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Journal of Agricultural and Food... Nov 2018Anthocyanins (ACNs) are promising health-enhancing phenolic compounds. We focus on ACN animal tissue bioavailability to provide an evidentiary link between tissue ACNs... (Review)
Review
Anthocyanins (ACNs) are promising health-enhancing phenolic compounds. We focus on ACN animal tissue bioavailability to provide an evidentiary link between tissue ACNs and their associated health properties. We performed a systematic review of electronic libraries; 279 results were retrieved, and 13 publications met inclusion criteria. Extracted information included animal model employed, administration route, doses, analysis method, and ACN concentration values in tissues. Total ACN concentrations were detected in mice kidney (2.17 × 10 pmol/g), liver (1.73 × 10 pmol/g), heart (3.6 × 10 pmol/g), and lung (1.16 × 10 pmol/g); and in pig brain (6.08 × 10 pmol/g). ACNs showed a predominance of parent ACNs in long-term experiments versus an ACN metabolite predominance in short-term experiments. ACNs detected in animal tissues, such as cyanidin-3-glucoside, suggest it may have an important role in human health. This information could be useful to determine proper ACN-intake biomarkers in biological samples in futures studies.
Topics: Animal Structures; Animals; Anthocyanins; Biological Availability; Humans; Plant Extracts; Swine
PubMed: 30345762
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b04014 -
The American Journal of Clinical... Jul 2018Type 2 diabetes is characterized by impaired glucose metabolism. Bioactive compounds in fruits and vegetables such as polyphenols have been suggested to influence... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Type 2 diabetes is characterized by impaired glucose metabolism. Bioactive compounds in fruits and vegetables such as polyphenols have been suggested to influence glucose metabolism.
OBJECTIVE
The aim of the current study was to systematically review the literature and conduct dose-response meta-analyses to summarize evidence of polyphenol exposure in association with incident type 2 diabetes.
DESIGN
Prospective epidemiologic studies published before January 2018 were searched through 2 databases. Log-transformed multivariable adjusted hazard and odds ratios were combined in a random-effects model. Meta-analyses comparing extreme quantiles of polyphenol exposure were further explored with the use of linear and nonlinear dose-response meta-analyses.
RESULTS
Eighteen studies investigated the association between polyphenols (51 different compounds in total) and type 2 diabetes. A comparison of extreme quantiles revealed inverse associations for intakes of polyphenols (HR: 0.56; 95% CI: 0.34, 0.93), flavonoids (HR: 0.88; 95% CI: 0.81, 0.96), flavonols (HR: 0.92; 95% CI: 0.85, 0.98), flavan-3-ols (HR: 0.89; 95% CI: 0.81, 0.99), catechins (HR: 0.86; 95% CI: 0.75, 0.97), anthocyanidins (HR: 0.86; 95% CI: 0.81, 0.91), isoflavones (HR: 0.92; 0.86, 0.97), daidzein (HR: 0.89; 95% CI: 0.83, 0.95), genistein (HR: 0.92; 95% CI: 0.86, 0.99), and stilbenes (HR: 0.44; 95% CI: 0.26, 0.72), and biomarkers of daidzein (HR: 0.81; 95% CI: 0.66, 0.99) and genistein (HR: 0.79; 95% CI: 0.62, 0.99). In the dose-response meta-analysis, nonlinear associations were observed for intakes of polyphenols, flavonoids, flavanones, anthocyanidins, anthocyanins, and biomarkers of genistein. A linear dose-response association was observed for phenolic acids.
CONCLUSIONS
This study adds to the evidence showing that diets rich in polyphenols, and particularly flavonoids, play a role in the prevention of type 2 diabetes. For most associations evidence for nonlinearity was found, suggesting a recommendable amount of intake associated with the lowest risk of type 2 diabetes. Therefore, future studies are warranted in which nonlinear associations are further explored.
Topics: Cohort Studies; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diet; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Food Analysis; Humans; Polyphenols
PubMed: 29931039
DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqy083 -
Cholesterol 2018To assess combined data from seventeen randomized controlled trials studying effect of anthocyanin consumption on levels of various lipids and inflammatory markers with... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE
To assess combined data from seventeen randomized controlled trials studying effect of anthocyanin consumption on levels of various lipids and inflammatory markers with meta-analysis approach.
METHODS
Various databases, namely, PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Trial Register were used to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating an association between anthocyanins and lipid profile and inflammatory markers. Heterogeneity was assessed using and statistics and data was expressed using mean difference with 95% confidence interval.
