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Inhalation Toxicology Jan 2020Diesel exhaust is a complex mixture comprised of gases and particulate matter and is a contributor to ambient air pollution. To reduce health risks, recent changes in...
Diesel exhaust is a complex mixture comprised of gases and particulate matter and is a contributor to ambient air pollution. To reduce health risks, recent changes in diesel engine technology have significantly altered the composition of diesel exhaust, primarily by lowering emissions of particulate matter. However, animal toxicological studies continue to report health effects following exposure to diesel exhaust from engines employing particulate filters. The cause of these effects remains unclear. To gain an understanding of the role of both particle-filtered and whole diesel exhaust on specific health outcomes, we conducted a systematic review in which we examined animal toxicological and controlled human exposure studies that included a comparison between inhalation of particle-filtered and whole diesel exhaust on any health endpoint. We identified 26 studies that met both the inclusion and study evaluation criteria. For most health outcomes, the particle filtration methods employed in the included studies did not appreciably attenuate the health effects associated with exposure to whole diesel exhaust. There were also several health endpoints for which significant effects were associated with exposure to either particle-filtered or whole diesel exhaust, but not to both. Overall, the results from this systematic review demonstrate that exposure to different components in diesel exhaust can have distinct and independent health effects. Thus, to better inform human health risk assessments, future studies aimed at elucidating the health effects from diesel exhaust should include exposure to both particle-filtered and whole diesel exhaust.
Topics: Air Pollutants; Animals; Cardiovascular System; Endpoint Determination; Female; Humans; Inhalation Exposure; Male; Nervous System; Particle Size; Particulate Matter; Reproduction; Respiratory System; Vehicle Emissions
PubMed: 32100584
DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2020.1725187 -
Frontiers in Bioengineering and... 2019The growth in development and use of nanobiomaterials (NBMs) has raised questions regarding their possible distribution in the environment. Because most NBMs are not yet...
The growth in development and use of nanobiomaterials (NBMs) has raised questions regarding their possible distribution in the environment. Because most NBMs are not yet available on the market and exposure monitoring is thus not possible, prospective exposure modeling is the method of choice to get information on their future environmental exposure. An important input for such models is the fraction of the NBM excreted after their application to humans. The aim of this study was to analyze the current literature on excretion of NBMs using a meta-analysis. Published pharmacokinetic data from animal experiments was collected and compiled in a database, including information on the material characteristics. An evaluation of the data showed that there is no correlation between the excretion (in % of injected dose, ID) and the material type, the dose, the zeta potential or the size of the particles. However, the excretion is dependent on the type of administration with orally administered NBMs being excreted to a larger extent than intravenously administered ones. A statistically significant difference was found for IV vs. oral and oral vs. inhalation. The database provided by this work can be used for future studies to parameterize the transfer of NBMs from humans to wastewater. Generic probability distributions of excretion for oral and IV-administration are provided to enable excretion modeling of NBMs without data for a specific NBM.
PubMed: 31921810
DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00405 -
International Journal of Nanomedicine 2019Nanoparticles appear to be one of the most promising agents that offer efficacy in angiogenesis-related disease therapy. The objective of this research is to...
Nanoparticles appear to be one of the most promising agents that offer efficacy in angiogenesis-related disease therapy. The objective of this research is to systematically review studies that have probed into the effect of nanoparticles on angiogenesis. Selected inclusion criteria were used to extract articles, references that were cited in the initial search were sought to identify more potential articles, and articles that did not meet the inclusion criteria and duplicates were discarded. The spherical shape was shown to be the most common shape employed to investigate the role of nanoparticles in angiogenesis therapy. The size of nanoparticles appears to play a crucial role for efficacy on angiogenesis, in which 20 nm emerged as the preferred size. Gold nanoparticles exhibit the most promise as an antiangiogenesis agent, and the toxicity was adjustable based on the dosages applied.
Topics: Angiogenesis Inhibitors; Humans; Nanoparticles; Neovascularization, Pathologic; Particle Size
PubMed: 31371952
DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S199974 -
International Journal of Nanomedicine 2019Stem cells possess a promising potential in the clinical field. The application and effective delivery of stem cells to the desired target organ or site of injury plays... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Stem cells possess a promising potential in the clinical field. The application and effective delivery of stem cells to the desired target organ or site of injury plays an important role. This review describes strategies on understanding the effective delivery of stem cells labeled with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION) using an external magnet to enhance stem cell migration in vivo and in vitro. Fourteen total publications among 174 articles were selected. Stem cell type, SPION characteristics, labeling time, and magnetic force in vivo are considered important factors affecting the effective delivery of stem cells to the homing site. Most papers reported that the efficiency was increased when magnet is applied compared to those without. Ten studies analyzed the homing competency of SPION-labeled MSCs in vitro by observing the migration of the cell toward the external magnet. In cell-based experiments, the mechanism of magnetic attraction, the kind of nanoparticles, and various stem cells were studied well. Meta-analysis has shown the mean size of nanoparticles and degree of recovery or regeneration of damaged target organs upon in vivo studies. This strategy may provide a guideline for designing studies involving stem cell homing and further expand stem cell.
