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International Journal of Molecular... Mar 2024Bladder cancer (BCa) research relying on Omics approaches has increased over the last few decades, improving the understanding of BCa pathology and contributing to a... (Review)
Review
Bladder cancer (BCa) research relying on Omics approaches has increased over the last few decades, improving the understanding of BCa pathology and contributing to a better molecular classification of BCa subtypes. To gain further insight into the molecular profile underlying the development of BCa, a systematic literature search was performed in PubMed until November 2023, following the PRISMA guidelines. This search enabled the identification of 25 experimental studies using mass spectrometry or nuclear magnetic resonance-based approaches to characterize the metabolite signature associated with BCa. A total of 1562 metabolites were identified to be altered by BCa in different types of samples. Urine samples displayed a higher likelihood of containing metabolites that are also present in bladder tumor tissue and cell line cultures. The data from these comparisons suggest that increased concentrations of L-isoleucine, L-carnitine, oleamide, palmitamide, arachidonic acid and glycoursodeoxycholic acid and decreased content of deoxycytidine, 5-aminolevulinic acid and pantothenic acid should be considered components of a BCa metabolome signature. Overall, molecular profiling of biological samples by metabolomics is a promising approach to identifying potential biomarkers for early diagnosis of different BCa subtypes. However, future studies are needed to understand its biological significance in the context of BCa and to validate its clinical application.
Topics: Humans; Biomarkers, Tumor; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms; Urinary Bladder; Metabolomics; Metabolome
PubMed: 38542319
DOI: 10.3390/ijms25063347 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2024Anaphylaxis manifests as a severe immediate-type hypersensitivity reaction initiated through the immunological activation of target B-cells by allergens, leading to the... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Anaphylaxis manifests as a severe immediate-type hypersensitivity reaction initiated through the immunological activation of target B-cells by allergens, leading to the release of mediators. However, the well-known underlying pathological mechanisms do not fully explain the whole variety of clinical and immunological presentations. We performed a systemic review of proteomic and metabolomic studies and analyzed the extracted data to improve our understanding and identify potential new biomarkers of anaphylaxis.
METHODS
Proteomic and metabolomic studies in both human subjects and experimental models were extracted and selected through a systematic search conducted on databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, up to May 2023.
RESULTS
Of 137 retrieved publications, we considered 12 for further analysis, including seven on proteome analysis and five on metabolome analysis. A meta-analysis of the four human studies identified 118 proteins with varying expression levels in at least two studies. Beside established pathways of mast cells and basophil activation, functional analysis of proteomic data revealed a significant enrichment of biological processes related to neutrophil activation and platelet degranulation and metabolic pathways of arachidonic acid and icosatetraenoic acid. The pathway analysis highlighted also the involvement of neutrophil degranulation, and platelet activation. Metabolome analysis across different models showed 13 common metabolites, including arachidonic acid, tryptophan and lysoPC(18:0) lysophosphatidylcholines.
CONCLUSION
Our review highlights the underestimated role of neutrophils and platelets in the pathological mechanisms of anaphylactic reactions. These findings, derived from a limited number of publications, necessitate confirmation through human studies with larger sample sizes and could contribute to the development of new biomarkers for anaphylaxis.
SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION
https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/, identifier CRD42024506246.
Topics: Humans; Anaphylaxis; Arachidonic Acid; Proteomics; Allergens; Biomarkers
PubMed: 38384462
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1328212 -
Journal of Developmental Origins of... Dec 2023Polyunsaturated fatty acids are critically important for newborn nutrition and in the trajectory of growth and developmental processes throughout early life. This...
Polyunsaturated fatty acids are critically important for newborn nutrition and in the trajectory of growth and developmental processes throughout early life. This systematic review (PROSPERO ID: CRD42023400059) critically analyzes literature pertaining to how omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids in human milk are related to health outcomes in early life. Literature selected for the review were published between 2005 and 2020 and included assessments in healthy term children between 0 and 5 years of age. The studies reported the relation between human milk fatty acids docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6-3, DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5-3, EPA), alpha-linolenic acid (C18:3-3, ALA), arachidonic acid (C20:4-6, AA), and linoleic acid (C18:2-6, LA) with three domains of health outcomes: neurodevelopment, body composition, and allergy, skin & eczema. Results from the 21 studies consistently suggested better health outcomes across the three domains for infants consuming milk with higher concentrations of total -3, DHA, EPA, and ALA. Negative health outcomes across the three domains were associated with higher levels of total -6, AA, and LA in milk. -3 and -6 content of milk were related to neurodevelopmental, body composition, and allergy, skin & eczema outcomes with certainty. Maternal diet impacting milk fatty acid content and fatty acid desaturase genotype modifying physiologic responses to fatty acid intake were prominent gaps identified in the review using the NIH Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-Sectional Studies and GRADE approach. This research study can inform baby nutrition product development, and fatty acid intake recommendations or dietary interventions for mothers and children.