RESULTS
Statistically significant reduction in triglyceride [mean difference (MD) = -9.16, 95% CI: -14.02 to -4.31 mg/dL, = 33.54%, = 0.149], low density lipoprotein [MD = -8.86, 95% CI: -11.17 to -20.02 mg/dL, = 37.75%, = 0.098], and apolipoprotein B [MD = -7.13, 95% CI: -8.66 to -5.59 mg/dL, = 20.42%, = 0.287] levels and increase in high-density lipoprotein [MD = 1.67, 95% CI: 0.8 to 2.54 mg/dL, = 44.88%, = 0.053] and apolipoprotein A-1 [MD = 6.1, 95% CI: 4.51 to 7.69 mg/dL, = 6.95%, = 0.358] levels were observed with anthocyanin supplementation. Levels of inflammatory markers were found to reduce [TNF-∞ - MD = -1.98, 95% CI: -2.40 to -1.55 pg/mL, = 0%, = 0.975; IL-6 - MD = 1.17, 95% CI: 0.8 to 1.53 pg/mL, = 0%, = 0.825; hs-CRP - MD = 0.164, 95% CI: -0.06 to 0.39 mg/dL, = 0%, = 0.569]. Though the effect on TC, IL-6, and hs-CRP was positive, it was nonsignificant in nature.
CONCLUSION
Anthocyanin supplementation significantly improves lipid profile and inflammatory status. However, future trials with sufficient sample size are recommended to substantiate the findings especially for the parameters showing nonsignificant improvement.
PubMed: 29850238
DOI: 10.1155/2018/8450793 -
Advances in Nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) Sep 2017Numerous clinical trials have examined the role of anthocyanins on cardiometabolic health, but their effects have not been quantitatively synthesized and systematically... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Numerous clinical trials have examined the role of anthocyanins on cardiometabolic health, but their effects have not been quantitatively synthesized and systematically evaluated. The aim of our study was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the effects of anthocyanins on glycemic regulation and lipid profiles in both healthy populations and those with cardiometabolic diseases. The MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane database, OVID EBM Reviews, and clinicaltrials.gov databases were searched until February 2017. RCTs with a duration of ≥2 wk that evaluated the effects of anthocyanins on glycemic control, insulin sensitivity, and lipids as either primary or secondary outcomes were included. The Cochrane Risk of Bias tool was used to assess the study quality. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) were determined by random-effects models. Meta-regression, sensitivity, and subgroup analyses were performed to explore the influence of covariates on the overall effects. Thirty-two RCTs (1491 participants) were eligible for meta-analysis. Anthocyanins significantly reduced fasting glucose (SMD: -0.31; 95% CI: -0.59, -0.04; = 80.7%), 2-h postprandial glucose (SMD: -0.82; 95% CI: -1.49, -0.15; = 77.7), glycated hemoglobin (SMD: -0.65; 95% CI: -1.00, -0.29; = 72.7%), total cholesterol (SMD: -0.33; 95% CI: -0.62, -0.03; = 86.9%), and LDL (SMD: -0.35; 95% CI: -0.66, -0.05; = 85.2%). Sensitivity analyses showed that the overall effects remained similar by excluding the trials with a high or unclear risk of bias. The significant improvements in glycemic control and lipids support the benefits of anthocyanins in the prevention and management of cardiometabolic disease. Further well-designed RCTs are needed to evaluate the long-term effects of anthocyanins on metabolic profiles and to explore the optimal formula and dosage. The protocol for this review was registered at https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/#index.php as CRD42016033210.
Topics: Anthocyanins; Blood Glucose; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol; Humans; Insulin Resistance; Metabolic Syndrome; Postprandial Period; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Sensitivity and Specificity; Triglycerides
PubMed: 28916569
DOI: 10.3945/an.116.014852 -
Nutrients Aug 2017Anthocyanins are of interest due to their anti-oxidative and vasodilatory properties. Earlier reviews have shown that berries and other anthocyanin rich foods or... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Anthocyanins are of interest due to their anti-oxidative and vasodilatory properties. Earlier reviews have shown that berries and other anthocyanin rich foods or extracts can improve vascular health, however the effect of anthocyanins on vascular function has not yet been reviewed. To address this gap in the literature, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised-controlled trials examining anthocyanin-rich foods or extracts on measures of vascular reactivity and/or stiffness in adults. Data from 24 studies were pooled as standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Anthocyanin consumption significantly improved flow-mediated dilation (FMD) following acute (SMD: 3.92%, 95% CI: 1.47, 6.38, = 0.002; I² = 91.8%) and chronic supplementation (SMD: 0.84%, 95% CI: 0.55, 1.12, = 0.000; ² = 62.5%). Pulse wave velocity was improved following acute supplementation only (SMD: -1.27 m/s, 95% CI: -1.96, -0.58, = 0.000; ² = 17.8%). These results support the findings of previous reviews that anthocyanin rich foods or extracts may indeed improve vascular health, particularly with respect to vascular reactivity measured by FMD. More research is required to determine the optimal dosage, and the long-term effects of consumption.