Topics: Animals; Cell Movement; Humans; Hydrodynamics; Magnetics; Magnetite Nanoparticles; Particle Size; Staining and Labeling; Stem Cells
PubMed: 31308662
DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S204910 -
Medicine May 2019Rotator cuff calcific tendinopathy (RCCT) is frequently diagnosed in patients with shoulder pain, but there is no consensus on its treatment such as rest, nonsteroidal... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Rotator cuff calcific tendinopathy (RCCT) is frequently diagnosed in patients with shoulder pain, but there is no consensus on its treatment such as rest, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), physical therapy, subacromial corticosteroid injection (SAI), extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT), and ultrasound-guided percutaneous lavage (UGPL). The aim of the study was to compare the effectiveness of UGPL with other techniques in the treatment of RCCT.
METHODS
Literature searches of PubMed, EMBASE, OVID, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Chinese Biomedical Literature, Wanfang, Weipu Journal, and CNKI databases were performed up to August 2018. Only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing UGPL vs other methods for RCCT were included. Data collection and extraction, quality assessment, and data analyses were performed according to the Cochrane standards.
RESULTS
Eight RCTs were included with 617 cases in all. The result of meta-analysis showed that: there were significant differences between the UGPL and ESWT group in 12-month follow-up VAS, constant shoulder score (CSS), the average particle size of the calcium deposition, and the calcification disappearance rate. However, there was no significant difference in complication between 2 groups.
CONCLUSION
The present meta-analysis indicates that UGPL has certain clinical effect for calcifying tendinitis of rotator cuff. Compared with ESWT, UGPL may be superior in clinical pain relief and calcification clearance. However, owing to the limited quality and quantity of the included studies, additional high-quality RCTs are needed to confirm these findings.
Topics: Adrenal Cortex Hormones; Adult; Calcinosis; Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy; Female; Humans; Injections, Intra-Articular; Male; Middle Aged; Physical Therapy Modalities; Rotator Cuff Injuries; Shoulder Pain; Therapeutic Irrigation; Treatment Outcome; Ultrasonography, Interventional
PubMed: 31124934
DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000015552 -
Environmental Science and Pollution... Feb 2019Exposure to indoor air pollution increases the risk of pneumonia in children, accounting for about a million deaths globally. This study investigates the individual...
Exposure to indoor air pollution increases the risk of pneumonia in children, accounting for about a million deaths globally. This study investigates the individual effect of solid fuel, carbon monoxide (CO), black carbon (BC) and particulate matter (PM) on pneumonia in children under 5 in low- and middle-income countries. A systematic review was conducted to identify peer-reviewed and grey full-text documents without restrictions to study design, language or year of publication using nine databases (Embase, PubMed, EBSCO/CINAHL, Scopus, Web of Knowledge, WHO Library Database (WHOLIS), Integrated Regional Information Networks (IRIN), the World Meteorological Organization (WMO)-WHO and Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Exposure to solid fuel use showed a significant association to childhood pneumonia. Exposure to CO showed no association to childhood pneumonia. PM did not show any association when physically measured, whilst eight studies that used solid fuel as a proxy for PM all reported significant associations. This review highlights the need to standardise measurement of exposure and outcome variables when investigating the effect of air pollution on pneumonia in children under 5. Future studies should account for BC, PM and the interaction between indoor and outdoor pollution and its cumulative impact on childhood pneumonia.