Topics: Infant; Infant, Newborn; Child; Humans; Milk, Human; Cross-Sectional Studies; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Hypersensitivity; Docosahexaenoic Acids; Fatty Acids; Linoleic Acid; Eczema
PubMed: 38254254
DOI: 10.1017/S2040174423000454 -
The British Journal of Nutrition Apr 2024Maternal diet influences breast milk nutritional profile; however, it is unclear which nutrients and contaminants are particularly responsive to short- and long-term... (Review)
Review
Maternal diet influences breast milk nutritional profile; however, it is unclear which nutrients and contaminants are particularly responsive to short- and long-term changes in maternal intake, and the impact of specific exclusion diets, such as vegan or vegetarian. This study systematically reviewed the literature on the effects of maternal nutrient intake, including exclusion diets, on both the nutrient and contaminant content of breast milk. The electronic databases, PubMed, CENTRAL, Web of Science and CINALH were systematically searched until 4 June 2023, with additionally searches of reference lists (PROSPERO, CRD42020221577). The quality of the studies was examined using Cochrane Risk of Bias tool and Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Eighty-eight studies ( 6577) met the search criteria. Due to high heterogeneity, meta-analysis was not possible. There was strong evidence of response to maternal intakes for DHA and EPA, vitamins A, E and K, iodine and Se in breast milk composition, some evidence of response for -linolenic acid, B vitamins, vitamin C and D, ovalbumin, tyrosine and contaminants, and insufficient evidence to identify the effects arachidonic acid, Cu, Fe, Zn and choline. The paucity of evidence and high heterogeneity among studies reflects the need for more high-quality trials. However, this review identified the importance of maternal intake in the nutritional content of breast milk for a wide range of nutrients and supports the recommendation for supplementation of DHA and vitamin B for those on restrictive diets.
Topics: Humans; Female; Milk, Human; Lactation; Vitamins; Diet; Eating
PubMed: 38053371
DOI: 10.1017/S0007114523002775 -
Frontiers in Allergy 2023Epigenetics facilitates insights on the impact of host environment on the genesis of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) through modulations of host gene expression and... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Epigenetics facilitates insights on the impact of host environment on the genesis of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) through modulations of host gene expression and activity. Epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation cause reversible but heritable changes in gene expression over generations of progeny, without altering the DNA base-pair sequences. These studies offer a critical understanding of the environment-induced changes that result in host predisposition to disease and may help in developing novel biomarkers and therapeutics. The goal of this systematic review is to summarize the current evidence on epigenetics of CRS with a focus on chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) and highlight gaps that merit further research.
METHODS
A systematic review of the English language literature was performed to identify investigations related to epigenetic studies in subjects with CRS.
RESULTS
The review identified 65 studies. These have focused on DNA methylation and non-coding RNAs, with only a few on histone deacetylation, alternative polyadenylation, and chromatin accessibility. Studies include those investigating and changes or both. Studies also include animal models of CRS. Almost all have been conducted in Asia. The genome-wide studies of DNA methylation found differences in global methylation between CRSwNP and controls, while others specifically found significant differences in methylation of the CpG sites of the thymic stromal lymphopoietin (), , and . In addition, DNA methyltransferase inhibitors and histone deacetylase inhibitors were studied as potential therapeutic agents. Majority of the studies investigating non-coding RNAs focused on micro-RNAs (miRNA) and found differences in global expression of miRNA levels. These studies also revealed some previously known as well as novel targets and pathways such as tumor necrosis factor alpha, TGF beta-1, IL-10, , aryl hydrocarbon receptor, PI3K/AKT pathway, mucin secretion, and vascular permeability. Overall, the studies have found a dysregulation in pathways/genes involving inflammation, immune regulation, tissue remodeling, structural proteins, mucin secretion, arachidonic acid metabolism, and transcription.
