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Pathophysiology : the Official Journal... Sep 2022The pigmentation of the fungiform papillae of the tongue is a rare idiopathic condition in which only the fungiform papillae appear hyperpigmented. In the absence of any... (Review)
Review
The pigmentation of the fungiform papillae of the tongue is a rare idiopathic condition in which only the fungiform papillae appear hyperpigmented. In the absence of any reviews on the subject, we conducted a systematic review of the aetiopathogenesis and pathophysiology of pigmented fungiform papillae (PFP) of the tongue, including its demographic and histopathological features, trying to outline a possible aetiology. The preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) was performed using PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE databases and manual searches, for publications between January 1974 and July 2022. Inclusion criteria were case reports defining patients' characteristics, their general medical and dental conditions, histopathological and/or immunohistochemical findings, all with a final definitive diagnosis of PFP. Overall, 51 studies comprising 69 cases of PFP which included histopathological descriptions were reviewed. Prominent features consisted of hyperpigmentation of melanocytes, melanophages, chromatophores, and a lymphocytic infiltrate in the subepidermal area of the fungiform papillae. On special staining, PFP contained melanin, not iron or hemosiderin. On immunohistochemistry, immune-reactive CD3+ T lymphocytes, S-100 and Sox10, but non-immune-reactive melan-A intraepithelial melanocytes were noted in some studies. The presence of hyperpigmented melanocytes and melanophages, with non-immune-reactive melan-A, suggests that PFP are a benign and physiological form of pigmentation. The inflammatory infiltrates described in some papillary lesions could possibly be due to traumatic events during mastication. Nevertheless, the true reasons for the hyperpigmentation of the fungiform papillae are as of yet elusive, and remain to be determined.
PubMed: 36136070
DOI: 10.3390/pathophysiology29030043 -
PloS One 2022Oral health is a key factor of overall health and closely associated with well-being and quality of life. Mastication is one the most important oral functions and may... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Oral health is a key factor of overall health and closely associated with well-being and quality of life. Mastication is one the most important oral functions and may deteriorate with aging. Evidence on association between masticatory dysfunction and frailty in the literature is scarce and not coherent.
METHODS
A search strategy was developed to conduct a systematic review of the literature in PubMed, CINAHL, and AMED in accordance with the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. We searched for studies published in 2000 or later that examined associations between self-reported masticatory dysfunction and frailty risk. The reference lists of the relevant articles were reviewed for additional studies. We calculated pooled odds ratios (OR) of association between self-reported masticatory dysfunction and the risk of frailty by fixed-effects meta-analysis. The Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist was used to assess risk of bias. Publication bias was assessed by visually inspecting a funnel plot.
RESULTS
A total of 285 studies were identified by the literature search. Among 5 studies selected for this review, 4 cross-sectional studies including a total of 7425 individuals were used for meta-analysis. The pooled results by a fixed-effects model showed that there was a significant association between self-reported masticatory dysfunction and frailty risk (pooled OR = 1.83, 95%CI = 1.55-2.18, p<0.00001). There was no evidence of publication bias observed.
CONCLUSIONS
This systematic review and meta-analysis highlighted pooled cross-sectional evidence that community-dwelling older people who report masticatory dysfunction are significantly more likely to be frail than those who do not. The limitations of this study are: inclusion of only cross-sectional studies, no gold standard to measure masticatory functions, self-reported information on masticatory function, and the limited number of included studies. More longitudinal studies are warranted for further understanding of the causal pathways and elucidate underlying mechanisms. Registration: PROSPERO CRD42021277173.
