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Food Microbiology Apr 2024Enterotoxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus are a common cause of food poisoning, leading to significant gastrointestinal symptoms and even hospitalization. Following... (Review)
Review
Enterotoxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus are a common cause of food poisoning, leading to significant gastrointestinal symptoms and even hospitalization. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, we searched three electronic databases for studies on detection of staphylococcal enterotoxins or enterotoxigenic S. aureus in raw ruminant milk. The 128 studies included in this systematic review showed a worldwide distribution of studies on staphylococcal enterotoxins and enterotoxigenic S. aureus, with an increase in the number from 1980 to 2021, a shift in detection methods from enterotoxins to enterotoxin genes, and a preponderance of studies from Europe and South America. Most studies focused on milk from individual animals with mastitis, especially cattle. Based on 24 studies, the within-herd prevalence of enterotoxigenic S. aureus in raw milk samples was 11.6%. Many studies failed to report the health status of sampled animals, or the numerator and denominator data needed for prevalence calculation. Cultural and legislative differences, economic status, diagnostic capabilities, and public awareness are all likely factors contributing to the observed distribution of studies. Our review highlighted a significant gap in quality and completeness of data reporting, which limits full assessment of prevalence and distribution of hazards posed by raw milk.
Topics: Female; Cattle; Animals; Enterotoxins; Staphylococcus aureus; Milk; Prevalence; Staphylococcal Infections; Ruminants
PubMed: 38049264
DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2023.104405 -
Advances in Nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) Jan 2024Dairy intake may influence cognition through several molecular pathways. However, epidemiologic studies yield inconsistent results, and no dose-response meta-analysis... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Dairy intake may influence cognition through several molecular pathways. However, epidemiologic studies yield inconsistent results, and no dose-response meta-analysis has been conducted yet. Therefore, we performed a systematic review with a dose-response meta-analysis about the association between dairy intake and cognitive decline or incidence of dementia. We investigated prospective studies with a follow-up ≥6 mo on cognitive decline or dementia incidence in adults without known chronic conditions through a systematic search of Embase, Medline, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Google Scholar from inception to 11 July 2023. We evaluated the dose-response association using a random-effects model. We identified 15 eligible cohort studies with >300,000 participants and a median follow-up of 11.4 y. We observed a negative nonlinear association between cognitive decline/dementia incidence and dairy intake as assessed through the quantity of consumption, with the nadir at ∼150 g/d (risk ratio: 0.88; 95% confidence interval: 0.78, 0.99). Conversely, we found an almost linear negative association when we considered the frequency of consumption (risk ratio for linear trend: 0.84; 95% confidence interval: 0.77, 0.92 for 1 time/d increase of dairy products). Stratified analysis by dairy products showed different shapes of the association with linear inverse relationship for milk intake, whereas possibly nonlinear for cheese. The inverse association was limited to Asian populations characterized by generally lower intake of dairy products, compared with the null association reported by European studies. In conclusion, our study suggests a nonlinear inverse association between dairy intake and cognitive decline or dementia, also depending on dairy types and population characteristics, although the heterogeneity was still high in overall and several subgroup analyses. Additional studies should be performed on this topic, including a wider range of intake and types of dairy products, to confirm a potential preventing role of dairy intake on cognitive decline and identify ideal intake doses. This review was registered at PROSPERO as CRD42020192395.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Cognitive Dysfunction; Dairy Products; Dementia; Diet; Milk; Prospective Studies; Risk Factors
PubMed: 38043604
DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2023.100160 -
Cureus Oct 2023Silymarin, extracted from milk thistle (), is esteemed for its antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antifibrotic properties, notably within liver-related contexts.... (Review)
Review
Silymarin, extracted from milk thistle (), is esteemed for its antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antifibrotic properties, notably within liver-related contexts. Nevertheless, a comprehensive grasp of its effects on liver enzymes remains elusive. This systematic review aims to scrutinize the influence of silymarin supplements on liver enzyme levels, elucidating its potential for hepatoprotection. Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, we systematically reviewed pertinent studies in PubMed/MEDLINE (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online). Our inclusion criteria comprised randomized clinical trials (RCTs) published between 1992 and 2023, accessible in English, with a primary focus on liver enzyme levels. Non-original research, ambiguously defined studies, and those lacking essential data were excluded. Of the 1,707 initially identified articles, 29 RCTs met the inclusion criteria, encompassing 3,846 participants with diverse underlying conditions. Silymarin dosages ranged from 140 mg to 420 mg, administered for various durations. Results revealed that 65.5% of the studies reported reduced liver enzyme levels, 20.7% exhibited no significant change, and 13.8% observed elevated liver enzymes. The systematic review implies a potential advantageous influence of silymarin on liver enzyme levels, indicating its hepatoprotective potential. Nevertheless, outcome disparities may stem from comorbidities, suboptimal doses, and underlying diseases. Notably, silymarin's impact on liver enzymes could be context-dependent, with varying responses among different conditions, with the decrease of liver enzyme levels in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Silymarin supplements exhibit potential for hepatoprotection by ameliorating liver enzyme levels across diverse conditions. Further research should ascertain optimal dosages and contexts, accounting for individual patient characteristics and underlying diseases.
