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Critical Reviews in Food Science and... 2021Short chain fatty acids (SCFA) are produced by bacterial fermentation of non-digestible carbohydrates (NDC) and have many potential tissue and SCFA specific actions,...
Short chain fatty acids (SCFA) are produced by bacterial fermentation of non-digestible carbohydrates (NDC) and have many potential tissue and SCFA specific actions, from providing fuel for colonic cells to appetite regulation. Many studies have described the fermentation of different carbohydrates, often using in vitro batch culture. As evidence-based critical evaluation of substrates selectively promoting production of individual SCFA is lacking, we performed a systematic scoping literature review. Databases were searched to identify relevant papers published between 1900 and 12/06/2016. Search terms included In vitro and In vitro Articles were considered for essential criteria allowing equivalent comparison of SCFA between NDC. Seventy seven articles were included in the final analysis examining 29 different carbohydrates. After 24-hour fermentation, galacto-oligosaccharide ranked highest for butyrate and total SCFA production and second for acetate production. Rhamnose ranked highest for propionate production. The lowest SCFA production was observed for kiwi fiber, polydextrose, and cellulose. This review demonstrates that choosing a substrate to selectively enhance a specific SCFA is difficult, and the molar proportion of each SCFA produced by individual substrates may be misleading. Instead the rate and ratio of SCFA production should be evaluated in parallel.
Topics: Butyrates; Carbohydrate Metabolism; Carbohydrates; Dietary Fiber; Fatty Acids, Volatile; Feces; Fermentation; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans
PubMed: 32865002
DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1809991 -
Nutrients Aug 2020Evidence synthesizing the effects of acute body water losses on various markers of glycemic regulation, appetite, metabolism, and stress is lacking. Thus, the purpose of... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Evidence synthesizing the effects of acute body water losses on various markers of glycemic regulation, appetite, metabolism, and stress is lacking. Thus, the purpose of this review was to summarize the response of various hormonal changes involved in these physiologic functions to dehydration. A comprehensive literature search for peer-reviewed research in the databases PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, and SportDiscus was conducted. Studies were included if they contained samples of adults (>18 years) and experimentally induced dehydration as measured by acute body mass loss. Twenty-one articles were eligible for inclusion. Findings suggested cortisol is significantly elevated with hypohydration (standard mean difference [SMD] = 1.12, 95% CI [0.583, 1.67], < 0.0001). Testosterone was significantly lower in studies where hypohydration was accompanied by caloric restriction (SMD= -1.04, 95% CI [-1.93, -0.14], = 0.02), however, there were no changes in testosterone in studies examining hypohydration alone (SMD = -0.17, 95% CI [-0.51 0.16], = 0.30). Insulin and ghrelin were unaffected by acute total body water losses. Acute hypohydration increases markers of catabolism but has a negligible effect on markers of glycemic regulation, appetite, anabolism and stress. Given the brevity of existing research, further research is needed to determine the impact of hydration on glucagon, leptin, peptide YY and the subsequent outcomes relevant to both health and performance.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Appetite; Blood Glucose; Caloric Restriction; Dehydration; Female; Ghrelin; Humans; Hydrocortisone; Leptin; Male; Peptide YY; Stress, Physiological; Testosterone; Young Adult; alpha-Amylases
PubMed: 32825404
DOI: 10.3390/nu12092526 -
Journal of Diabetes and Metabolic... Jun 2020Previous studies have shown thylakoids, the membrane proteins which are extracted from green leaves like spinach, can induce satiety through homeostatic and... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Previous studies have shown thylakoids, the membrane proteins which are extracted from green leaves like spinach, can induce satiety through homeostatic and non-homeostatic pathways. In this study, we reviewed the current human literature on thylakoids' characteristics and their relationship to satiety regulation and weight loss.
METHODS
A systematic search of literature published between January 1990 and May 2019 was conducted on the electronic databases; including WEB OF SCIENCE, Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, Scopus, and EMBASE databases. We included all clinical trials that addressed the effects of thylakoids or chloroplast intake on satiety and weight loss.