Topics: Aged; Cross-Sectional Studies; Frail Elderly; Frailty; Humans; Quality of Life; Self Report
PubMed: 36084116
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273812 -
Clinical and Experimental Dental... Dec 2022This systematic review aims to investigate the effect of different preparation designs on the marginal fit and fracture strength of ceramic occlusal veneers. (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVES
This systematic review aims to investigate the effect of different preparation designs on the marginal fit and fracture strength of ceramic occlusal veneers.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Based on the PICO question and the search terms, an electronic search was performed in Google Scholar, PubMed (MEDLINE), Scopus, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Science Direct, Wiley, Ovid, and SAGE for articles published up to July 2022. After including English in vitro studies that evaluated posterior ceramic occlusal overlays at the posterior with ceramic restorations by following the PRISMA statement, the extracted data was tabulated. The methodological quality of the included studies was evaluated. Risk of bias assessment was done independently by two authors using the modified MINORS scale.
RESULTS
About 3138 search results were screened, of which 22 were selected due to their titles. Twenty-one full-text articles were assessed for eligibility. Seventeen in-vitro studies were finalized for the extraction of quantitative data. All 17 articles had a low risk of bias and were retained. The influencing items for evaluating the research were different in most studies; therefore, qualitative synthesis of the results was feasible. They generally included preparation design, material thickness, depth of preparation in the tooth, internal divergence angle, and finish line. Meta-analysis was not done due to heterogeneity of preparation types and evaluation methods. Results revealed that fracture resistance of occlusal veneers is higher than normal mastication force, and it is sufficient to prepare the occlusal surface, use a self-etching primer for bonding, and an acceptable minimum ceramic thickness. The marginal discrepancy of occlusal veneers is clinically acceptable. However, this systematic review faces some limitations due to the lack of in vivo studies, different preparation designs in included studies, different follow-ups, and lack of comprehensive explanations in articles.
CONCLUSIONS
The preparation design of occlusal veneers influences both marginal adaptation and fracture resistance. Various preparation designs are proven to have clinically acceptable fracture strength and marginal adaptation.
Topics: Dental Porcelain; Dental Veneers; Flexural Strength; Dental Stress Analysis; Materials Testing; Ceramics
PubMed: 36062841
DOI: 10.1002/cre2.653 -
Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal Aug 2022We have attempted to characterize the clinical presentations and management of infratemporal fossa abscesses with the goal of improving awareness and promoting earlier... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVES
We have attempted to characterize the clinical presentations and management of infratemporal fossa abscesses with the goal of improving awareness and promoting earlier diagnosis and treatment for this rare condition.
METHODS
an extensive systematic search was performed through Pubmed/Medline, CINAHL (EBSCOhost), and Web of Science. Two authors screened out studies by abstracts, and a third resolved any conflicts. The remaining studies were assessed by full-text assessment, leaving 43 studies for data extraction.
RESULTS
sixty-seven patients were included from the final 43 studies. The patients were predominantly male (56.7%), and the average age of patients was 44.3 years (standard deviation (SD) 19.8 years). Risk factors most commonly odontogenic, whether the etiology was through tooth extraction (n = 30, 44.8%) or infection (n = 17, 25.4%). Symptoms on presentation included pain (n = 40, 83.3%), swelling (n = 39, 81.3%), and trismus (n = 36, 75.0%). Twenty-two (32.8%) patients were managed with intraoral incision and drainage (I&D), 18 (26.9%) with extraoral I&D. After treatment, 45 of the 48 (93.8%) patients from the case reports and series were deemed to have achieved complete resolution.
CONCLUSIONS
Infratemporal fossa abscesses are rare, but they may be associated with serious neurologic and systemic complications. Although prompt diagnosis paramount in avoiding these sequelae, patients often experienced delays in diagnosis. Surgical drainage and extended antibiotic therapy is recommended.
PubMed: 35961934
DOI: 10.1177/01455613221121040 -
Journal of Dentistry Aug 2022To give an overview of the current evidence on the associations of general health conditions with masticatory performance and maximum bite force in older adults. (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVES
To give an overview of the current evidence on the associations of general health conditions with masticatory performance and maximum bite force in older adults.