CONCLUSIONS
Epigenetic studies in CRS subjects suggest that there is likely a major impact of the environment. However, these are association studies and do not directly imply pathogenesis. Longitudinal studies in geographically and racially diverse population cohorts are necessary to quantify genetic vs. environmental risks for CRSwNP and CRS without nasal polyps and assess heritability risk, as well as develop novel biomarkers and therapeutic agents.
PubMed: 37284022
DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2023.1165271 -
International Journal of Molecular... May 2023Arachidonic acid (AA) is a polyunsaturated fatty acid that is involved in male fertility. Human seminal fluid contains different prostaglandins: PGE (PGE and PGE), PGF,... (Review)
Review
Arachidonic acid (AA) is a polyunsaturated fatty acid that is involved in male fertility. Human seminal fluid contains different prostaglandins: PGE (PGE and PGE), PGF, and their specific 19-hydroxy derivatives, 18,19-dehydro derivatives of PGE and PGE. The objective of this study is to synthesize the available literature of in vivo animal studies and human clinical trials on the association between the AA pathway and male fertility. PGE is significantly decreased in the semen of infertile men, suggesting the potential for exploitation of PGE agonists to improve male fertility. Indeed, ibuprofen can affect male fertility by promoting alterations in sperm function and standard semen parameters. The results showed that targeting the AA pathways could be an attractive strategy for the treatment of male fertility.
Topics: Animals; Male; Humans; Semen; Arachidonic Acid; Prostaglandins E; Prostaglandins; Fertility
PubMed: 37175913
DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098207 -
The American Journal of Clinical... May 2023Preterm infants are at risk of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA) deficiency. Recent studies on high-dose DHA; n-3 LCPUFA in preterm infants suggested... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Preterm infants are at risk of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA) deficiency. Recent studies on high-dose DHA; n-3 LCPUFA in preterm infants suggested potential positive effects on cognitive outcomes but raised concerns about some increased neonatal morbidities. These studies and recent recommendations for DHA supplementation generated controversy owing to the lack of balance between DHA and arachidonic acid (ARA; n-6 LCPUFA).
OBJECTIVES
To identify the effect of enteral supplementation of DHA, with and without ARA, on necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in very preterm infants.
METHODS
A systematic review of randomized and controlled trials compared enteral LCPUFAs with placebo or no supplementation in very preterm infants. We searched PubMed, Ovid-MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and CINHAL databases from inception to July 2022. Data were extracted in duplicate using a structured proforma. A meta-analysis and metaregression with random-effects models were used. The interventions evaluated were DHA alone vs. that combined with ARA, source of DHA, dose, and supplement delivery methods. Methodological qualities and risk of bias were assessed using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool.
RESULTS
Fifteen randomized clinical trials (RCTs) included 3963 very preterm infants with 217 cases of NEC. Supplementation with DHA alone increased NEC (2620 infants; RR: 1.56; 95% CI: 1.02, 2.39) with no evidence of heterogeneity (I = 0.0%, P = 0.46). Multiple metaregression revealed significant reduction in NEC when ARA was supplemented with DHA (aRR 0.42; 95% CI: 0.21, 0.88). The source of DHA, dose, and feeding type revealed no associations with NEC. Two RCTs supplemented high-dose DHA to lactating mothers. There was a significant increase in risk of NEC with this approach (1148 infants; RR: 1.92; 95% CI: 1.02, 3.61) with no evidence of heterogeneity (I = 0.0, P = 0.81).
CONCLUSIONS
Supplementation with DHA alone may increase risk of NEC. Concurrent supplementation with ARA needs to be considered when adding DHA to preterm infants' diet.
Topics: Infant; Infant, Newborn; Humans; Enterocolitis, Necrotizing; Infant, Premature; Dietary Supplements; Infant, Very Low Birth Weight; Infant, Premature, Diseases; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated
PubMed: 37137615
DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.01.007 -
Nutrients Feb 2023Increasingly, studies have discovered that different fatty acids (Fas) are linked to colorectal cancer (CRC) risk. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Increasingly, studies have discovered that different fatty acids (Fas) are linked to colorectal cancer (CRC) risk.
