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Journal of Gastrointestinal and Liver... Apr 2023Gaucher disease (GD) is one of the most common lysosomal storage diseases. It is characterized by the accumulation of glucocerebroside lipids in the macrophages, with...
BACKGROUND AND AIMS
Gaucher disease (GD) is one of the most common lysosomal storage diseases. It is characterized by the accumulation of glucocerebroside lipids in the macrophages, with liver, spleen and bone marrow frequently affected. The affected organs can develop tumor-like lesions (Gaucheromas), which are difficult to diagnose. We present the Gaucheromas and their ultrasonographic characteristics.
METHODS
We selected Gaucheromas and their ultrasonographic characteristics found in the last 5 years during the periodical evaluation of 74 adult GD patients in Romania. All the patients had magnetic resonance imaging examination for comparison. A systematic review of all the Gaucheroma-related articles was performed to compare our results with the literature.
RESULTS
Gaucheromas were found in 7 adult patients: 4 in the spleen, 2 in the liver and one affecting the bone. No malignancy ultrasound characteristics were found and neither on MRI exams. In the literature, 10 articles reported Gaucheromas, most of them in the liver and spleen in type 1 GD patients. All our patients were also type 1 GD, and the ultrasound aspect did not change during the 5 years follow-up.
CONCLUSIONS
Gaucheromas can be found in any patient with GD. Malignancies have to be considered unless proven otherwise. Imaging characterization (ultrasound and MRI) are useful as histopathologic examination is difficult to obtain in all cases.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Bone Marrow; Spleen; Liver; Gaucher Disease; Magnetic Resonance Imaging
PubMed: 37004226
DOI: 10.15403/jgld-4752 -
OTO Open 2023Lipid-laden macrophage index (LLMI) has been proposed as a marker for aspiration on bronchoalveolar lavage. It has also been studied as a marker for gastroesophageal... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
Lipid-laden macrophage index (LLMI) has been proposed as a marker for aspiration on bronchoalveolar lavage. It has also been studied as a marker for gastroesophageal reflux and other pulmonary diseases. This review aims to determine the clinical correlation between LLMI and pediatric aspiration.
DATA SOURCES
PubMed (MeSH search), Scopus, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) portals through December 17th, 2020.
REVIEW METHODS
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis criteria were followed, and a quality assessment of included studies was performed using the Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies. Search criteria included all occurrences in the title or abstract of the terms "pulmonary aspiration" and "alveolar macrophages."
RESULTS
Five studies describing 720 patients met inclusion, 3 retrospective case-control studies, and 2 prospective observational studies. Four studies suggested a link between elevated LLMI and aspiration, and 1 found no association. Control groups varied and included healthy nonaspirators to nonaspirators with other pulmonary diseases. Diagnosis of aspiration was not standardized across the studies. Three papers proposed cutoff values for LLMI, all different.
CONCLUSION
The existing literature indicates that LLMI is not a sensitive or specific marker for aspiration. Further study is needed to define the utility of LLMI in pediatric aspiration.
PubMed: 36998564
DOI: 10.1002/oto2.33 -
Clinical and Experimental Dental... Jun 2023Macrophages are among the first cells to interact with the dental implant surface and are critical regulators for controlling the immune response toward biomaterials.... (Review)
Review
A systematic review comparing the macrophage inflammatory response to hydrophobic and hydrophilic sandblasted large grit, acid-etched titanium or titanium-zirconium surfaces during in vitro studies.
OBJECTIVES
Macrophages are among the first cells to interact with the dental implant surface and are critical regulators for controlling the immune response toward biomaterials. Macrophages can polarize between two main phenotypes: proinflammatory M1 macrophages and anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages. This systematic review aims to determine if a differing macrophage inflammatory response exists on hydrophilic sandblasted large grit, acid-etched (SLActive) surfaces compared to sandblasted large grit, acid-etched (SLA) titanium or titanium-zirconium surfaces during in vitro studies. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A systematic search of three electronic databases, Medline, DOSS (Dentistry and Oral Sciences Source), and WoS (Web of Science), was performed. Only in vitro studies were included in this systematic review. The electronic search was supplemented with a search of the references. Genetic expression and production of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory proteins were assessed. The synthesis of quantitative data was completed by narrative synthesis.
