells as well as Th1/Th2 ratio were significantly increased, while Tregs were significantly decreased. Subgroup analysis showed that the proportions of Th17 among both PBMCs, T cells and CD4+ T cells were significantly elevated, while Tregs were only significantly lower in PBMCs. Subgroup analysis also demonstrated that Tregs defined by "CD4+CD25+FoxP3+", "CD4+CD25+CD127low"or "CD4+CD25+CD127-"were significantly downregulated, indicating that the selection of markers could be critical. Further study is warranted in order to elucidate the complicated interactions between different lymphocyte subsets in AS patients. This study implied that the disequilibrium between Th17 and Tregs, as well as between Th1 and Th2 could contribute to the pathogenesis of ankylosing spondylitis, further cementing the understanding that ankylosing spondylitis is a consequence of disrupted balance of innate immune system and acquired immune system.
Topics: Adaptive Immunity; Adult; Female; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Lymphocyte Subsets; Male; Middle Aged; Phenotype; Spondylitis, Ankylosing; Young Adult
PubMed: 34295337
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.696973 -
International Journal of... 2021Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was declared a global pandemic in March 2020. Since then, several studies have found COVID-19 patients with recurrent viral... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Clinical features and corresponding immune function status of recurrent viral polymerase chain reaction positivity in patients with COVID-19 : A meta- analysis and systematic review.
INTRODUCTION
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was declared a global pandemic in March 2020. Since then, several studies have found COVID-19 patients with recurrent viral polymerase chain reaction (PCR) positivity.
METHODS
On May 6, 2021, an exhaustive literature search of the Web of Science, PubMed, Cochrane Library, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure databases, Embase, Wan Fang Data, VIP database, Sinomed database, BioRxiv, MedRxiv, and Research Square was conducted to find describing the laboratory indicators of recurrent and non-recurrent viral PCR positivity in patients with COVID-19. The data were statistically analyzed using STATA version 15.0.
RESULTS
In total, 22 studies-comprising 5154 laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases-were included in the analyses. Patients with less severe COVID-19 illness (i.e. those clinically classified as mild or common-type) seemed to exhibit recurrent PCR positivity more commonly than patients with more severe illness (i.e. those classified as severe or critical). There were also significant differences between the two groups in terms of the rates of headaches and dizziness, in addition to the levels of aspartate aminotransferase, C reactive protein, interleukin-6, and lactate dehydrogenase. Further, there were variations in the ratio of CD4+ T cells/CD8+ T cells on admission to the hospital.
CONCLUSION
In comparison to COVID-19 patients with non-recurrent viral PCR positivity, patients with recurrent virus PCR positivity seem to experience more severe immune function suppression upon hospital admission.
Topics: COVID-19; COVID-19 Testing; Humans; Immunity, Cellular; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Recurrence
PubMed: 34162269
DOI: 10.1177/20587384211027679 -
Nutrients Apr 2021Vitamin D has diverse and extensive effects on the immune system, including activating innate immunity and reducing the overactive adaptive immune response. A systematic...
BACKGROUND
Vitamin D has diverse and extensive effects on the immune system, including activating innate immunity and reducing the overactive adaptive immune response. A systematic review was performed to identify and synthesize the best available evidence on the association between vitamin D level and risk of COVID-19, adverse outcomes and possible benefits of supplementation in aged 60 years or over.
METHODS
A literature search was performed in PubMed© and Scopus© for all publications from inception published before 15 March 2021. Studies reporting data from aged patients on vitamin D use and COVID-19 were included. Basic science articles, editorials and correspondence were excluded. Publication year, study design and setting, characteristics of the study population were extracted. This study is registered with PROSPERO, under the number CRD42020223993.