DATA/SOURCES
Three electronic databases (Medline via PubMed, Embase via Ovid and CINAHL Plus via EBSCOhost) were searched up to September 2021 for cross-sectional studies on general health conditions and masticatory performance or maximum bite force in older adults. Methodological quality of the included studies was independently evaluated based on Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal checklist for analytical cross-sectional studies. Data on the associations between general health conditions and masticatory performance or maximum bite force were extracted.
STUDY SELECTION
Of the 5133 records identified, 39 studies (43 articles) were included in this review. Significant negative associations were found between masticatory performance and stroke, sarcopenia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, dyspepsia, dysphagia, anorexia, and carotid atherosclerosis. Significant negative association was found between maximum bite force and sarcopenia. There were equivocal results on the association between masticatory performance and diabetes mellitus, and between maximum bite force and stroke, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. There was no significant association between masticatory performance and metabolic syndrome, and between maximum bite force and progress of Parkinson's disease. Most studies revealed positive associations of physical function with masticatory performance and maximum bite force.
CONCLUSIONS
Negative associations between masticatory function of older adults and presence of several systemic diseases have been reported in a number of studies while there are positive associations between masticatory function and some physical function indicators.
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
This study provides valuable information on the association of masticatory function with general health, which draws clinicians' attention to the masticatory function of older adults who suffer from certain systemic diseases or physical dysfunction, and to the need to improve their masticatory ability to achieve healthy aging.
Topics: Aged; Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis; Bite Force; Cross-Sectional Studies; Humans; Mastication; Sarcopenia; Stroke
PubMed: 35691453
DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2022.104186 -
European Journal of Pediatrics May 2022Patients who undergo salivary gland, neck, or facelift surgery or suffer from diabetes mellitus often develop Frey syndrome (also known as auriculotemporal syndrome or...
Patients who undergo salivary gland, neck, or facelift surgery or suffer from diabetes mellitus often develop Frey syndrome (also known as auriculotemporal syndrome or gustatory sweating). Frey syndrome has been occasionally reported to occur in subjects without history of surgery or diabetes but this variant of Frey syndrome has not been systematically investigated. We searched for original articles of Frey syndrome unrelated to surgery or diabetes without date and language restriction. Article selection and data extraction were performed in duplicate. Our systematic review included 76 reports describing 121 individual cases (67 males and 54 females) of Frey syndrome not associated with surgery or diabetes. The age at onset of symptoms was ≤ 18 years in 113 (93%) cases. The time to diagnosis was 12 months or more in 55 (45%) cases. On the other hand, an allergy evaluation was performed in half of the cases. A possible cause for Frey syndrome was detected in 85 (70%) cases, most frequently history of forceps birth (N = 63; 52%). The majority of the remaining 22 cases occurred after a blunt face trauma, following an auriculotemporal nerve neuritis or in association with a neurocutaneous syndrome. The cause underlying Frey syndrome was unknown in 36 cases. Conclusion: Frey syndrome not associated with surgery or diabetes almost exclusively affects subjects in pediatric age and is uncommon and underrecognized. Most cases occur after forceps birth. There is a need to expand awareness of this pseudo-allergic reaction among pediatricians and allergists. What is Known: • Pre-auricular reddening, sweating, and warmth in response to mastication or a salivary stimulus characterize Frey syndrome. • It usually occurs after salivary gland surgery and in diabetes. What is New: • In children, Frey syndrome is rare, and most cases occur after a forceps-assisted birth. • In childhood, this condition is often erroneously attributed to food allergy.
Topics: Child; Diabetes Mellitus; Female; Food Hypersensitivity; Humans; Male; Neck; Sweating, Gustatory
PubMed: 35182195
DOI: 10.1007/s00431-022-04415-w -
PloS One 2022Khat is a flowering plant with stimulant effect on the nervous system and produce psychological dependence. Despite its harmful effects, the ingestion of khat has been...
INTRODUCTION
Khat is a flowering plant with stimulant effect on the nervous system and produce psychological dependence. Despite its harmful effects, the ingestion of khat has been part of cultural norms and the legality of khat varies by region.