RESULTS
A total of 906 studies were found with the systematic search. Eight studies remained after the application of inclusion and exclusion criteria. Six studies used murine macrophages, while two used human macrophages. Discs were used in six studies, while dental implants were used in the remaining two studies. Genetic expression and cytokine production of proinflammatory cytokines on SLActive surfaces were reduced compared to SLA. Anti-inflammatory genetic expression and cytokine production was increased on SLActive surfaces. The overall quality of the included studies was low to moderate.
CONCLUSIONS
SLActive surfaces modulate macrophages to reduce proinflammatory and increase anti-inflammatory gene expression and cytokine production compared to SLA surfaces. The in vitro nature of the included studies does not replicate the in vivo healing cascade. Further in vivo studies are required to assess the macrophage response toward SLActive implant surfaces compared to SLA surfaces.
Topics: Mice; Humans; Animals; Dental Implants; Titanium; Zirconium; Surface Properties; Macrophages; Cytokines; Anti-Inflammatory Agents
PubMed: 36991526
DOI: 10.1002/cre2.730 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2023Autophagy in osteoarthritis (OA) has become an active area of research with substantial value and potential. Nevertheless, few bibliometric studies have systematically...
BACKGROUND
Autophagy in osteoarthritis (OA) has become an active area of research with substantial value and potential. Nevertheless, few bibliometric studies have systematically analyzed the available research in the field. The main goal of this study was to map the available literature on the role of autophagy in OA and identify global research hotspots and trends.
METHODS
The Web of Science Core Collection and Scopus databases were interrogated for studies of autophagy in OA published between 2004 and 2022. Microsoft Excel, VOSviewer and CiteSpace software were used to analyze and visualize the number of publications and associated citations, and reveal global research hotspots and trends in the autophagy in OA field.
RESULTS
732 outputs published by 329 institutions from 55 countries/regions were included in this study. From 2004 to 2022, the number of publications increased. China produced the most publications (n=456), prior to the USA (n=115), South Korea (n=33), and Japan (n=27). Scripps Research Institute (n=26) was the most productive institution. Martin Lotz (n=30) was the highest output author, while Caramés B (n=302) was the highest output author. was the most prolific and most co-cited journal. Currently, the autophagy in OA research hotspots include chondrocyte, transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1), inflammatory response, stress, and mitophagy. The emerging research trends in this field are AMPK, macrophage, senescence, apoptosis, tougu xiaotong capsule (TXC), green tea extract, rapamycin, and dexamethasone. Novel drugs targeting specific molecule such as TGF-β and AMPK have shown therapeutic potential but are still in the preclinical stage of development.
CONCLUSIONS
Research on the role of autophagy in OA is flourishing. Martin Lotz, Beatriz Caramés, and have made outstanding contributions to the field. Prior studies of OA autophagy mainly focused on mechanisms underlying OA and autophagy, including AMPK, macrophages, TGF-β1, inflammatory response, stress, and mitophagy. Emerging research trends, however, are centered around the relationship between autophagy, apoptosis, and senescence, as well as drug candidates such as TXC and green tea extract. The development of new targeted drugs that enhance or restore autophagic activity is a promising strategy for the treatment of OA.
Topics: Transforming Growth Factor beta1; AMP-Activated Protein Kinases; Autophagy; Antioxidants; Bibliometrics; Biological Products; Tea
PubMed: 36969240
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1063018 -
Frontiers in Nutrition 2023strategy of periodic food restriction and fixed eating windows, could beneficially modify individuals by losing body weight, regulating glucose or lipid metabolism,...
INTRODUCTION
strategy of periodic food restriction and fixed eating windows, could beneficially modify individuals by losing body weight, regulating glucose or lipid metabolism, reducing blood pressure, and modulating the immune system. Specific effects of IF and its mechanisms have not yet been assessed collectively. Thus, this systematic review aims to summarize and compare clinical trials that explored the immunomodulatory effects of IF.
METHODS
After screening, 28 studies were included in this systematic review.
RESULTS
In addition to weight loss, IF could benefit health subjects by strengthening their circadian rhythms, migrating immune cells, lower inflammatory factors, and enriching microbials. In addition of the anti-inflammatory effect by regulating macrophages, protection against oxidative stress with hormone secretion and oxidative-related gene expression plays a key beneficial role for the influence of IF on obese subjects.
DISCUSSION
Physiological stress by surgery and pathophysiological disorders by endocrine diseases may be partly eased with IF. Moreover, IF might be used to treat anxiety and cognitive disorders with its cellular, metabolic and circadian mechanisms. Finally, the specific effects of IF and the mechanisms pertaining to immune system in these conditions require additional studies.