PubMed: 38021897
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.47608 -
International Journal of Environmental... Nov 2023This systematic review aims at documenting government-led school nutrition programs/interventions in countries of the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR). A systematic... (Review)
Review
This systematic review aims at documenting government-led school nutrition programs/interventions in countries of the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR). A systematic review of the available literature on this topic was conducted between 25 October 2022 and 15 November 2022 using 15 electronic databases as well as grey literature. The search was limited to materials published post 2000 in English, Arabic, or French. Articles/Reports were included in the review if they provided information on school-based nutrition programs/interventions developed, adopted or implemented by a governmental entity in the EMR countries, irrespective of study design. In total, 158 documents were retained until 16 May 2023. School-based programs/interventions were categorized into 13 types. In total, 298 school-based nutrition programs/interventions were identified. The most common were school meals and school feeding programs (all EMR countries) followed by nutrition education within the curriculum (77% of countries), extracurricular nutrition education (64%), standards for school canteens or foods/beverages available in schools (64%), and training of school staff (59%). Approximately half reported the inclusion of fruit and vegetable schemes (54%) or the establishment of hygienic cooking facilities (50%), while less than half reported standards for the marketing of food/beverages (45%), bans/standards for vending machines, milk feeding schemes, or micronutrient supplementation programs (41%). The least common interventions were school gardens (32%) and take-home rations (14%). Countries with the lowest gross domestic product and lowest government effectiveness score had the lowest number of programs/interventions. Many of the programs have tackled both school-aged children as well as preschoolers. We were able to identify monitoring and process evaluation for 21 programs in 14 countries. Few programs have undergone impact assessment.
Topics: Child; Humans; Schools; Fruit; Health Education; Vegetables; Nutritional Status
PubMed: 37998278
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20227047 -
Advances in Nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) Jan 2024Among exclusively breastfed infants, human milk (HM) provides complete nutrition in the first mo of life and remains an important energy source as long as breastfeeding...
Among exclusively breastfed infants, human milk (HM) provides complete nutrition in the first mo of life and remains an important energy source as long as breastfeeding continues. Consisting of digestible carbohydrates, proteins, and amino acids, as well as fats and fatty acids, macronutrients in human milk have been well studied; however, many aspects related to their relationship to growth in early life are still not well understood. We systematically searched Medline, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Web of Science to synthesize evidence published between 1980 and 2022 on HM components and anthropometry through 2 y of age among term-born healthy infants. From 9992 abstracts screened, 57 articles reporting observations from 5979 dyads were included and categorized based on their reporting of HM macronutrients and infant growth. There was substantial heterogeneity in anthropometric outcome measurement, milk collection timelines, and HM sampling strategies; thus, meta-analysis was not possible. In general, digestible carbohydrates were positively associated with infant weight outcomes. Protein was positively associated with infant length, but no associations were reported for infant weight. Finally, HM fat was not consistently associated with any infant growth metrics, though various associations were reported in single studies. Fatty acid intakes were generally positively associated with head circumference, except for docosahexaenoic acid. Our synthesis of the literature was limited by differences in milk collection strategies, heterogeneity in anthropometric outcomes and analytical methodologies, and by insufficient reporting of results. Moving forward, HM researchers should accurately record and account for breastfeeding exclusivity, use consistent sampling protocols that account for the temporal variation in HM macronutrients, and use reliable, sensitive, and accurate techniques for HM macronutrient analysis.