RESULTS
After excluding non-human studies, non-RCTs, duplications, studies with irrelevant data and interventions, eight studies were included in the qualitative synthesis. All studies supported this hypothesis that thylakoids reduce the feeling of hunger by increasing postprandial cholecystokinin and leptin and decreasing serum ghrelin, but the consequences of thylakoid intake on anthropometric characteristics were controversial.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, our results may approve this postulation that receiving a thylakoid-enriched meal can decrease appetite and probably food intake in short term; however, more studies are needed to explore the effects of long term supplementation with thylakoids on weight loss in human subjects.
PubMed: 32550209
DOI: 10.1007/s40200-019-00443-w -
Obesity Science & Practice Dec 2019Pharmacological interventions to aid weight loss have historically targeted either appetite suppression or increased metabolic rate. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) possesses... (Review)
Review
Pharmacological interventions to aid weight loss have historically targeted either appetite suppression or increased metabolic rate. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) possesses the capacity to expend energy in a futile cycle, thus increasing basal metabolic rate. In animal models, oestrogen has been implicated in the regulation of body weight, and it is hypothesized that oestrogen is acting by modulating BAT metabolism. A systematic search was performed, to identify research articles implementing in vivo oestrogen-related interventions and reporting outcome measures that provide direct or indirect measures of BAT metabolism. Meta-analyses were conducted where sufficient data were available. The final library of 67 articles were predominantly in rodent models and provided mostly indirect measures of BAT metabolism. Results of this review found that oestrogen's effects on body weight, in rats and possibly mice, are likely facilitated by both metabolic and appetitive mechanisms but are largely only found in ovariectomized models. There is a need for further studies to clarify the potential effects of oestrogen on BAT metabolism in gonad-intact and castrated male animal models.
PubMed: 31890250
DOI: 10.1002/osp4.368 -
Nutrients Sep 2019The prevalence of obesity is increasing worldwide. Bioactive phytochemicals in food supplements are a trending approach to facilitate dieting and to improve patients'...
The prevalence of obesity is increasing worldwide. Bioactive phytochemicals in food supplements are a trending approach to facilitate dieting and to improve patients' adherence to reducing food and caloric intake. The aim of this systematic review was to assess efficacy and safety of the most commonly used bioactive phytochemicals with appetite/hunger-suppressing and/or satiety/fullness-increasing properties. To be eligible, studies needed to have included at least 10 patients per group aged 18 years or older with no serious health problems except for overweight or obesity. Of those studies, 32 met the inclusion criteria, in which 27 different plants were tested alone or as a combination, regarding their efficacy in suppressing appetite/hunger and/or increasing satiety/fullness. The plant extracts most tested were derived from (green tea), , and species. None of the plant extracts tested in several trials showed a consistent positive treatment effect. Furthermore, only a few adverse events were reported, but none serious. The findings revealed mostly inconclusive evidence that the tested bioactive phytochemicals are effective in suppressing appetite/hunger and/or increasing satiety/fullness. More systematic and high quality clinical studies are necessary to determine the benefits and safety of phytochemical complementary remedies for dampening the feeling of hunger during dieting.
Topics: Appetite Depressants; Appetite Regulation; Feeding Behavior; Female; Humans; Male; Obesity; Phytochemicals; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Satiety Response; Treatment Outcome; Weight Loss
PubMed: 31533291
DOI: 10.3390/nu11092238 -
Nutrients Aug 2019Breast milk is characterized by a dynamic and complex composition which includes hormones and other bioactive components that could influence infant growth, development,...
Breast milk is characterized by a dynamic and complex composition which includes hormones and other bioactive components that could influence infant growth, development, and optimize health. Among the several beneficial effects associated with prolonged breastfeeding, a 13% decrease in the risk of overweight and obesity has been reported. Recent research has focused on breast milk hormones contributing to the appetite and energy balance regulation and adiposity. Accordingly, we conducted a literature systematic review with the aim to provide an update on the effect of leptin, ghrelin, Insulin Growth Factor 1, adiponectin, and insulin on infants' and children's growth and body composition. The revised literature reveals contrasting findings concerning the potential role of all these hormones on modeling growth and fat mass apposition and health outcomes later in life. Further studies are needed to gain further insight into the specific role of these bioactive components in metabolic pathways related to body composition. This could help gain a further insight on infants' growth, both in physiological and pathological settings.
