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Frontiers in Psychology 2024Childhood trauma can have negative effects on several domains of mental functioning, including Autobiographical Memory (AM). Conflicting results emerge in the scientific...
Childhood trauma can have negative effects on several domains of mental functioning, including Autobiographical Memory (AM). Conflicting results emerge in the scientific literature regarding the effects of childhood trauma on AM. In this review, we explored the relationship between the childhood trauma and AM, classifying childhood trauma as interpersonal, non-interpersonal and overall (interpersonal and non-interpersonal). We carried out a systematic literature review, following the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA statement). From searching the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases, we identified 48 studies conducted from 2014 to 2023, which were included when they: (a) were written in English, (b) investigated the relationship between AM and childhood trauma, (c) included a sample of children, adolescents, or adults who had experienced childhood interpersonal and/or non-interpersonal trauma. Of the 48 eligible studies, 29 referred to trauma of an interpersonal nature, 12 to trauma of a non-interpersonal nature, and 7 to overall trauma. Regarding the relationship between childhood trauma and AM, 24 studies found a negative relationship between childhood interpersonal trauma and AM; among the articles on non-interpersonal trauma, 10 studies found no relevant relationship; in the studies on overall trauma, 4 articles found negative relationship between overall trauma and AM. The literature explored in our systematic review supports the prevalence of a negative relationship between interpersonal childhood trauma and AM. This relationship is present regardless of psychiatric disorders (e.g., Depression, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, and Personality Disorders), and in the presence of the latter, AM results even more fragmented. Future research should use more accurate methodologies in identifying and classifying childhood trauma in order to more precisely determine its effect on AM.
PubMed: 38298520
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1328835 -
Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 2024Cognitive dysfunction or deficits are common in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). The current study systematically reviews and meta-analyzes multiple... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
INTRODUCTION
Cognitive dysfunction or deficits are common in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). The current study systematically reviews and meta-analyzes multiple domains of cognitive impairment in patients with MDD.
METHODS
PubMed/MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Cochrane Library, Embase, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched from inception through May 17, 2023, with no language limits. Studies with the following inclusion criteria were included: (1) patients with a diagnosis of MDD using standardized diagnostic criteria; (2) healthy controls (i.e., those without MDD); (3) neuropsychological assessments of cognitive impairment using Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB); and (4) reports of sufficient data to quantify standardized effect sizes. Hedges' g standardized mean differences (SMDs) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to quantify effect sizes of cognitive impairments in MDD. SMDs were estimated using a fixed- or random-effects models.
RESULTS
Overall, 33 studies consisting of 2,596 subjects (n = 1,337 for patients with MDD and n = 1,259 for healthy controls) were included. Patients with MDD, when compared to healthy controls, had moderate cognitive deficits (SMD, -0.39 [95% CI, -0.47 to -0.31]). In our subgroup analyses, patients with treatment-resistant depression (SMD, -0.56 [95% CI, -0.78 to -0.34]) and older adults with MDD (SMD, -0.51 [95% CI, -0.66 to -0.36]) had greater cognitive deficits than healthy controls. The effect size was small among unmedicated patients with MDD (SMD, -0.19 [95% CI, -0.37 to -0.00]), and we did not find any statistical difference among children. Cognitive deficits were consistently found in all domains, except the reaction time. No publication bias was reported.
CONCLUSION
Because cognitive impairment in MDD can persist in remission or increase the risk of major neurodegenerative disorders, remediation of cognitive impairment in addition to alleviation of depressive symptoms should be an important goal when treating patients with MDD.
Topics: Child; Humans; Aged; Depressive Disorder, Major; Cognitive Dysfunction; Neuropsychological Tests
PubMed: 38272009
DOI: 10.1159/000535665 -
Frontiers in Public Health 2023There are well-established literatures documenting the associations between mental disorders and unhealthy behaviors such as poor diet quality, sedentary behavior, and...
BACKGROUND
There are well-established literatures documenting the associations between mental disorders and unhealthy behaviors such as poor diet quality, sedentary behavior, and cannabis and tobacco use. Few studies have attempted to understand the respective findings in light of each other, however.
OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this review was to assemble comparable data for each behavior-disorder association and assess the associations in terms of their overall strength. The review aimed to include a representative, but not exhaustive, range of studies that would allow for explorative comparisons.
METHODS
Eligible studies were identified via Pubmed searches and citation searching, restricted to publications no older than 2015 written in English. To obtain comparable data, only studies that reported findings as odds ratios were included, and risk of bias related to study samples, behavioral measurement disparities, and control variables was assessed via sensitivity analyses. Findings for each disorder were compared on the basis of different measures of central tendency.