Topics: Adult; Anthocyanins; Diet; Endothelium, Vascular; Humans; Plant Extracts; Pulse Wave Analysis; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
PubMed: 28825651
DOI: 10.3390/nu9080908 -
Nutricion Hospitalaria Mar 2017Introduction: The influence of antioxidants on ocular processes has taken on a significant importance in recent years for its effects on visual health. Oxidative stress... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Introduction: The influence of antioxidants on ocular processes has taken on a significant importance in recent years for its effects on visual health. Oxidative stress is a factor involved in the development of major pathologies such as cataracts, glaucoma and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Objective: To establish the scientific evidence that exists about the different types of antioxidants and their effects on ocular pathological processes through a systematic review. Methods: Literature search in MEDLINE, Scielo and Cochrane for studies evaluating the use of antioxidants in the prevention and/or treatment of eye diseases. Selected randomized controlled clinical trials over the past 7 years were selected. Results: The relationship between different types of antioxidants, vitamin E, C, beta carotene, zinc, lutein, anthocyanins and carotenoids, suggests a positive relationship with the risk and progression of AMD and glaucoma parameters, indicating a lower risk of the disease due to an increased consumption of antioxidants in the diet. Initial reports suggest a potential role for diet modification in the treatment of age-related macular degeneration and glaucoma primarily, not evidencing for the prevention of cataract. Conclusions: Promoting adequate consumption of antioxidants in the diet can prevent and protect against highly prevalent eye diseases. The antioxidants of the group of vitamins are the most studied so far in the ocular pathologies. More clinical trials are needed to establish these relationships more precisely.
Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Diet; Eye Diseases; Humans; Vision Disorders
PubMed: 28421807
DOI: 10.20960/nh.420 -
Journal of Translational Medicine Nov 2016Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are an important cause of death worldwide. Anthocyanins are a subgroup of flavonoids found in berries, flowers, fruits and leaves. In... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are an important cause of death worldwide. Anthocyanins are a subgroup of flavonoids found in berries, flowers, fruits and leaves. In epidemiological and clinical studies, these polyphenols have been associated with improved cardiovascular risk profiles as well as decreased comorbidities. Human intervention studies using berries, vegetables, parts of plants and cereals (either fresh or as juice) or purified anthocyanin-rich extracts have demonstrated significant improvements in low density lipoproteins oxidation, lipid peroxidation, total plasma antioxidant capacity, and dyslipidemia as well as reduced levels of CVD molecular biomarkers. This review discusses the use of anthocyanins in animal models and their applications in human medicine, as dietary supplements or as new potent drugs against cardiovascular disease.
Topics: Animals; Anthocyanins; Antioxidants; Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cardiovascular System; Disease Models, Animal; Humans
PubMed: 27846846
DOI: 10.1186/s12967-016-1076-5 -
PloS One 2016Dyslipidemia was present in most of the patients with coronary heart disease. Epidemiological evidence suggests that anthocyanin has some effects on the serum lipid.... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Dyslipidemia was present in most of the patients with coronary heart disease. Epidemiological evidence suggests that anthocyanin has some effects on the serum lipid. However, these results are controversial. This study aimed at collecting current clinical evidence and evaluating the effects of anthocyanin supplementation on total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in dialysis patients.
METHODS
The search included PubMed, Web of Science, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang Database (up to July 2015) to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on the association between anthocyanin and serum lipids. RevMan (version 5.2) was used for Meta-analysis. Meta-regression analysis, sensitivity analysis and Egger's weighted regression tests were performed by using STATA software (version 12.0; StatCorp, College Station, TX, USA).
RESULTS
Six studies (seven arms) involving 586 subjects were included in this meta-analysis. The results showed that anthocyanin supplementation has significant effects on TC [MD = -24.06, 95% CI(-45.58 to -2.64) mg/dL, I2 = 93%], TG [MD = -26.14, 95%CI(-40.20 to -3.08) mg/dL, I2 = 66%1], LDL-C [MD = -22.10, 95% CI (-34.36 to -9.85) mg/dL, I2 = 61%], and HDL-C(MD = 5.58, 95% CI (1.02 to 10.14) mg/dL;I2 = 90%).
