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Microorganisms Jun 2022(1) Background: Periimplantitis is an infectious condition that affects the periimplant tissue and is of bacterial etiology. However, to date, the exact bacterial flora...
(1) Background: Periimplantitis is an infectious condition that affects the periimplant tissue and is of bacterial etiology. However, to date, the exact bacterial flora involved in its occurrence is not known. The aim of this literature review was to summarize the articles published on this topic and to identify the main bacterial species isolated in periimplantitis. (2) Methods: The articles published in three databases were researched: Pubmed, Embase and Web of Science using Prisma guides and combinations of MeSH terms. We selected 25 items from the 980 found by applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria. (3) Results: We quantified the results of the 25 studies included in this review. In general, the most commonly identified bacterial species were Gram-negative anaerobic species, as , , and . (4) Conclusion: The most frequent bacteria in the periimplantitis sites identified in this review are Gram-negative anaerobic species, also involved in the pathogenesis of the periodontal disease.
PubMed: 35744750
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10061232 -
Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2021Bacterial meningitis in dogs and cats is a rare disease associated with a high lethality rate. The spectrum of causative bacteria includes a diverse set of gram...
Bacterial meningitis in dogs and cats is a rare disease associated with a high lethality rate. The spectrum of causative bacteria includes a diverse set of gram positive, gram negative and anaerobic species. Currently, no veterinary medicinal product is approved for this indication in these species in Europe. The objective of this review was to collect the available pharmacokinetic data for antibiotics approved in dogs and cats to enable a preliminary analysis of their potential effectiveness for the treatment of bacterial meningitis. This analysis yielded data for 13 different antibiotics in dogs and two in cats. Additionally, data about frequently recommended cephalosporines not approved in dogs and cats were included. The collected data was used to assess the potential of the respective antibiotics to attain certain simple pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) indexes in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). A more sophisticated investigation using modern methods was not possible due to the limited data available. For this purpose, data about the sensitivity of four bacterial species commonly associated with meningitis in dogs and cats to these antibiotics were included. The analysis provided evidence for the potential effectiveness of ampicillin, doxycycline, enrofloxacin, ceftriaxone and cefoxitin against bacteria frequently detected in bacterial meningitis in dogs. Data were not available or insufficient for the assessment of several antibiotics, including frequently recommended substances like metronidazole and trimethoprim-sulphonamide. Little evidence is available for the use of antibiotics in cats afflicted with this disease, highlighting the need for further research to obtain data for evidence based therapeutic recommendations.
PubMed: 35118150
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.769588 -
Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology 2021Faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is an effective treatment of recurrent infection (rCDI) and is being applied experimentally in other diseases. Encapsulated...
BACKGROUND
Faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is an effective treatment of recurrent infection (rCDI) and is being applied experimentally in other diseases. Encapsulated administration may be equivalent in efficacy to delivery through other routes.
METHODS
A systematic review was undertaken of studies using encapsulated FMT up to 26 October 2020. Data on indication, clinical outcomes, safety, treatment protocol and capsule preparation were collected and reported. Pooled rates of clinical efficacy in rCDI were calculated using random-effects meta-analysis. The impact of single variables on clinical efficacy was evaluated using univariate meta-regression.
RESULTS
A total of 35 studies reporting the treatment of 960 patients with encapsulated FMT for eight different indications met the inclusion criteria. Most studies ( = 18, 51%) and patients ( = 755, 79%) were from studies on rCDI. Cure rates after single and multiple courses of treatments with encapsulated FMT in rCDI were 85% (95% CI: 82%-88%) and 93% (95% CI: 88%-96%) respectively. The treatment outcome was not significantly affected by dose, number of delivered capsules, anaerobic/aerobic processing, single/multi-donor treatment, lyophilisation, or any other single factor in the production or delivery of encapsulated FMT. Promising but non-comparable results from the treatment of ulcerative colitis and multidrug-resistant organisms were reported.
CONCLUSIONS
Encapsulated FMT is an effective and safe treatment of rCDI, with cure rates comparable to FMT delivered through other routes. The treatment is effective despite variations in donor screening, preparation and treatment protocol. For other indications, the role of FMT capsules is still not sufficiently examined, although some studies show promising results.
PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY
The bacteria and other microorganisms of the gut is different in patient with various diseases in comparison with healthy subjects.Therefore, ways to change the microorganisms of the gut in a beneficial direction has been the subject of various research projects within recent years.Faecal microbiota transplantation often referred as FMT is a method of transferring microorganisms from healthy donors to patients with various diseases and is seen as one way to change the microbial community of the gut in a beneficial direction.Faecal microbiota transplantation can be performed in different ways such as through endoscopy, enemas or capsules. The transfer through capsules is preferred by the patients and has advantages since it can be administered long-term and can be delivered to the patients in their home. In this paper, we evaluated all accessible research reporting treatment with encapsulated faecal microbiota transplantation in the treatment of various diseases. We report the following major findings:-Treatment with capsules is safe when guidelines for screening donors and testing faecal material is followed.-The treatment is highly effective in the treatment of recurrent infection, a disease with high mortality often caused by repeated antibiotic treatments. The treatment was effective in 596 of 723 patients following one course of capsule treatment.-Faecal microbiota transplantation delivered through capsules is as effective as treatment delivered through other routes in the treatment of infection.-The treatment is effective in the treatment of infection across studies and countries, despite great differences in the ways the capsules were prepared and delivered.-Increasing the amount of faecal material used in the production did not affect the efficacy of the treatment.-There are promising results in the treatment of other diseases such as liver disease, inflammatory bowel disease and the treatment of multi-drug resistant bacteria.
PubMed: 34484424
DOI: 10.1177/17562848211041004 -
PloS One 2021Fungal infections are common on oral mucosae, but their role in other oral sites is ill defined. Over the last few decades, numerous studies have reported the presence... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Fungal infections are common on oral mucosae, but their role in other oral sites is ill defined. Over the last few decades, numerous studies have reported the presence of fungi, particularly Candida species in endodontic infections, albeit in relatively small numbers in comparison to its predominant anaerobic bacteriome. Here, we review the fungal biome of primary and secondary endodontic infections, with particular reference to the prevalence and behavior of Candida species. Meta-analysis of the available data from a total of 39 studies fitting the inclusion criteria, indicate the overall weighted mean prevalence (WMP) of fungal species in endodontic infections to be 9.11% (from a cumulative total of 2003 samples), with 9.0% in primary (n = 1341), and 9.3% in secondary infections (n = 662). Nevertheless, WMP for fungi in primary and secondary infections which were 6.3% and 7.5% for culture-based studies, increased to 12.5% and 16.0% in molecular studies, respectively. The most prevalent fungal species was Candida spp. The high heterogeneity in the reported fungal prevalence suggests the need for standardized sampling, and speciation methods. The advent of the new molecular biological analytical platforms, such as the next generation sequencing (NGS), and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF), that enables identification and quantitation of a broad spectrum of hitherto unknown organisms in endodontic infections should radically alter our understanding of the endodontic mycobiome in the future. Candida spp. appear to be co-pathogens with bacteria in approximately one in ten patients with endodontic infections. Hence, clinicians should comprehend the importance and the role of fungi in endodontic infections and be cognizant of the need to eradicate both bacteria and fungi for successful therapy.
Topics: Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; Candida; Candidiasis; Dental Pulp Diseases; Humans
PubMed: 34293029
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255003 -
BMJ Open Sep 2020The gut microbiota influences many aspects of human health. We investigated the magnitude and duration of changes in gut microbiota in response to antibiotics commonly... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
OBJECTIVE
The gut microbiota influences many aspects of human health. We investigated the magnitude and duration of changes in gut microbiota in response to antibiotics commonly prescribed in UK primary care.
METHODS
We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE and AMED, all years up to May 2020 including all study designs, collecting and analysing data on the effect of antibiotics prescribed for respiratory and urinary tract infections. We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses and Cochrane standard methods. Risk of bias was evaluated using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme. Narrative synthesis was used to report the themes emerging from the data.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Primary outcomes were antibiotic-induced changes in the composition and/or diversity of the gut microbiota. Secondary outcome was the time for the microbiota to return to baseline.
RESULTS
Thirty-one articles with low or unclear risk of bias showed that antibiotics impact the gut microbiota by causing rapid and diminished levels of bacterial diversity and changes in relative abundances. After cessation of treatment, gut bacteria recover, in most individuals, to their baseline state within a few weeks. Some studies suggested longer term effects from 2 to 6 months. Considerable heterogeneity in methodology makes the studies prone to biases and other confounding factors. Doxycycline was associated with a marked short-term decrease in diversity. Clarithromycin decreased the populations of Enterobacteria, and the anaerobic bacteria sp and sp in numbers and diversity for up to 5 weeks. Phenoxymethylpenicillin, nitrofurantoin and amoxicillin had very little effect on the gut microbiome.