RESULTS
From 3,682 records, 294 studies were included. The review found evidence of associations between each of the four unhealthy behaviors and psychosis, depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), while personality disorder was only investigated in relation to cannabis and tobacco use. In overall comparison, the associations were generally of similar strength, and only the association between cannabis use and personality disorder was exceptional in terms of being significantly stronger than its counterparts across disorders and across behaviors. Analyses of bias risk identified some influence from behavioral measurement disparities and lack of adequate statistical control, but findings were generally robust across a range of sensitivity analyses.
CONCLUSION
This explorative and comparative review found that poor diet quality, sedentary behavior, and cannabis and tobacco use are about equally strongly associated with a range of different mental disorders. Given the general nature of these associations, we should probably understand them to reflect a general and shared etiology. However, the findings in this review should be regarded as tentative until confirmed by more comprehensive investigations.
Topics: Humans; Cannabis; Sedentary Behavior; Mental Health; Diet; Tobacco Use; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic
PubMed: 38249418
DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1268339 -
Clinical Child and Family Psychology... Mar 2024Children and adolescents with psychopathic traits show deficits in emotion recognition, but there is no consensus as to the extent of their generalizability or about the... (Review)
Review
Children and adolescents with psychopathic traits show deficits in emotion recognition, but there is no consensus as to the extent of their generalizability or about the variables that may be moderating the process. The present Systematic Review brings together the existing scientific corpus on the subject and attempts to answer these questions through an exhaustive review of the existing literature according to PRISMA 2020 statement. Results confirmed the existence of pervasive deficits in emotion recognition and, more specifically, on distress emotions (e.g., fear), a deficit that transcends all modalities of emotion presentation and all emotional stimuli used. Moreover, they supported the key role of attention to relevant areas that provide emotional cues (e.g., eye-region) and point out differences according to the presence of disruptive behavior and based on the psychopathy dimension examined. This evidence could advance the current knowledge on developmental models of psychopathic traits. Yet, homogenization of the conditions of research in this area should be prioritized to be able to draw more robust and generalizable conclusions.
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Humans; Antisocial Personality Disorder; Emotions; Recognition, Psychology
PubMed: 38240937
DOI: 10.1007/s10567-023-00466-z -
BMC Psychiatry Jan 2024Loneliness and struggles with unmet social needs are a common experience among people with 'personality disorder' diagnoses/traits. Given the impact of loneliness and...
The prevalence and severity of loneliness and deficits in perceived social support among who have received a 'personality disorder' diagnosis or have relevant traits: a systematic review.
BACKGROUND
Loneliness and struggles with unmet social needs are a common experience among people with 'personality disorder' diagnoses/traits. Given the impact of loneliness and poor perceived social support on mental health, and the importance of a sense of belonging for recovery, a systematic review examining the prevalence/severity of loneliness and deficits in perceived social support among people with 'personality disorder' diagnoses/traits is an essential step towards developing an intervention targeting the social needs of people with diagnoses/traits 'personality disorder'. Despite an extensive literature on loneliness and deficits of perceived social support among people with 'personality disorder' diagnosis/traits, to date there has been no systematic review of this evidence.
METHOD
We conducted a systematic review synthesising quantitative data on the prevalence/severity of loneliness and deficits of perceived social support among people with diagnoses/traits of 'personality disorder' in comparison with other clinical groups and the general population. We searched Medline, Embase, PsycINFO, Web of Social Science, Google scholar and Ethos British Library from inception to December 2021. We conducted quality appraisals using the Joanna Briggs Critical appraisal tools and rated the certainty of evidence using the Grading of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach. A narrative synthesis was used describing the direction and strength of associations prioritising high quality studies.
FINDINGS
A final set of 70 studies are included in this review, most of which are cross-sectional studies (n = 55), based in the United States (51%) and focused on community samples. Our synthesis of evidence found that, across all types of 'personality disorders' (except 'narcissistic personality' traits), people with traits associated with 'personality disorder' or meeting criteria for a diagnosis of 'personality disorder', have higher levels of loneliness, lower perceived relationship satisfaction, and poorer social support than the general population or other clinical samples.
CONCLUSION
The quality of evidence is judged as low quality. However, given the distressing nature of loneliness and the known negative effects of loneliness on mental health and recovery, it is important for future research to explore mechanisms by which loneliness may exacerbate 'personality disorder' symptoms and the impact this has on recovery.