OBJECTIVE
This systematic review aimed at critically evaluating the available evidence on the risk factors of khat chewing among adolescents.
METHODS
A systematic review was conducted on published research studies from five databases Scopus, PubMed, Science-direct, Ovid and google scholar using keywords khat chewing OR qat chewing AND associated factors OR risk factors OR contributing factors AND adolescents OR teenagers. Articles included were either cross-sectional, cohort, case-control or qualitative studies which were published between the year 1990 till present. Excluded articles were the non-English written articles, descriptive studies and irrelevant topics being studied.
RESULTS
Out of 2617 records identified and screened, six were included for the analysis and interpretation of the data. All included studies were cross-sectional study design. All six studies reported having family members who chewed khat significantly predict khat chewing among adolescents, followed by five articles for friends or peers who also chewed khat and four articles for male gender. Smoking was also found to have the highest odds (OR = 18.2; 95% CI: 12.95-25.72) for khat chewing among adolescents.
CONCLUSION
The review highlights the crucial role of family members, friends or peers and male gender to predict khat chewing among adolescents. Effectiveness of health promotion programs to educate and reduce khat chewing among adolescents will require active participation of family members and friends.
Topics: Adolescent; Africa; Catha; Central Nervous System Stimulants; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Friends; Humans; Male; Mastication; Risk Factors; Students; Substance-Related Disorders
PubMed: 35113927
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263372 -
CoDAS 2022To review the effects of low-level laser photobiomodulation on masticatory function and mandibular movements in adults with temporomandibular disorder. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Effects of low-level laser photobiomodulation on the masticatory function and mandibular movements in adults with temporomandibular disorder: a systematic review with meta-analysis.
PURPOSE
To review the effects of low-level laser photobiomodulation on masticatory function and mandibular movements in adults with temporomandibular disorder.
RESEARCH STRATEGIES
Search in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, EMBASE, Cochrane, LILACS, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar, using the following descriptors: "temporomandibular joint disorders", "low-level light therapy", "low-level laser therapy", "mastication", and "mandible".
SELECTION CRITERIA
Randomized clinical trials in adults with temporomandibular disorder, using low-level laser and assessing the mastication and mandibular movements.
DATA ANALYSIS
Firstly, the titles and abstracts of all retrieved studies were read. Then, only the studies selected in the first stage were read in full and assessed regarding eligibility. After the selection, the characteristics, methodological quality, and quality of evidence of the studies included in the review were analyzed. In the meta-analysis, the mean amplitude of mouth opening was considered as a measure of intervention effect.
RESULTS
The 10 articles included in the review had quite different results one from the other, especially regarding the amplitude of mouth opening, while the mastication was assessed in only one of them. Most studies had a high risk of bias, demonstrating a low methodological quality. Significantly higher results for photobiomodulation were identified in the six studies included in the meta-analysis.
CONCLUSION
Due to the scarcity in the literature, there is not enough evidence of the effects of low-level laser photobiomodulation on mastication. As for the mandibular movements, this intervention presented significant results, particularly in the amplitude of mouth opening.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Lasers; Low-Level Light Therapy; Mandible; Mastication; Temporomandibular Joint Disorders
PubMed: 35107512
DOI: 10.1590/2317-1782/20212021138 -
Annals of Global Health 2022Areca nut (AN), the principal ingredient of betel quid (BQ) has been categorized as a human carcinogen associated with various cancers of upper aerodigestive tract.... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Areca nut (AN), the principal ingredient of betel quid (BQ) has been categorized as a human carcinogen associated with various cancers of upper aerodigestive tract. However, there has been no attempt at summarizing the risk reversal of oral and other cancers after cessation of BQ with or without tobacco (BQ+T/BQ-T).
OBJECTIVE
To analyze the effect of cessation of betel quid without tobacco (BQ-T) and with tobacco (BQ+T) on reversal of the risk of oral, pharyngeal and oesophageal cancers.