Topics: Child Development; Female; Hormones; Humans; Infant; Milk, Human
PubMed: 31395844
DOI: 10.3390/nu11081845 -
Clinical Gastroenterology and... Jan 2020Gastric emptying (GE) is involved in the regulation of appetite. We compared times of GE after different bariatric endoscopic and surgical interventions and associations... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND & AIMS
Gastric emptying (GE) is involved in the regulation of appetite. We compared times of GE after different bariatric endoscopic and surgical interventions and associations with weight loss.
METHODS
We performed a comprehensive search of publication databases, through September 14, 2018, for randomized and nonrandomized studies reporting outcomes of weight-loss surgeries. Two independent reviewers selected and appraised studies. The outcome of interest was GE T (min), measured before and after the procedure. A random-effects model was used to pool the mean change in T (min) after the intervention. We performed a meta-regression analysis to find associations between GE and weight loss. Heterogeneity was calculated using the I statistic. Methodologic quality was assessed.
RESULTS
From 762 citations, the following studies were included in our analysis: 9 sleeve gastrectomies, 5 intragastric balloons, and 5 antral botulinum toxins. After sleeve gastrectomy, the pooled mean reduction in GE T at 3 months was 29.2 minutes (95% CI, 40.9-17.5 min; I = 91%). Fluid-filled balloons increased GE T by 116 minutes (95% CI, 29.4-203.4 min; I = 58.6%). Air-filled balloons did not produce a statistically significant difference in GE T. Antral botulinum injections increased GE T by 9.6 minutes (95% CI, 2.8-16.4 min; I = 13.3%). Placebo interventions reduced GE T by 6.3 minutes (95% CI, 10-2.6 min). Changes in GE were associated with weight loss after sleeve gastrectomy and intragastric balloons, but not botulinum toxin injections.
CONCLUSIONS
In a systematic review and meta-analysis, we found that sleeve gastrectomy reduced GE T whereas fluid-filled balloons significantly increased GE T. Air-filled balloons do not significantly change the time of GE, which could account for their low efficacy. Antral botulinum toxin injections produced small temporary increases in GE time, which were not associated with weight loss. Changes in GE time after surgical and endoscopic bariatric interventions correlated with weight loss and might be used to select interventions, based on patients' physiology.
Topics: Bariatric Surgery; Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal; Gastric Emptying; Humans; Obesity, Morbid; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Treatment Outcome; Weight Loss
PubMed: 30954712
DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2019.03.047 -
Obesity Reviews : An Official Journal... Jul 2019This review aims to investigate whether interventions that enhance satiety and/or reduce hunger lead to beneficial effects on body weight management in the context of... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Is reducing appetite beneficial for body weight management in the context of overweight and obesity? A systematic review and meta-analysis from clinical trials assessing body weight management after exposure to satiety enhancing and/or hunger reducing products.
This review aims to investigate whether interventions that enhance satiety and/or reduce hunger lead to beneficial effects on body weight management in the context of overweight and obesity. A comprehensive review protocol was prepared before conducting a systematic search in PubMed identifying 517 papers with 12 meeting the inclusion criteria. A thorough risk of bias assessment was performed based on the Cochrane collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias. Based on a meta-analysis, the average of 75 subjects exposed to satiety enhancing and/or hunger reducing foods during more than 8 weeks coincidently reduced their body weight by 3.60 (1.05; 6.15) kg (mean (95% confidence interval)) more compared with controls. Two studies analysed whether individual reductions in appetite were associated with body weight. Decreased ad libitum energy intake after exposure to the satiety enhancing and/or hunger reducing interventions explained 58% (P < 0.001) and 23% (P < 0.001) of the variations in the subsequent weight losses over 12 and 8 weeks, respectively. Robust acute effects on appetite were found equally likely to be linked to improved body weight management as sustained effects. Satiety enhancing and/or hunger reducing interventions are supported to improve body weight management, but studies specifically designed to demonstrate a causal link remain needed.