RESULTS
In total, 707 studies were identified, of which 11 observational studies were included in the final review. Four studies compared vitamin D-supplemented COVID-19 patients to non-supplemented patients, and seven compared patients with vitamin D deficiency to patients without deficiency. In all four studies, patients with vitamin D supplementation had better rates of primary clinical outcomes (death, the severity of the disease, oxygen therapy requirement…). In studies comparing patients with vitamin D deficiency and patients without vitamin D deficiency, those without vitamin D deficiency had better primary clinical outcomes (death rate, the severity of the disease, oxygen therapy requirement, invasive mechanical ventilation need…).
CONCLUSION
This systematic review seems to support an association between vitamin D deficiency and the risk of COVID-19 in aged people. In addition, vitamin D deficiency appears to expose these subjects to a greater risk of adverse outcomes. Because of its simplicity of administration, and the rarity of side effects, including vitamin D in preventive strategies for certain viral diseases, it appears to be an attractive option.
Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; COVID-19; Dietary Supplements; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Oxygen Inhalation Therapy; Respiration, Artificial; Risk Factors; SARS-CoV-2; Severity of Illness Index; Vitamin D; Vitamin D Deficiency; Vitamins; COVID-19 Drug Treatment
PubMed: 33920639
DOI: 10.3390/nu13041339 -
Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering Jul 2021Modeling immunity in vitro has the potential to be a powerful tool for investigating fundamental biological questions, informing therapeutics and vaccines, and providing...
Modeling immunity in vitro has the potential to be a powerful tool for investigating fundamental biological questions, informing therapeutics and vaccines, and providing new insight into disease progression. There are two major elements to immunity that are necessary to model: primary immune tissues and peripheral tissues with immune components. Here, we systematically review progress made along three strategies to modeling immunity: ex vivo cultures, which preserve native tissue structure; microfluidic devices, which constitute a versatile approach to providing physiologically relevant fluid flow and environmental control; and engineered tissues, which provide precise control of the 3D microenvironment and biophysical cues. While many models focus on disease modeling, more primary immune tissue models are necessary to advance the field. Moving forward, we anticipate that the expansion of patient-specific models may inform why immunity varies from patient to patient and allow for the rapid comprehension and treatment of emerging diseases, such as coronavirus disease 2019.
Topics: Adaptive Immunity; Animals; Biophysics; COVID-19; Humans; Immune System; Immunity, Innate; In Vitro Techniques; Lab-On-A-Chip Devices; Lymphocytes; Macrophages; Mice; Microfluidics; SARS-CoV-2; Thymus Gland; Tissue Array Analysis; Tissue Engineering
PubMed: 33872520
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-082420-124920 -
European Journal of Nutrition Dec 2021Earlier studies suggest that probiotics have protective effects in the prevention of respiratory tract infections (RTIs). Whether such benefits apply to RTIs of viral... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Earlier studies suggest that probiotics have protective effects in the prevention of respiratory tract infections (RTIs). Whether such benefits apply to RTIs of viral origin and mechanisms supporting the effect remain unclear.
AIM
To determine the role of gut microbiota modulation on clinical and laboratory outcomes of viral RTIs.
METHODS
We conducted a systematic review of articles published in Embase and MEDLINE through 20 April 2020 to identify studies reporting the effect of gut microbiota modulation on viral RTIs in clinical studies and animal models. The incidence of viral RTIs, clinical manifestations, viral load and immunological outcomes was evaluated.
RESULTS
We included 58 studies (9 randomized controlled trials; 49 animal studies). Six of eight clinical trials consisting of 726 patients showed that probiotics administration was associated with a reduced risk of viral RTIs. Most commonly used probiotics were Lactobacillus followed by Bifidobacterium and Lactococcus. In animal models, treatment with probiotics before viral challenge had beneficial effects against influenza virus infection by improving infection-induced survival (20/22 studies), mitigating symptoms (21/21 studies) and decreasing viral load (23/25 studies). Probiotics and commensal gut microbiota exerted their beneficial effects through strengthening host immunity.
CONCLUSION
Modulation of gut microbiota represents a promising approach against viral RTIs via host innate and adaptive immunity regulation. Further research should focus on next generation probiotics specific to viral types in prevention and treatment of emerging viral RTIs.
