-
Ageing Research Reviews Aug 2022Apathy is frequent and persistent in Alzheimer's disease (AD), associated with poor prognosis and carer distress; yet our knowledge of risk factors remains limited. (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Apathy is frequent and persistent in Alzheimer's disease (AD), associated with poor prognosis and carer distress; yet our knowledge of risk factors remains limited.
AIMS
To identify risk factors associated with apathy incidence and progression in AD over time.
METHODS
We systematically reviewed evidence based on longitudinal studies assessing risk factors for apathy in AD up to June 2021. Two authors independently assessed article eligibility and rated quality.
RESULTS
13,280 articles were screened, of which 13 met inclusion criteria. Studies had a mean follow-up of 2.7 years reporting on a total of 2012 participants. Most findings were based on single studies of moderate quality evidence. Risk factors increasing apathy onset were: being a carrier of the T allele of the PRND gene polymorphism, and having high levels of the IL-6 and TNFα cytokines at baseline. Risk factors for apathy worsening were: reduced inferior-temporal cortical thickness, taking antidepressants, being an ApoE ε4 carrier, living longer with AD, lower cognitive test scores, higher baseline apathy, premorbid personality traits (lower agreeableness, higher neuroticism), and higher midlife motivational abilities.
CONCLUSIONS
Although results are limited by the small number of studies, this review identified specific genetic, neurobiological, AD specific, and dispositional factors that may increase risk of apathy onset and worsening in AD.
Topics: Alzheimer Disease; Apathy; Humans; Neuropsychological Tests; Risk Factors; Temporal Lobe
PubMed: 35714852
DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101672 -
Prevention Science : the Official... May 2024Poor parental mental health and stress have been associated with children's mental disorders, including attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), through social,... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Parental Depression, Antidepressant Usage, Antisocial Personality Disorder, and Stress and Anxiety as Risk Factors for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in Children.
Poor parental mental health and stress have been associated with children's mental disorders, including attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), through social, genetic, and neurobiological pathways. To determine the strength of the associations between parental mental health and child ADHD, we conducted a set of meta-analyses to examine the association of parent mental health indicators (e.g., parental depression, antidepressant usage, antisocial personality disorder, and stress and anxiety) with subsequent ADHD outcomes in children. Eligible ADHD outcomes included diagnosis or symptoms. Fifty-eight articles published from 1980 to 2019 were included. We calculated pooled effect sizes, accounting for each study's conditional variance, separately for test statistics based on ADHD as a dichotomous (e.g., diagnosis or clinical cutoffs) or continuous measurement (e.g., symptoms of ADHD subtypes of inattentiveness and hyperactivity/impulsivity). Parental stress and parental depression were significantly associated with increased risk for ADHD overall and both symptoms and diagnosis. Specifically, maternal stress and anxiety, maternal prenatal stress, maternal depression, maternal post-partum depression, and paternal depression were positively associated with ADHD. In addition, parental depression was associated with symptoms of ADHD inattentive and hyperactive/impulsive subtypes. Parental antisocial personality disorder was also positively associated with ADHD overall and specifically ADHD diagnosis. Prenatal antidepressant usage was associated with ADHD when measured dichotomously only. These findings raise the possibility that prevention strategies promoting parental mental health and addressing parental stress could have the potential for positive long-term impacts on child health, well-being, and behavioral outcomes.
Topics: Humans; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity; Antisocial Personality Disorder; Child; Risk Factors; Antidepressive Agents; Stress, Psychological; Anxiety; Parents; Depression; Female
PubMed: 35641729
DOI: 10.1007/s11121-022-01383-3 -
Frontiers in Psychology 2021With the quickly rising popularity of smartphone among adolescents over the past decade, studies have begun to investigate the relationship between smartphone addiction...