Topics: Humans; Loneliness; Cross-Sectional Studies; Prevalence; Personality Disorders; Social Support
PubMed: 38172738
DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-05471-8 -
Brain Sciences Nov 2023Lumateperone (also known as ITI-007 or ITI-722) represents a novel second-generation medication characterized by a favorable safety and tolerability profile. This is... (Review)
Review
Lumateperone (also known as ITI-007 or ITI-722) represents a novel second-generation medication characterized by a favorable safety and tolerability profile. This is attributed to its notable selectivity for D2 receptors within specific regions of the brain. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) granted approval for the treatment of schizophrenia in adults in December 2019. Additionally, it gained approval for addressing depressive episodes associated with bipolar I and II disorders in adults, either as a standalone therapy or in conjunction with lithium or valproate, in December 2021. The objective of this investigation is to systematically review the existing literature to assess the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of lumateperone in the treatment of schizophrenia. Lumateperone has demonstrated effectiveness in addressing positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms associated with schizophrenia. The evaluation of safety indicators in the reviewed studies indicates that lumateperone is deemed to be a well-tolerated and safe antipsychotic. Additional research is warranted to explore lumateperone's efficacy in managing major depressive disorders, behavioral issues in Alzheimer's disease and dementia, sleep maintenance insomnia, bipolar disorders, and personality disorders.
PubMed: 38137089
DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13121641 -
Neurologia I Neurochirurgia Polska 2023Migraine is a common primary headache disorder, which affects mainly young females, usually those with some specific personality traits including neuroticism and...
INTRODUCTION
Migraine is a common primary headache disorder, which affects mainly young females, usually those with some specific personality traits including neuroticism and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Among many factors that may trigger headache are to be found those associated with eating patterns and behaviours. Eating disorders are psychiatric disorders of abnormal eating or weight-control behaviours. According to the most up-to-date classification, six main types are identified, including anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder. Similar to migraine, eating disorders are mainly diagnosed in young adults and, moreover, personality pattern, in at least some of the eating disorders, is also suggested to be consistent.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
This systematic review aimed to summarise the available literature related to this topic. We performed an electronic article search through the Embase, PubMed, and Cochrane databases and included 16 articles into analysis in accordance with PRISMA 2020 guidelines.
RESULTS
Most of the studies revealed the presence of a putative correlation between migraine and eating disorders, and these encourage further investigations. Moreover, apart from the clinical aspect, also the pathogenesis underlying both disorders is suggested to be similar. More frequent co-occurrence of other psychiatric disorders in migraineurs, such as depression and anxiety, was reported and should be considered in future research. Furthermore, adverse interactions between pharmacotherapy and symptoms of comorbid conditions underline the importance of this problem.
CONCLUSIONS
A correlation between migraine and eating disorders appears highly probable. However, further investigations are required focusing on diverse aspects such as clinical, psychological, and pathogenic.
Topics: Female; Young Adult; Humans; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Anorexia Nervosa; Personality Disorders; Migraine Disorders
PubMed: 38037683
DOI: 10.5603/pjnns.97307 -
EClinicalMedicine Nov 2023Mental disorders are associated with premature mortality. There is increasing research examining life expectancy and years-of-potential-life-lost (YPLL) to quantify the...
BACKGROUND
Mental disorders are associated with premature mortality. There is increasing research examining life expectancy and years-of-potential-life-lost (YPLL) to quantify the disease impact on survival in people with mental disorders. We aimed to systematically synthesize studies to estimate life expectancy and YPLL in people with any and specific mental disorders across a broad spectrum of diagnoses.
METHODS
In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched Embase, MEDLINE, PsychINFO, WOS from inception to July 31, 2023, for published studies reporting life expectancy and/or YPLL for mental disorders. Criteria for study inclusion were: patients of all ages with any mental disorders; reported data on life expectancy and/or YPLL of a mental-disorder cohort relative to the general population or a comparison group without mental disorders; and cohort studies. We excluded non-cohort studies, publications containing non-peer-reviewed data or those restricted to population subgroups. Survival estimates, i.e., life expectancy and YPLL, were pooled (based on summary data extracted from the included studies) using random-effects models. Subgroup analyses and random-effects meta-regression analyses were performed to explore sources of heterogeneity. Risk-of-bias assessment was evaluated using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. This study is registered with PROSPERO (CRD42022321190).