METHODS
We systematically searched Embase and Medline databases to identify eligible studies that examined the associations of different types of Fas with CRC risk. The effect estimates and their 95% confidence intervals (Cis) were pooled using a random-effects model. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were performed to examine the robustness of the study findings.
RESULTS
This study evaluated the associations of 28 dietary and 18 blood Fas with CRC risk by summarizing the most updated evidence from 54 observational and four Mendelian Randomization (MR) studies. The present findings suggested that high dietary intake of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexanoic acid (DHA), and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) are related to low risk of CRC, while the -6/-3 PUFA ratio and trans-FA are related to high risk of CRC. The summary of all cohort studies found that a high intake of SFA and DHA was a protective factor for CRC, and a high intake of the -6/-3 PUFA ratio was a risk factor for CRC. In the subgroup analysis of cancer subsites, we found that the dietary intake of linoleic acid (LA) and trans-FA are risk factors, while DPA is a protective factor for colon cancer. High dietary DHA intake was associated with a lower risk of rectal cancer, while the dietary -6/-3 PUFA ratio was associated with a higher risk of rectal cancer. Meta-analysis of blood FA levels showed a significant reverse association between blood pentadecanoic acid and CRC risk, whilst other blood Fas showed no significant association with CRC risk. All included MR studies showed that high plasma arachidonic acid (AA) is associated with increased CRC risk.
CONCLUSIONS
Current evidence on the dietary intake and blood levels of Fas in relation to CRC risk is less consistent. Future studies are needed to investigate how the metabolism of Fas contributes to CRC development.
Topics: Humans; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Omega-3; Eating; Risk Factors; Colorectal Neoplasms; Rectal Neoplasms; Observational Studies as Topic
PubMed: 36771436
DOI: 10.3390/nu15030730 -
European Journal of Translational... Sep 2022The aim of this study was to identify the efficacy of drug agents for pharmacological Treatment of Presbyopia. Published research papers were reviewed using the relevant...
The aim of this study was to identify the efficacy of drug agents for pharmacological Treatment of Presbyopia. Published research papers were reviewed using the relevant terms in PubMed, Science direct, Google scholar, Medline, Google patent, Ovid, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Scopus. In the initial search, 2270 records were obtained. By removing duplicate articles and all articles that did not meet the inclusion criteria or were inappropriate due to indirect relevance to the subject, 44 studies were selected. It should be noted that all studies had inclusion criteria. There are a number of topical pharmacological agents available for treating presbyopia such as FOV Tears and PresbiDrop. They consist of parasympathetic agent and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), to contract the ciliary and pupil muscle and restore the accommodation. Another example of topical pharmacological agent is EV06. It is a lens-softening eye drop which can affect the rigid lens in presbyopia. Currently there is no pharmacological agent available to treat presbyopia. Although there are limited number of peer-reviewed articles available, the outcome for future agents under investigation are promising.
PubMed: 36121117
DOI: 10.4081/ejtm.2022.10781 -
Food Science and Biotechnology Oct 2022The American Heart Association suggests that consuming ω-6 fatty acids (5-10% of total energy) can prevent cardiovascular disease by improving lipoprotein profiles.... (Review)
Review
The American Heart Association suggests that consuming ω-6 fatty acids (5-10% of total energy) can prevent cardiovascular disease by improving lipoprotein profiles. However, some studies warn of deleterious effects of these due to eicosanoid biosynthesis. We explored the five years for clinical evidence of ω-6 fatty acids on several diseases including inflammation, cancer, cardiovascular disease, and metabolic syndrome. Predefined criteria identified a total of 21 articles in 5 databases. Some studies indicated that dietary arachidonic acid was not related to increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In cohort studies, ω-6 fatty acids prevented the onset of digestive and lung cancer. ω-6 Fatty acids improved blood lipoprotein profiles. Moreover, consuming ω-6 fatty acids delayed diabetes mellitus and chronic renal disease and had positive effects on muscle recovery and glaucoma. In conclusion, ω-6 fatty acids have beneficial effects on cancers, blood lipoprotein profiles, diabetes, renal disease, muscle function, and glaucoma without inflammation response.
PubMed: 36060573
DOI: 10.1007/s10068-022-01152-6