With the quickly rising popularity of smartphone among adolescents over the past decade, studies have begun to investigate the relationship between smartphone addiction and Eysenck's personality traits. Despite numerous studies on this topic, however, findings have been mixed and there is a lack of consensus regarding this relationship. Thus, this meta-analysis aimed to explore the relationship between smartphone addiction and Eysenck's personality traits in Chinese adolescents, as well as its possible moderators. Through literature search and screening, 33 studies were included, comprising 79 independent effect sizes with a total of 17, 737 subjects. A random effects model was selected, and it was found that smartphone addiction was positively associated with psychoticism ( = 0.16, < 0.001) and neuroticism ( = 0.32, < 0.001), but not significantly associated with extroversion ( = -0.06, = 0.079). The moderating effect test showed that sex and year of study publication had significant influences on the relationship between smartphone addiction and psychoticism, and the year of study publication had a significant influence on the relationship between smartphone addiction and neuroticism. This study is the first meta-analysis on the relationship between smartphone addiction and Eysenck's personality traits among adolescents in China, and the results have helped to clarify the controversy of previous studies regarding this relationship.
PubMed: 35185692
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.794112 -
Journal of Educational Evaluation For... 2021Rehabilitation science programs utilize cognitive and non-cognitive factors to select students who can complete the didactic and clinical portions of the program and... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE
Rehabilitation science programs utilize cognitive and non-cognitive factors to select students who can complete the didactic and clinical portions of the program and pass the licensure exam. Cognitive factors such a prior grade point average and standardized test scores are known to be predictive of academic performance, but the relationship of non-cognitive factors and performance is less clear. The purpose of this systematic review was to explore the relationship of non-cognitive factors to academic and clinical performance in rehabilitation science programs.
METHODS
A search of 7 databases was conducted using the following eligibility criteria: graduate programs in physical therapy (PT), occupational therapy, speech-language pathology, United States-based programs, measurement of at least 1 non-cognitive factor, measurement of academic and/or clinical performance, and quantitative reporting of results. Articles were screened by title, abstract, and full text, and data were extracted.
RESULTS
After the comprehensive screening, 21 articles were included in the review. Seventy-six percent of studies occurred in PT students. Grit, self-efficacy, emotional intelligence, and stress were the most commonly studied factors. Only self-efficacy, emotional intelligence, and personality traits were examined in clinical and academic contexts. The results were mixed for all non-cognitive factors. Higher grit and self-efficacy tended to be associated with better performance, while stress was generally associated with worse outcomes.
CONCLUSION
No single non-cognitive factor was consistently related to clinical or academic performance in rehabilitation science students. There is insufficient evidence currently to recommend the evaluation of a specific non-cognitive factor for admissions decisions.
Topics: Academic Performance; Emotional Intelligence; Humans; Self Efficacy; Students; United States
PubMed: 34808756
DOI: 10.3352/jeehp.2021.18.31 -
PloS One 2021Preterm birth(<37 gestational weeks) is associated with numerous adversities, however, data on positive developmental outcomes remain limited. We examined if preterm and... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
AIM
Preterm birth(<37 gestational weeks) is associated with numerous adversities, however, data on positive developmental outcomes remain limited. We examined if preterm and term born(≥37 gestational weeks) adults differ in dispositional optimism/pessimism, a personality trait associated with health and wellbeing. We assessed if birth weight z-score, neurosensory impairments and parental education modified the outcome.
METHODS
We systematically searched PubMed and Web of Science for cohort or case-control studies(born ≥ 1970) with data on gestational age and optimism/pessimism reported using the Life-Orientation-Test-Revised in adulthood(≥18 years). The three identified studies(Helsinki Study of Very Low Birth Weight Adults; Arvo Ylppö Longitudinal Study; Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children) provided data for the two-step random-effects linear regression Individual-Participant-Data meta-analysis.
RESULTS
Preterm and term borns did not differ on optimism(p = 0.76). Preterms scored higher on pessimism than term borns(Mean difference = 0.35, 95%Confidence Interval 0.36, 0.60, p = 0.007), although not after full adjustment. Preterm born participants, but not term born participants, with higher birth weight z-score, had higher optimism scores (0.30 raw score units per standard deviation increase, 95% CI 0.10, 0.49, p = 0.003); preterm vs term x birth weight z-score interaction p = 0.004).
CONCLUSIONS
Preterm and term born adults display similar optimism. In preterms, higher birth weight may foster developmental trajectories promoting more optimistic life orientations.