CONCLUSIONS
Despite substantial heterogeneity of the studies and small sample sizes, there is evidence that antibiotics commonly used in primary care influence the composition of the gastrointestinal microbiota. Larger population-based studies are needed to fully understand how antibiotics modulate the microbiota, and to determine if these are associated with (longer term) health consequences.
PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER
CRD42017073750.
Topics: Amoxicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Primary Health Care; United Kingdom
PubMed: 32958481
DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-035677 -
Microbiology (Reading, England) Sep 2020The genus , belonging to the phylum is one of the most important genera and comprises thermophilic bacteria. The genus was erected with the taxonomic reclassification...
The genus , belonging to the phylum is one of the most important genera and comprises thermophilic bacteria. The genus was erected with the taxonomic reclassification of various species. Taxonomic studies of remain in progress. However, there is no comprehensive review of the characteristic features, taxonomic status and study of various applications of this interesting genus. The main aim of this review is to give a comprehensive account of the genus . At present the genus acomprises 25 taxa, 14 validly published (with correct name), nine validly published (with synonyms) and two not validly published species. We describe only validly published species of the genera and . Vegetative cells of species are Gram-strain-positive or -variable, rod-shaped, motile, endospore-forming, aerobic or facultatively anaerobic, obligately thermophilic and chemo-organotrophic. Growth occurs in the pH range 6.08.5 and a temperature of 37-75 °C. The major cellular fatty acids are iso-C15:o, iso-C16:0 and iso-C17:o. The main menaquinone type is MK-7. The G-+C content of the DNA ranges between 48.2 and 58 mol%. The genus is widely distributed in nature, being mostly found in many extreme locations such as hot springs, hydrothermal vents, marine trenches, hay composts, etc. species have been widely exploited in various industrial and biotechnological applications, and thus are promising candidates for further studies in the future.
Topics: Bacillaceae; Biodegradation, Environmental; Biofuels; Biological Evolution; Biotechnology; CRISPR-Cas Systems; Extreme Environments; Geobacillus; Industrial Microbiology; Phylogeny; Temperature
PubMed: 32744496
DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000945 -
Medicine Jun 2020Staphylococcus saccharolyticus is a rare cause of human infectious disease. The clinical characteristics and treatment of patients with S saccharolyticus infections...
BACKGROUND
Staphylococcus saccharolyticus is a rare cause of human infectious disease. The clinical characteristics and treatment of patients with S saccharolyticus infections remain largely unknown.
OBJECTIVES
We present the first reported case of empyema due to S saccharolyticus. In addition, a systematic review and pooled analysis of all S saccharolyticus cases were done to summarize the clinical and microbiological characteristics and treatment of this rare pathogen.
METHODS
A case of empyema caused by S saccharolyticus diagnosed in study hospital was reported. This case and those identified from PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science were analyzed.
RESULTS
In total, 8 patients were reviewed. The averages of the white blood cell count, sedimentation rate, and C-reactive protein were 16.8 × 10/L, 72 mm/h, and 176 mg/L, respectively. The average time-to-positivity of the anaerobic cultures was 5 days. The S saccharolyticus was resistant to metronidazole, but susceptible to fluoroquinolones, clindamycin, and vancomycin in all the cases with drug sensitivity tests available for these antibiotics. Two of 7 patients showed resistance to all β-lactams. Both of those patients finally died.
CONCLUSIONS
S saccharolyticus should be added to the list of anaerobic microorganisms that are able to cause empyema. A prolonged anaerobic culture is critical to improve the yield of this possibly underestimated pathogen. The time to positive culture of S saccharolyticus may not help to distinguish true-positive growth from contaminated growth. Acute or subacute courses and systemic evidence of infection may contribute to judge the clinical significance of positive cultures and avoid unnecessary antibiotic treatment. β-Lactam agents plus fluoroquinolones or vancomycin/teicoplanin or clindamycin may be appropriate to achieve full coverage of the β-lactam resistant bacteria.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Ceftazidime; Drug Therapy, Combination; Empyema; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Moxifloxacin; Pleural Effusion; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 32590742
DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000020686 -
Prilozi (Makedonska Akademija Na... Jun 2020One of the most important types of microorganisms in the oral cavity in both healthy and non-healthy individuals is Fusobacterium nucleatum. Although present as a normal...
INTRODUCTION
One of the most important types of microorganisms in the oral cavity in both healthy and non-healthy individuals is Fusobacterium nucleatum. Although present as a normal resident in the oral cavity, this Gram-negative pathogen is dominant in periodontal disease and it is involved in many invasive infections in the population, acute and chronic inflammatory conditions, as well as many adverse events with a fatal outcome.