Topics: Air Pollutants; Air Pollution, Indoor; Child, Preschool; Developing Countries; Environmental Exposure; Humans; Income; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Particle Size; Particulate Matter; Pneumonia
PubMed: 30569352
DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3769-1 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jun 2018In the field of medicine, nanomaterials, especially those derived using the green method, offer promise as anti-cancer agents and drug carriers. However, the biosafety... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
In the field of medicine, nanomaterials, especially those derived using the green method, offer promise as anti-cancer agents and drug carriers. However, the biosafety of metallic nanoparticles used as anti-cancer agents remains a concern. The goal of this systematic review was to compare the cytotoxicity of different plant-mediated syntheses of metallic nanoparticles based on their potency, therapeutic index, and cancer cell type susceptibility in the hopes of identifying the most promising anti-cancer agents. A literature search of electronic databases including Science Direct, PubMed, Springer Link, Google Scholar, and ResearchGate, was conducted to obtain research articles. Keywords such as biosynthesis, plant synthesis, plant-mediated, metallic nanoparticle, cytotoxicity, and anticancer were used in the literature search. All types of research materials that met the inclusion criteria were included in the study regardless of whether the results were positive, negative, or null. The therapeutic index was used as a safety measure for the studied compound of interest. Data from 76 selected articles were extracted and synthesised. Seventy-two studies reported that the cytotoxicity of plant-mediated synthesis of metallic nanoparticles was time and/or dose-dependent. Biosynthesised silver nanoparticles demonstrated higher cytotoxicity potency compared to gold nanoparticles synthesised by the same plants (, , and ) irrespective of the cancer cell type tested. This review also identified a correlation between the nanoparticle size and morphology with the potency of cytotoxicity. Cytotoxicity was found to be inversely proportional to nanoparticle size. The plant-mediated syntheses of metallic nanoparticles were predominantly spherical or quasi-spherical, with the median lethal dose of 1⁻20 µg/mL. Nanoparticles with other shapes (triangular, hexagonal, and rods) were less potent. Metallic nanoparticles synthesised by , , , , and were acceptably safe as anti-cancer agents, as they had a therapeutic index of >2.0 when tested on both cancer cells and normal human cells. Most plant-mediated syntheses of metallic nanoparticles were found to be cytotoxic, although some were non-cytotoxic. The results from this study suggest a focus on a selected list of potential anti-cancer agents for further investigations of their pharmacodynamic/toxicodynamic and pharmacokinetic/toxicokinetic actions with the goal of reducing the Global Burden of Diseases and the second leading cause of mortality.
Topics: Animals; Gold; Humans; Metal Nanoparticles; Particle Size; Plants
PubMed: 29891772
DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061725 -
IET Nanobiotechnology Jun 2018This study aimed to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of papers discussing the efficacy of microbial synthesised metallic nanoparticles (MNPs) against... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
This study aimed to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of papers discussing the efficacy of microbial synthesised metallic nanoparticles (MNPs) against cancerous and normal cell lines by exploiting Bayesian generalised linear (BGL) model. Data was systematically collected from published papers via Cochrane library, Web of Science, PubMed, Science Direct, ProQuest, Scopus, and Embase. Impressively, most of the studies were carried out on HeLa and A549 cancer cell lines. Specifically, a hefty 65.67% of studies employed bacteria to biofabricate MNPs. Significantly, BGL meta-analysis represented highly valuable information. Hence, based on adjusted analysis, the MNPs with the size of 25-50 nm were found to be far less cytotoxic than the MNPs with the size of ≤25 nm (OR = 0.233, ˂ 0.05) against either cancerous or normal cell lines. Interestingly, it was found that the odds of cytotoxicity in cancerous cell lines were practically nine times more than normal cell lines, representing the substantially more cytotoxicity of MNPs in cancerous cell lines (OR = 9.004, ˂ 0.001). Green MNPs mentioned here may be developed as novel anti-cancer agents, which could lead to a revolution in the treatment of cancer.
Topics: A549 Cells; Antineoplastic Agents; Cell Line; Cell Survival; Drug Delivery Systems; Green Chemistry Technology; HeLa Cells; Humans; Magnetite Nanoparticles; Particle Size
PubMed: 29768219
DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2017.0120 -
International Journal of Molecular... Feb 2018A large body of evidence supports the cardioprotective effects of the long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and... (Review)
Review
A large body of evidence supports the cardioprotective effects of the long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). There is increasing interest in the independent effects of EPA and DHA in the modulation of cardiometabolic risk factors. This systematic review aims to appraise the latest available evidence of the differential effects of EPA and DHA on such risk factors. A systematic literature review was conducted up to May 2017. Randomised controlled trials were included if they met strict eligibility criteria, including EPA or DHA > 2 g/day and purity ≥ 90%. Eighteen identified articles were included, corresponding to six unique studies involving 527 participants. Both EPA and DHA lowered triglyceride concentration, with DHA having a greater triglyceride-lowering effect. Whilst total cholesterol levels were largely unchanged by EPA and DHA, DHA increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentration, particularly HDL₂, and increased low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol concentration and LDL particle size. Both EPA and DHA inhibited platelet activity, whilst DHA improved vascular function and lowered heart rate and blood pressure to a greater extent than EPA. The effects of EPA and DHA on inflammatory markers and glycaemic control were inconclusive; however both lowered oxidative stress. Thus, EPA and DHA appear to have differential effects on cardiometabolic risk factors, but these need to be confirmed by larger clinical studies.
Topics: Antioxidants; Docosahexaenoic Acids; Eicosapentaenoic Acid; Humans; Hypoglycemic Agents; Metabolic Syndrome; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
PubMed: 29425187
DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020532 -
BMC Pulmonary Medicine Dec 2017After publication of this work [1] it was noticed that the author name Rachael L. DiSantostefano was not spelt correctly as there was a space in her surname between 'Di'...
After publication of this work [1] it was noticed that the author name Rachael L. DiSantostefano was not spelt correctly as there was a space in her surname between 'Di' and 'Santostefano'. The publisher apologises for this error.
PubMed: 29207997
DOI: 10.1186/s12890-017-0507-2