Topics: Child; Female; Humans; Infant; Body Composition; Breast Feeding; Carbohydrates; Fatty Acids; Milk, Human; Nutrients; Proteins
PubMed: 37981047
DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2023.100149 -
Nutrients Oct 2023Thank you for carefully reading and commenting [...]. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Reply to Mazela et al. Comment on "Jankiewicz et al. The Effect of Goat-Milk-Based Infant Formulas on Growth and Safety Parameters: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. 2023, , 2110".
Thank you for carefully reading and commenting [...].
PubMed: 37960214
DOI: 10.3390/nu15214559 -
Nutrients Oct 2023We have read the article entitled "The effect of goat-milk-based infant formulas on growth and safety parameters: a systematic review and meta-analysis" by Jankiewicz et... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
We have read the article entitled "The effect of goat-milk-based infant formulas on growth and safety parameters: a systematic review and meta-analysis" by Jankiewicz et al [...].
Topics: Infant; Humans; Animals; Milk; Infant Formula; Nutrients; Goats
PubMed: 37960211
DOI: 10.3390/nu15214558 -
Nutrients Oct 2023The incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus in children is considerably increasing in western countries. Thus, identification of the environmental determinants involved... (Review)
Review
AIMS AND HYPOTHESIS
The incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus in children is considerably increasing in western countries. Thus, identification of the environmental determinants involved could ultimately lead to disease prevention. Here, we aimed to systematically review (PROSPERO ID: CRD42022362522) the current evidence of the association between maternal dietary factors during gestation and the risk of developing type 1 diabetes and/or islet autoimmunity (IA) in murine and human offspring.
METHODS
In accordance with PRISMA guidelines, the present systematic review searched PubMed and Scopus ( = 343) for different combinations of MeSH terms, such as type 1 diabetes, diet, islet autoimmunity, prenatal, nutrient, gluten, gliadin, vitamin, milk, and fibers.
RESULTS
We found that the most investigated dietary factors in the present literature were gluten, dietary advanced glycosylated end products (dAGEs), vitamin D, fatty acids, and iron. The results concerning prenatal exposure to a gluten-free environment showed a consistently protective effect on the development of IA. Prenatal exposures to vitamin D and certain fatty acids appeared to protect against the development of IA, whereas in utero iron and fat exposures correlated with increased risks of IA.
CONCLUSION
We conclude that a definite association is not established for most factors investigated as the literature represents a heterogeneous pool of data, although fetal exposures to some maternal dietary components, such as gluten, show consistent associations with increased risks of IA. We suggest that human prospective dietary intervention studies in both cohort and clinical settings are crucial to better evaluate critical and protective prenatal exposures from the maternal diet during pregnancy.
Topics: Child; Pregnancy; Female; Humans; Animals; Mice; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Autoimmunity; Islets of Langerhans; Vitamin D; Vitamins; Fatty Acids; Glutens; Iron; Autoantibodies; Risk Factors
PubMed: 37892409
DOI: 10.3390/nu15204333 -
Infectious Disease Reports Oct 2023'Query' (Q) fever is a neglected but emerging or re-emerging zoonotic disease caused by the bacterium (C.) . Several host species are considered or speculated to be the... (Review)
Review
'Query' (Q) fever is a neglected but emerging or re-emerging zoonotic disease caused by the bacterium (C.) . Several host species are considered or speculated to be the primary reservoir hosts for human infection. In the past, several research groups in Nigeria have evaluated the prevalence of in various vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. Currently, there is a paucity of knowledge regarding the epidemiology of the pathogen in Nigeria with limited or no attention to control and prevention programs. Therefore, this review was undertaken to comprehend the current situation of infection in human, domestic and peri-domestic animals, and some tick species in Nigeria since 1960 with the aim to help identify future research priorities for the country. A comprehensive literature search was performed using the PRISMA guidelines on five scientific databases including Google Scholar, PubMed, AJOL, Science Direct, and Scopus for articles published from Nigeria dealing with the screening of blood, milk, or tick DNA for evidence of using any standard diagnostic approach. Of the 33 published articles subjected to full-text evaluation, more than 48% of the articles met the inclusion criteria and were thus included in this review. We observed different ranges of prevalence for antibodies from four vertebrate hosts including cattle (2.5-23.5%), sheep (3.8-12.0%), goats (3.1-10.9%), and humans (12.0-61.3%). Additionally, the use of molecular diagnostics revealed that the DNA of has been amplified in eight tick species including () , , , , , , , and Two rodent's species ( and ) in Nigeria were documented to show evidence of the bacterium with the detection of the DNA of in these two mammals. In conclusion, this review has provided more insight on the prevalence of and its associated host/vector in Nigeria. Domestic animals, peri-domestic animals, and ticks species harbor and could be a source of human infections. Due to the paucity of studies from southern Nigeria, we recommend that research groups with interest on vector-borne diseases need to consider more epidemiological studies in the future on prevalence in diverse hosts to help unravel their distribution and vector potentials in Nigeria as a whole.