FINDINGS
Of 35,865 studies identified in our research, 109 studies from 24 countries or regions including 12,171,909 patients with mental disorders were eligible for analysis (54 for life expectancy and 109 for YPLL). Pooled life expectancy for mental disorders was 63.85 years (95% CI 62.63-65.06; = 100.0%), and pooled YPLL was 14.66 years (95% CI 13.88-15.98; = 100.0%). Disorder-stratified analyses revealed that substance-use disorders had the shortest life expectancy (57.07 years [95% CI 54.47-59.67]), while neurotic disorders had the longest lifespan (69.51 years [95% CI 67.26-71.76]). Substance-use disorders exhibited the greatest YPLL (20.38 years [95% CI 18.65-22.11]), followed by eating disorders (16.64 years [95% CI 7.45-25.82]), schizophrenia-spectrum disorders (15.37 years [95% CI 14.18-16.55]), and personality disorders (15.35 years [95% CI 12.80-17.89]). YPLLs attributable to natural and unnatural deaths in mental disorders were 4.38 years (95% CI 3.15-5.61) and 8.11 years (95% CI 6.10-10.13; suicide: 8.31 years [95% CI 6.43-10.19]), respectively. Stratified analyses by study period suggested that the longevity gap persisted over time. Significant cross-study heterogeneity was observed.
INTERPRETATION
Mental disorders are associated with substantially reduced life expectancy, which is transdiagnostic in nature, encompassing a wide range of diagnoses. Implementation of comprehensive and multilevel intervention approaches is urgently needed to rectify lifespan inequalities for people with mental disorders.
FUNDING
None.
PubMed: 37965432
DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.102294 -
PLOS Global Public Health 2023Personality disorders (PDs) have a global prevalence of 7.8% and are associated with increased rates of morbidity and mortality. Most research on PDs has been conducted...
Personality disorders (PDs) have a global prevalence of 7.8% and are associated with increased rates of morbidity and mortality. Most research on PDs has been conducted in High Income Countries (HICs). We conducted a systematic review to investigate the effectiveness of psychosocial and pharmacological interventions for personality disorders (PDs) in individuals from Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs.) We systematically searched MEDLINE, Embase, APA PsycInfo, Web of Science, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), and The Cochrane Library from inception to January 5, 2023. Inclusion criteria were quantitative studies and grey literature where participants received a psychosocial or pharmacological intervention for PD. Exclusion criteria were qualitative studies, review articles, studies in which PD was not the primary condition, and articles not available in English. The Cochrane Risk of Bias tool version 2.0 and Joanna Briggs Institute instruments were used to measure risk of bias. Studies were pooled by type of study, PD investigated, type of intervention, assessment methods, and outcomes. Sixteen studies met inclusion criteria and were included. Fifteen were intervention studies related to borderline PD. Only one studied mixed PDs. Twelve studies were of psychotherapy, one pharmacotherapy, one combination of both, and two neurostimulation. Most of the studies showed improvement in symptoms though data was largely collected using self-report measures. There were only six RCTs. There is a dearth of literature on interventions for PDs in LMICs and funding bodies should prioritize research in LMICs. Systematic Review Registration Number: PROSPERO CRD42021233415.
PubMed: 37922249
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0002485 -
Current Psychiatry Reports Nov 2023Unstable relationships are a core feature of borderline personality disorder (BPD). Impairments in trust processes (i.e., appraisal and learning regarding others'... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
Unstable relationships are a core feature of borderline personality disorder (BPD). Impairments in trust processes (i.e., appraisal and learning regarding others' trustworthiness) can subserve interpersonal problems associated with BPD, but the determinants, mechanisms, consequences, and variations in trust impairments among individuals with BPD remain poorly characterized. Thus, a better understanding of such impairments could help target interventions that address the interpersonal problems of individuals with BPD beyond emotion dysregulation, impulsivity, and aggression.
RECENT FINDINGS
We conducted a pre-registered systematic review of empirical studies on trust processes and BPD features (k = 29). Results are organized around a heuristic model of trust processes in BPD comprising the following stages: developmental factors, prior beliefs and dispositions, situation perception, emotional states, trust appraisal, behavioral manifestations, and trust learning. Based on the synthesis of the findings, we recommended directions for future research and clinical assessment and intervention, such as managing trust during the early stages of therapy and considering improvements in trust processes as a central mechanism of change in treating individuals with BPD.
Topics: Humans; Trust; Interpersonal Relations; Borderline Personality Disorder; Emotions; Aggression
PubMed: 37889465
DOI: 10.1007/s11920-023-01468-y