Topics: Animals; Bifidobacterium; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Lactobacillus; Probiotics; Respiratory Tract Infections
PubMed: 33852069
DOI: 10.1007/s00394-021-02519-x -
Medicine Apr 2021To assess T-cell exhaustion mediated by programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) pathway in patients living with type 2 diabetes (T2D). (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
To assess T-cell exhaustion mediated by programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) pathway in patients living with type 2 diabetes (T2D).
METHODS
MEDLINE and ProQuest electronic databases were searched for eligible studies from inception up to February 2020. The risk of bias and the quality of evidence were independently assessed by two reviewers using the modified Newcastle-Ottawa Scale adapted for cross-sectional studies and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) tool, respectively. The random effects model was used to calculate effect estimates.
RESULTS
We identified 5 studies involving 380 participants which met the inclusion criteria. The pooled estimates showed elevated T helper cell exhaustion in patients with T2D in comparison to controls (mean difference [MD]: 2.57% [95% confidence interval [CI]: -3.84, 8.97]; I2 = 100%, P < .00001). Likewise, T2D patients had increased levels of cytotoxic T-cells exhaustion (MD: 3.09% [95% CI: -12.96, 19.14]; I2 = 100%, P < .00001). Although the upregulation of PD-1 on T-cells did not affect glucose metabolism-related profiles, it was associated with inflammation and the development of cardiovascular disease.
CONCLUSION
In patients living with T2D, immune dysfunction is at least in part due to T-cell exhaustion mediated by the upregulation of PD-1 expression. Therefore, the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors as a therapeutic strategy may be beneficial in restoring immune function in patients with T2D.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Cross-Sectional Studies; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Female; Humans; Immunity, Cellular; Male; Middle Aged; Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor; Signal Transduction; T-Lymphocytes; Up-Regulation
PubMed: 33847657
DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000025488 -
Clinical Microbiology and Infection :... Jul 2021We lack the rationale on which to base the development of a yellow fever (YF) vaccination schedule for people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLWHIV).
BACKGROUND
We lack the rationale on which to base the development of a yellow fever (YF) vaccination schedule for people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLWHIV).
OBJECTIVES
To report on the current evidence regarding the seroconversion rate and the duration of humoral protection after YF vaccine, as well as the impact of revaccination in PLWHIV.
DATA SOURCES
MEDLINE, Google Scholar, LILACS and Cochrane CENTRAL were searched.
METHODS
We selected studies on PLWHIV of all ages (including perinatally HIV-infected patients) and all settings (YF endemic and non-endemic zones). Intervention investigated was vaccination against YF, at least once after the HIV diagnosis. The research questions were the seroconversion rate, duration of humoral immunity after YF vaccine and impact of revaccination in PLWHIV. Selected studies were assessed for quality using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale.
RESULTS
Ten, six and six studies were selected for the systematic review of each question, respectively. Only one study addressed the first question in perinatally HIV-infected children. The quality of the studies was assessed as Poor (n = 16), Fair (n = 2) or Good (n = 4). A meta-analysis demonstrated that 97.6% (95% CI 91.6%-100%) of the included population seroconverted. Between 1 and 10 years after YF vaccine, reported persistence of neutralizing antibodies was 72% (95% CI 53.6%-91%), and it was 62% (95% CI 45.4%-78.6%) more than 10 years after YF vaccine. No conclusions could be drawn on impact of revaccination because of the small number of patients.
CONCLUSIONS
The current evidence regarding seroconversion rate, duration of humoral protection after YF vaccine and impact of revaccination in PLWHIV is limited by the low number and quality of studies. Based on the presently available data, it is difficult to rationally develop yellow fever vaccination guidelines for PLWHIV.