AIM
To determine the role of F. nucleatum in the development of polymicrobial biofilms thus pathogenic changes in and out of the oral media.
MATERIAL AND METHOD
A systematic review of the literature concerning the determination and role of F. nucleatum through available clinical trials, literature reviews, original research and articles published electronically at Pub Med and Google Scholar.
CONCLUSION
The presence of Fusobacterium nucleatum is commonly associated with the health status of individuals. These anaerobic bacteria plays a key role in oral pathological conditions and has been detected in many systemic disorders causing complex pathogenethic changes probably due to binding ability to various cells thus several virulence mechanisms. Most common diseases and conditions in the oral cavity associated with F.nucleatum are gingivitis (G), chronic periodontitis (CH), aggressive periodontitis (AgP), endo-periodental infections (E-P), chronic apical periodontitis (PCHA). The bacterium has been identified and detected in many systemic disorders such as coronary heart disease (CVD) pathological pregnancy (P); polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), high-risk pregnancy (HRP), colorectal cancer (CRC); pre-eclampsia (PE); rheumatoid arthritis (RA); osteoarthritis (OA).
Topics: Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Biofilms; Chronic Disease; Colorectal Neoplasms; Coronary Disease; Female; Fusobacterium nucleatum; Gingivitis; Humans; Mouth; Osteoarthritis; Periodontal Diseases; Periodontitis; Polycystic Ovary Syndrome; Pre-Eclampsia; Pregnancy; Pregnancy, High-Risk
PubMed: 32573481
DOI: 10.2478/prilozi-2020-0026 -
Journal of Clinical Medicine Mar 2020are anaerobic/aero-tolerant rod Gram-positive bacteria, and numerous studies are associated with primary and secondary endodontic infections. The data in the literature... (Review)
Review
are anaerobic/aero-tolerant rod Gram-positive bacteria, and numerous studies are associated with primary and secondary endodontic infections. The data in the literature on the prevalence of are conflicting, and there are studies that report conflicting data on the prevalence in primary and secondary endodontic infections. This review aims to clarify the prevalence of bacteria of the genus in endodontic lesions. The present systematic review work was performed on the basis of the Prisma protocol. A search was carried out on the PubMed and Scopus databases with the use of keywords. The research produced 410 records, which, after the elimination of the overlaps and the application of the inclusion and exclusion criteria, led to a number of 36 included articles divided by the three outcomes. The first outcome concerns prevalence of bacteria of the genus in primary and secondary endodontic lesions. The secondary outcome, differences in the prevalence of bacteria of the genus Propionibacterium between primary endodontic infections and secondary endodontic infections. The tertiary outcome, differences in the prevalence of compared to in endodontic infections. The results of the meta-analysis show that the genus bacteria are more prevalent in secondary endodontic infections and that has a higher prevalence than .
PubMed: 32182900
DOI: 10.3390/jcm9030739 -
Journal of Clinical Medicine Feb 2020are anaerobic, rod-shaped, Gram-positive bacteria. They are associated with persistent extraradicular endodontic infections, with possible involvement of the soft... (Review)
Review
are anaerobic, rod-shaped, Gram-positive bacteria. They are associated with persistent extraradicular endodontic infections, with possible involvement of the soft tissues of the maxillofacial district. Many studies reported conflicting data on the presence of bacteria of the genus in endodontic infections. The aim of this systematic review of the literature was to determine the real prevalence of such bacteria in primary and/or secondary endodontic infections and in cases of persistence with extraradicular involvement. This systematic review was performed according to the PRISMA protocol. A search was carried out through the Scopus and PubMed databases of potentially eligible articles through the use of appropriate keywords. The literature research resulted in preliminary 2240 records which, after the elimination of overlaps and the application of inclusion and exclusion criteria, led to the inclusion of 46 articles focusing on three outcomes (primary outcome: number of teeth with the presence of a persistent extraradicular infection in which the presence of was ascertained; secondary outcome: number of teeth with endodontic infection in which the presence of was assessed; tertiary outcome: difference in the prevalence of bacteria of the genus between primary endodontic infections and secondary endodontic infections). Results of the meta-analysis show how bacteria of the genus are present in primary and secondary intraradicular infections and in those with persistence with a prevalence (ratio between teeth with and teeth with infection) ranging from 0.091 up to 0.130 depending on the subgroups analyzed.
PubMed: 32046071
DOI: 10.3390/jcm9020457