METHODS
A systematic literature search was conducted for publications evaluating risk of these three cancers among current and former users of BQ-T or BQ+T. The overall as well as subgroup meta-relative risks (meta-RR) were estimated using random-effect models.
RESULTS
A total of 14 studies, seven each providing estimates for BQ-T and BQ+T, were identified. For BQ-T and oral cancer, a 28.9% risk reversal was observed among former users (meta-RR 5.61, 95% CI 2.24-14.04) compared to current users (meta-RR 7.89, 95% CI 3.90-15.98). A risk reversal of 48% was noted for pharyngeal cancer - former users (meta-RR 2.50, 95% CI 1.43-4.38), current users (meta-RR 4.81, 95% CI 2.05-11.30). For oesophageal cancer, no appreciable difference in risk was observed between current and former users.For BQ+T and oral cancer the overall meta-RR indicated a higher risk in former than in current users. However, sensitivity analysis including only better-quality studies showed a modestly lower cancer risk in former than in current users. Compared to current users, the risk in former users who quit less than 10 years ago (meta-RR 1.21, 95% CI 0.90-1.63) was increased, but decreased in former users who quit more than 10 years ago (meta-RR 0.72, 95% CI 0.48-1.07).
CONCLUSION
Our analysis highlights for the first time the potential of risk reversal for oral and pharyngeal cancers following cessation of BQ-T and for oral cancer in long-term quitters (greater than 10 years) of BQ+T. The suggestive evidence from this systematic review further supports the imperative need of a strong policy to reduce the initiation of BQ use and inclusion of interventions for BQ cessation in cancer control efforts especially in geographic regions where BQ chewing is prevalent.
Topics: Areca; Esophageal Neoplasms; Humans; Mastication; Mouth Neoplasms; Nicotiana
PubMed: 35087705
DOI: 10.5334/aogh.3643 -
Clinical Oral Investigations Mar 2022To investigate the effects of dental/skeletal malocclusion and orthodontic treatment on four main objective parameters of chewing and jaw function (maximum occlusal bite... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
To investigate the effects of dental/skeletal malocclusion and orthodontic treatment on four main objective parameters of chewing and jaw function (maximum occlusal bite force [MOBF], masticatory muscle electromyography [EMG], jaw kinematics, and chewing efficiency/performance) in healthy children.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Systematic searches were conducted in MEDLINE (OVID), Embase, and the Web of Science Core Collection. Studies that examined the four parameters in healthy children with malocclusions were included. The quality of studies and overall evidence were assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute and GRADE tools, respectively.
RESULTS
The searches identified 8192 studies; 57 were finally included. The quality of included studies was high in nine studies, moderate in twenty-three studies, and low in twenty-five studies. During the primary dentition, children with malocclusions showed similar MOBF and lower chewing efficiency compared to control subjects. During mixed/permanent dentition, children with malocclusion showed lower MOBF and EMG activity and chewing efficiency compared to control subjects. The jaw kinematics of children with unilateral posterior crossbite showed a larger jaw opening angle and a higher frequency of reverse chewing cycles compared to crossbite-free children. There was a low to moderate level of evidence on the effects of orthodontic treatment in restoring normal jaw function.
CONCLUSIONS
Based on the limitations of the studies included, it is not entirely possible to either support or deny the influence of dental/skeletal malocclusion traits on MOBF, EMG, jaw kinematics, and masticatory performance in healthy children. Furthermore, well-designed longitudinal studies may be needed to determine whether orthodontic treatments can improve chewing function in general.
CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Comprehensive orthodontic treatment, which includes evaluation and restoration of function, may or may not mitigate the effects of malocclusion and restore normal chewing function.
Topics: Bite Force; Child; Electromyography; Humans; Malocclusion; Masseter Muscle; Mastication; Masticatory Muscles
PubMed: 34985577
DOI: 10.1007/s00784-021-04356-y