Topics: Antibodies, Neutralizing; Antibodies, Viral; HIV Infections; Humans; Immunity, Humoral; Immunization, Secondary; Immunogenicity, Vaccine; Seroconversion; Vaccination; Yellow Fever; Yellow Fever Vaccine; Yellow fever virus
PubMed: 33813107
DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2021.03.004 -
Medicine Apr 2021This meta-analysis was designed to systematically evaluate whether autologous cytokine-induced killer cells (CIK) or dendritic cells and cytokine-induced killer cells... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
OBJECTIVES
This meta-analysis was designed to systematically evaluate whether autologous cytokine-induced killer cells (CIK) or dendritic cells and cytokine-induced killer cells (DC-CIK) immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy can improve the therapeutic effect and safety of chemotherapy in esophageal cancer (EC).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were electronically searched databases including CNKI, WanFang, WeiPu, CBMDisc, PubMed, Web of Science, EMbase, the Cochrane Library, and Clinical Trials. The databases were searched for articles published until June 2019. Two researchers independently screened the literature, extracted data, and evaluated the quality of the included literature. Meta-analysis was performed using RevMan5.3.
RESULTS
Seventeen studies (1416 participants) were included. The differences between CIK/DC-CIK combination chemotherapy and chemotherapy alone were significant. The results displayed that the number of CD3+, CD4+, CD4+/CD8+, and NK cells was significantly increased after 1 to 2 weeks of treatment with CIK/DC-CIK cells in the treatment group (all P < .05). In addition, the results shown that 1-year overall survival was significantly prolonged (P < .0001) and quality of life was improved (P = .001) in EC chemotherapy combined with immunotherapy groups compared with conventional treatment. Furthermore, cytokine expression levels of interleukin 2 (IL-2), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and interleukin 12 (IL-12) were significantly increased (P = .0003) as well as the levels of immunoglobulins were elevated (P < .00001). Serum levels of tumor marker molecules, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), carbohydrate antigen (CA)-199, and CA-125 were lower in treatment groups than that of control groups (P < .00001). No fatal adverse reactions were noted (P = .04).
CONCLUSIONS
It is safe and effective for patients to use chemotherapy combined with CIK/DC-CIK immunotherapy. Immunotherapy can simultaneously improve the antitumor immune response. Specifically, DC-CIK cells can increase T lymphocyte subsets, CIK cells, NK cells, and immunoglobulins in peripheral blood to enhance antitumor immunity. Therefore, combination therapy enhances the immune function and improves the therapeutic efficacy of patients with EC.
Topics: Adaptive Immunity; Aged; Antineoplastic Agents; Combined Modality Therapy; Cytokine-Induced Killer Cells; Dendritic Cells; Esophageal Neoplasms; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 33787569
DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000024519 -
Iranian Journal of Immunology : IJI Mar 2021Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) associated with SARS-CoV-2, causes a severe form of the respiratory illness known as Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19). COVID-19...
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) associated with SARS-CoV-2, causes a severe form of the respiratory illness known as Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19). COVID-19 has emerged as a worldwide pandemic with a high number of fatalities. Approximately 112,654,202 people have been infected so far with this disease which has led to the death of more than one point seven million (2,496,749) till 24th Feb, 2021. Measures to counter this disease have led to a global economic slowdown. Multiple drug trials are ongoing and several putative candidates for vaccination against the virus have been approved and are in the pipeline. Many studies have also characterized the immunological profile of patients infected with COVID-19. Some studies suggest that the severity of the COVID-19 infection is directly associated with the cytokine storm. In this review, we aim to compile the available knowledge and describe the nature of immune responses in patients infected with COVID-19 in different age groups, comorbidity, and immune-compromised state and their association with disease severity.
Topics: Adaptive Immunity; Age Factors; Antiviral Agents; COVID-19; COVID-19 Vaccines; Comorbidity; Cytokine Release Syndrome; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Immunity, Humoral; Immunity, Innate; Immunocompromised Host; Prognosis; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; SARS-CoV-2; Severity of Illness Index; COVID-19 Drug Treatment
PubMed: 33787510
DOI: 10.22034/iji.2021.88526.1874