Topics: Appetite; Appetite Regulation; Energy Intake; Humans; Obesity; Overweight; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Satiation; Satiety Response; Weight Reduction Programs
PubMed: 30945414
DOI: 10.1111/obr.12854 -
Foods (Basel, Switzerland) Jan 2019Consumption of soluble dietary fibre is recommended as part of a healthy diet. Evidence has shown that soluble dietary fibre slows gastric emptying, increases perceived... (Review)
Review
Unravelling the Effects of Soluble Dietary Fibre Supplementation on Energy Intake and Perceived Satiety in Healthy Adults: Evidence from Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomised-Controlled Trials.
Consumption of soluble dietary fibre is recommended as part of a healthy diet. Evidence has shown that soluble dietary fibre slows gastric emptying, increases perceived satiety and plays a significant role in appetite regulation. This systematic review examined the effects of soluble dietary fibre using randomised-controlled trials (RCTs). Three different electronic databases were used, namely PubMed, Scopus and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL). Effect size (Cohen's ) was calculated based on the intergroup mean difference and standard deviation () followed by Cochran's Q and ² determination. The effect size was statistically pooled in the meta-analyses and presented as a forest plot. The risk of bias was high for each study as assessed using the Jadad scale. Meta-analysis of statistically pooled data for guar gum showed a sizeable effect on post-meal energy intake, followed by β-glucan, alginate, polydextrose and pectin, with pooled effect sizes of -0.90, -0.44, -0.42, -0.36 and -0.26, respectively. Guar gum (5 g) effectively reduced energy intake when prepared in milk beverages compared with control milk ( < 0.001). Alginate, when prepared in liquid (5 g) or solid (9 g) meals, effectively reduced energy intake compared with control ( < 0.001). A high dose of polydextrose (25 g) prepared in liquid meal form significantly reduced energy intake ( = 0.01). This study suggests that soluble fibres are not all created equal. Further interventional studies are needed to determine whether combinations of these soluble fibres might have greater effects than individual fibres per se.
PubMed: 30621363
DOI: 10.3390/foods8010015 -
Nutrients Apr 2018The diagnostic construct of "food addiction" is a highly controversial subject. The current systematic review is the first to evaluate empirical studies examining the... (Review)
Review
The diagnostic construct of "food addiction" is a highly controversial subject. The current systematic review is the first to evaluate empirical studies examining the construct of "food addiction" in humans and animals. Studies were included if they were quantitative, peer-reviewed, and in the English language. The 52 identified studies (35 articles) were qualitatively assessed to determine the extent to which their findings indicated the following addiction characteristics in relation to food: brain reward dysfunction, preoccupation, risky use, impaired control, tolerance/withdrawal, social impairment, chronicity, and relapse. Each pre-defined criterion was supported by at least one study. Brain reward dysfunction and impaired control were supported by the largest number of studies ( = 21 and = 12, respectively); whereas risky use was supported by the fewest ( = 1). Overall, findings support food addiction as a unique construct consistent with criteria for other substance use disorder diagnoses. The evidence further suggests that certain foods, particularly processed foods with added sweeteners and fats, demonstrate the greatest addictive potential. Though both behavioral and substance-related factors are implicated in the addictive process, symptoms appear to better fit criteria for substance use disorder than behavioral addiction. Future research should explore social/role impairment, preoccupation, and risky use associated with food addiction and evaluate potential interventions for prevention and treatment.
Topics: Animals; Appetite Regulation; Behavior, Animal; Brain; Cost of Illness; Eating; Feeding Behavior; Food Addiction; Humans; Models, Animal; Neural Conduction; Risk Factors; Risk-Taking; Social Behavior; Synaptic Transmission
PubMed: 29649120
DOI: 10.3390/nu10040477