PubMed: 36925956
DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1048230 -
International Journal of Molecular... Mar 2023The aims of this systematic literature review (SLR) were to identify the effects of approved biological and targeted synthetic disease modifying antirheumatic drugs... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
The aims of this systematic literature review (SLR) were to identify the effects of approved biological and targeted synthetic disease modifying antirheumatic drugs (b/tsDMARDs) on synovial membrane of psoriatic arthritis (PsA) patients, and to determine the existence of histological/molecular biomarkers of response to therapy. A search was conducted on MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, and Cochrane Library (PROSPERO:CRD42022304986) to retrieve data on longitudinal change of biomarkers in paired synovial biopsies and in vitro studies. A meta-analysis was conducted by adopting the standardized mean difference (SMD) as a measure of the effect. Twenty-two studies were included (19 longitudinal, 3 in vitro). In longitudinal studies, TNF inhibitors were the most used drugs, while, for in vitro studies, JAK inhibitors or adalimumab/secukinumab were assessed. The main technique used was immunohistochemistry (longitudinal studies). The meta-analysis showed a significant reduction in both CD3+ lymphocytes (SMD -0.85 [95% CI -1.23; -0.47]) and CD68+ macrophages (sublining, sl) (SMD -0.74 [-1.16; -0.32]) in synovial biopsies from patients treated for 4-12 weeks with bDMARDs. Reduction in CD3+ mostly correlated with clinical response. Despite heterogeneity among the biomarkers evaluated, the reduction in CD3+/CD68+sl cells during the first 3 months of treatment with TNF inhibitors represents the most consistent variation reported in the literature.
Topics: Humans; Arthritis, Psoriatic; Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibitors; Antirheumatic Agents; Adalimumab; Biomarkers
PubMed: 36902437
DOI: 10.3390/ijms24055006 -
Journal For Immunotherapy of Cancer Mar 2023Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are associated with a wide range of immune-related adverse events. As oncological indications for ICIs widen, their rare side effects... (Review)
Review
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are associated with a wide range of immune-related adverse events. As oncological indications for ICIs widen, their rare side effects become increasingly visible in clinical practice and impact therapy decisions.Here, we report a rare case of early-onset, mild cytokine release syndrome (CRS) in a patient who received ICIs for a metastasized renal cell carcinoma, which led to treatment discontinuation.We further provide a systematic review of the literature of CRS and related life-threatening side effects of ICI treatment, such as hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). We searched Medline, Embase and the Web of Science Core Collection from inception to October 2021 for reports on CRS, cytokine storm, macrophage activation syndrome, HLH, and related hyperinflammatory disorders in patients with solid cancers receiving ICIs. We found n=1866 articles, which were assessed for eligibility independently by two examiners. Of those, n=49 articles reporting on n=189 individuals were eligible for review. We found that the median time from last infusion to the occurrence of CRS/HLH was approximately nine days, while the onset of symptoms varied from immediately after infusion to one month after treatment. Most patients were treated with either corticosteroids or the anti-interleukin 6 (IL-6) antibody tocilizumab, and although the majority of patients recovered, a few cases were fatal. Concomitant IL-6 and ICI treatment were reported as beneficial for both the antitumoral effect and for limiting side effects. Data from international pharmacovigilance databases underscored that ICI-related CRS and HLH are rare events, but we identified significant differences in reported frequencies, which might suggest substantial under-reporting.The results from this first systematic review of CRS/HLH due to ICI therapy highlight that life-threatening systemic inflammatory complications of ICIs are rare and might be associated with fatal outcome in approximately 10% of patients. Limited data support the use of IL-6 inhibitors in combination with ICIs to augment the antitumoral effect and reduce hyperinflammation.
Topics: Humans; Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors; Interleukin-6; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; Cytokine Release Syndrome; Lymphohistiocytosis, Hemophagocytic; Kidney Neoplasms
PubMed: 36878533
DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2022-005841 -
International Journal of Molecular... Feb 2023Cancer is the second leading contributor to global deaths caused by non-communicable diseases. The cancer cells are known to interact with the surrounding non-cancerous... (Review)
Review
Cancer is the second leading contributor to global deaths caused by non-communicable diseases. The cancer cells are known to interact with the surrounding non-cancerous cells, including the immune cells and stromal cells, within the tumor microenvironment (TME) to modulate the tumor progression, metastasis and resistance. Currently, chemotherapy and radiotherapy are the standard treatments for cancers. However, these treatments cause a significant number of side effects, as they damage both the cancer cells and the actively dividing normal cells indiscriminately. Hence, a new generation of immunotherapy using natural killer (NK) cells, cytotoxic CD8 T-lymphocytes or macrophages was developed to achieve tumor-specific targeting and circumvent the adverse effects. However, the progression of cell-based immunotherapy is hindered by the combined action of TME and TD-EVs, which render the cancer cells less immunogenic. Recently, there has been an increase in interest in using immune cell derivatives to treat cancers. One of the highly potential immune cell derivatives is the NK cell-derived EVs (NK-EVs). As an acellular product, NK-EVs are resistant to the influence of TME and TD-EVs, and can be designed for "off-the-shelf" use. In this systematic review, we examine the safety and efficacy of NK-EVs to treat various cancers in vitro and in vivo.