CONCLUSION
Anthocyanin supplementation significantly reduces serum TC, TG, and LDL-C levels in patients with dyslipidemia, and increases HDL-C. Further rigorously designed RCTs with larger sample sizes are needed to confirm the effectiveness of anthocyanin supplementation for dyslipidemia, especially hypo high density lipoprotein cholesterolemia.
Topics: Anthocyanins; Dietary Supplements; Dyslipidemias; Humans; Lipids; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 27589062
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162089 -
Nutrients Jan 2016Anthocyanins are dietary flavonoids commonly consumed in the diet, which have been suggested to have a preventative effect on cardiovascular disease (CVD) development... (Review)
Review
Anthocyanins are dietary flavonoids commonly consumed in the diet, which have been suggested to have a preventative effect on cardiovascular disease (CVD) development among epidemiological studies. We systematically reviewed randomized controlled trials (RCTs) testing the effects of purified anthocyanins and anthocyanin-rich extracts on markers of CVD (triglycerides, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and blood pressure) in both healthy and diseased populations. Eligible studies included RCTs of adults published in English. We searched PubMed, Web of Science Core Collection, and BIOSIS Previews for relevant articles from inception until 1 July 2014. Twelve RCTs representing 10 studies were included in this review. Supplementation with anthocyanins significantly improved LDL cholesterol among diseased individuals or those with elevated biomarkers. Supplementation did not significantly affect other markers of CVD in either healthy individuals or those with elevated markers. No adverse effects of anthocyanins were reported across studies at levels up to 640 mg/day. Limitations of trials in the qualitative analyses include short trial duration and large variability in the dose administered within the trials. Longer-duration trials assessing dose response are needed to adequately determine whether an effect of supplementation exists.
Topics: Adult; Anthocyanins; Biomarkers; Blood Pressure; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cholesterol; Dietary Supplements; Female; Humans; Lipoproteins, HDL; Lipoproteins, LDL; Male; Middle Aged; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Risk Factors; Triglycerides
PubMed: 26761031
DOI: 10.3390/nu8010032 -
The British Journal of Nutrition Sep 2014Demand for organic foods is partially driven by consumers' perceptions that they are more nutritious. However, scientific opinion is divided on whether there are... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Higher antioxidant and lower cadmium concentrations and lower incidence of pesticide residues in organically grown crops: a systematic literature review and meta-analyses.
Demand for organic foods is partially driven by consumers' perceptions that they are more nutritious. However, scientific opinion is divided on whether there are significant nutritional differences between organic and non-organic foods, and two recent reviews have concluded that there are no differences. In the present study, we carried out meta-analyses based on 343 peer-reviewed publications that indicate statistically significant and meaningful differences in composition between organic and non-organic crops/crop-based foods. Most importantly, the concentrations of a range of antioxidants such as polyphenolics were found to be substantially higher in organic crops/crop-based foods, with those of phenolic acids, flavanones, stilbenes, flavones, flavonols and anthocyanins being an estimated 19 (95 % CI 5, 33) %, 69 (95 % CI 13, 125) %, 28 (95 % CI 12, 44) %, 26 (95 % CI 3, 48) %, 50 (95 % CI 28, 72) % and 51 (95 % CI 17, 86) % higher, respectively. Many of these compounds have previously been linked to a reduced risk of chronic diseases, including CVD and neurodegenerative diseases and certain cancers, in dietary intervention and epidemiological studies. Additionally, the frequency of occurrence of pesticide residues was found to be four times higher in conventional crops, which also contained significantly higher concentrations of the toxic metal Cd. Significant differences were also detected for some other (e.g. minerals and vitamins) compounds. There is evidence that higher antioxidant concentrations and lower Cd concentrations are linked to specific agronomic practices (e.g. non-use of mineral N and P fertilisers, respectively) prescribed in organic farming systems. In conclusion, organic crops, on average, have higher concentrations of antioxidants, lower concentrations of Cd and a lower incidence of pesticide residues than the non-organic comparators across regions and production seasons.
Topics: Antioxidants; Cadmium; Crops, Agricultural; Flavonoids; Food, Organic; Humans; Hydroxybenzoates; Nutritive Value; Organic Agriculture; Pesticide Residues; Polyphenols
PubMed: 24968103
DOI: 10.1017/S0007114514001366