PubMed: 37888137
DOI: 10.3390/idr15050056 -
Frontiers in Endocrinology 2023Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) agonists and sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are novel drugs which have recently seen rapid uptake in the treatment of... (Review)
Review
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) agonists and sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are novel drugs which have recently seen rapid uptake in the treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity. The paucity of data regarding their safety during pregnancy and lactation causes a dilemma for the physician. The aim of the present study was to systematically review all available data on the offspring effects of GLP-1 agonists and SGLT2 inhibitors during pregnancy and lactation.
METHODS
We systematically searched PubMed, clinicaltrials.gov, FDA and EMA product information on GLP-1 agonists and SGLT2 inhibitors in pregnancy and lactation from inception up to 19 April 2022 without language restrictions. We approached both the Netherlands Pharmacovigilance Centre Lareb on January 17 2023 and the Teratology Information Service (TIS) of Switzerland on February 6 2023. Eligible studies investigating the safety (including congenital anomalies, fetal growth, perinatal demise) in animals or humans, or reporting the degree of transfer of these drugs to the fetus, breast milk or breastfed neonate. Two reviewers independently assessed and selected studies for inclusion and subsequently resolved discrepancies by discussion.
RESULTS
We included 39 records (n=9 theoretical; based on drug properties, n=7 human; n=23 animal, including 76 human offspring, and an unknown number of animal offspring as these numbers could not be retrieved from the FDA and EMA product information). In animal studies, GLP1-agonists were associated with reduced fetal weight and/or growth, delayed ossification and skeletal variants, usually associated with a reduction in maternal weight gain and decreased food consumption. Exendin-4 (GLP1-agonist) was not transported across the maternal-fetal placental interface. In human studies, exenatide (GLP1-agonist) showed a fetal-to-maternal peptide concentration ratio of ≤ 0.017 in ex vivo human placental perfusion in a single placenta. Liraglutide (GLP1-agonist) showed no significant maternal to fetal transfer at least 3.5 hours after maternal exposure in a human study with one subject. In animal studies, GLP-1 agonists were excreted in breast milk; human data on excretion were not available. In animal studies, SGLT2 inhibitors were generally safe during the first trimester but exposure during postnatal day 21 to 90 in juvenile rats, a period coinciding with the late second and third trimester of human renal development, caused dilatation of the renal pelvis and tubules. Human data consisted of a pharmaceutical database of inadvertent pregnancies during SGLT2 inhibitor use, which found an increase in miscarriages and congenital malformations. In animal studies SGLT2 inhibitors were excreted in breast milk and affected neonatal growth, but human data are not available.
CONCLUSION/INTERPRETATION
We found evidence for adverse offspring effects of GLP-1 agonists and SGLT2 inhibitors also in human studies. Our findings broadly support the advice to discontinue GLP-1 agonists and SGLT2 inhibitors during pregnancy and lactation, and also support the ongoing registration of pregnancy outcomes in pharmacological databases since the amount of available data is scarce and mostly limited to animal studies.
REGISTRATION
https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=219877.
Topics: Female; Humans; Pregnancy; Rats; Animals; Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Hypoglycemic Agents; Breast Feeding; Placenta; Exenatide; Liraglutide; Lactation
PubMed: 37881498
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1215356