Topics: Humans; Neoplasms; Extracellular Vesicles; Killer Cells, Natural; T-Lymphocytes; Immunotherapy; Tumor Microenvironment
PubMed: 36835438
DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044026 -
Dentistry Journal Feb 2023Inflammation is a crucial step prior to healing, and the regulatory effects of endodontic materials on the immune response can influence tissue repair. This review aimed... (Review)
Review
Inflammation is a crucial step prior to healing, and the regulatory effects of endodontic materials on the immune response can influence tissue repair. This review aimed to answer whether endodontic sealers can modulate the immune cells and inflammation. An electronic search in Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases were performed. This systematic review was mainly based on PRISMA guidelines, and the risk of bias was evaluated by SYRCLEs and the Modified CONSORT checklist for in vivo and in vitro studies, respectively. In total, 28 articles: 22 in vitro studies, and six in vivo studies were included in this systematic review. AH Plus and AH 26 can down-regulate iNOS mRNA, while S-PRG sealers can down-regulate p65 of NF-κB pathways to inhibit the production of TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-6. In vitro and in vivo studies suggested that various endodontic sealers exhibited immunomodulatory impact in macrophages polarization and inflammatory cytokine production, which could promote healing, tissue repair, and inhibit inflammation. Since the paradigm change from immune inert biomaterials to bioactive materials, endodontic materials, particularly sealers, are required to have modulatory effects in clinical conditions. New generations of endodontic sealers could hamper detrimental inflammatory responses and maintain periodontal tissue, which represent a breakthrough in biocompatibility and functionality of endodontic biomaterials.
PubMed: 36826199
DOI: 10.3390/dj11020054 -
Indian Journal of Urology : IJU :... 2023Xanthogranulomatous inflammation is a rare nonneoplastic and chronic inflammatory process, characterized by proliferation of foamy macrophages resulting in damage and...
INTRODUCTION
Xanthogranulomatous inflammation is a rare nonneoplastic and chronic inflammatory process, characterized by proliferation of foamy macrophages resulting in damage and necrosis of the affected tissue. Involvement of the testis/epididymis by the disease is a rare event.
METHODS
A case series of four male patients diagnosed with xanthogranulomatous epididymitis/orchitis (XGEO) at our institute was reviewed. In addition, a systematic review of XGEO was carried out using PRISMA Guidelines 2020. Twenty-nine articles describing 38 patients of XGEO were included in the study.
RESULTS
XGEO usually has a subacute or chronic presentation and affects male individuals in the 5 or 6 decades of life. The disease is also known to occur in the pediatric age group. The patients present with swelling, tenderness, or pain in the scrotal region. Bilateral involvement has also been documented. Thirty patients were known to have one or more causal risk factors including diabetes mellitus (23.7%), spinal cord injury/neuropathic bladder (7.9%), prostatectomy (7.9%), trauma (4.1%), and transurethral resection of prostate procedure (4.1%). Complications observed were scrotal fistula, adhesions, and abscess formation. Radiological features reported are nonspecific and include heterogeneous echotexture, hypoechoic areas, and/or scrotal wall collections. Bacterial microorganisms isolated from the affected tissue demonstrated the presence of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus. Histological subtypes of XGEO are diffuse and focal. In the diffuse subtype, which is more common, there is extensive parenchymal destruction by inflammatory process accompanied by widespread ischemic necrosis.
CONCLUSION
The mainstay of treatment in XGEO cases is surgical excision preferably orchidectomy. Conservative management has been attempted in young individuals and in patients with focal XGEO, but there is limited supporting evidence. We present data of four cases along with detailed systematic review of the disease examining its clinicopathological behavior and associated risk factors followed by operative approach.
PubMed: 36824114
DOI: 10.4103/iju.iju_270_22