Topics: Adult; Birth Weight; Female; Gestational Age; Humans; Male; Optimism; Pessimism; Premature Birth
PubMed: 34793498
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259463 -
Frontiers in Psychology 2021Traditionally, it had been commonly believed that individuals in the same culture have personalities distinct from those of individuals in other cultures. This article...
Traditionally, it had been commonly believed that individuals in the same culture have personalities distinct from those of individuals in other cultures. This article examines this belief by critically reviewing relevant literature generated from two of the most widely investigated personality-based style constructs in the field of intellectual styles: the Jungian personality styles and the career personality styles proposed by Holland. It aims at answering the question of whether personality-based intellectual styles are culture specific or they are universal. To achieve this aim, based on the two broad cultural systems derived from Hofstede's model of four cultural dimensions and two major style types from Zhang and Sternberg's threefold model of intellectual styles, two research hypotheses were made. To test the hypotheses, two types of empirical literature centered on each of the two personality-based styles are reviewed: (1) cross-cultural comparative studies; and (2) within-culture studies investigating the association of the two style constructs with other human attributes and outcomes. Results suggest that although personality-based styles are related to culture, they cannot be culture specific; rather, they are fundamentally universal. These findings carry scientific value and have practical implications for education and beyond.
PubMed: 34744878
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.717670 -
International Journal of Environmental... Aug 2021In addition to social and environmental factors, individual personality traits have intricately linked with maladaptive behaviour. Thus, the purpose of this article was... (Review)
Review
In addition to social and environmental factors, individual personality traits have intricately linked with maladaptive behaviour. Thus, the purpose of this article was to review the link between individual personality traits and criminality. A systematic review was conducted to obtain information regarding the link between individual personality traits with criminal behaviour in the Sage, Web of Science, APA PsycNet, Wiley Online Library, and PubMed databases. The results indicate that individual personality traits that contribute towards criminality are (i) psychopathy; (ii) low self-control; and (iii) difficult temperament. As an overall impact, the review is expected to provide in-depth understanding of the link between individual personality traits and criminality; hence, greater consideration will be given to the dimension of personality as a notable risk factor of criminal behaviour.
Topics: Antisocial Personality Disorder; Criminal Behavior; Humans; Personality; Personality Disorders; Personality Inventory
PubMed: 34444412
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18168663 -
Social and Personality Psychology... Nov 2020This systematic review examined the associations of personality traits with cognitive failures and cognitive complaints across the adult lifespan. We first present three...
This systematic review examined the associations of personality traits with cognitive failures and cognitive complaints across the adult lifespan. We first present three conceptual models (cognitive abilities, mental processes, and reporting bias) that could explain why personality is related to such behaviors. We then conducted five separate meta-analyses with 10-17 cross-sectional samples (N = 7,642 - 10,564) that were identified through a systematic literature search following the MOOSE guidelines. Higher neuroticism ( = .39, 95% CI [0.32, 0.45]) and lower conscientiousness ( = -.36, 95% CI [-.42, -.29]) were related to more cognitive failures and complaints. Lower scores on the remaining traits were also associated with more cognitive failures and complaints, yet to a weaker extent (extraversion: = -.14, 95% CI [-.20, -.08]; openness: = -.07, 95% CI [-.11, -.03]; agreeableness: = -.13, 95% CI [-.21, -.05]). With the current empirical evidence, it is not possible to tell which of the three conceptual models explains how much of the associations. For neuroticism, there is more support for the mental processes than the reporting bias model, but more research is needed to fully test mechanistic models. We provide several suggestions for future research to address existing limitations of the literature on personality and cognitive failures and complaints.
PubMed: 34326894
DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12565 -
European Journal of Public Health Jul 2021There is a growing interest in the promotion of mental health, and concepts as resilience are re-emerging and taking relevance. In addition, Information and... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
There is a growing interest in the promotion of mental health, and concepts as resilience are re-emerging and taking relevance. In addition, Information and Communication Technologies can provide potential benefits in the field of mental health, and the treatment of mental disorders in particular. This study aims to synthesize the evidence of internet-based resilience interventions, analyzing the theoretical adequacy, methodological quality and efficacy.
METHODS
A systematic search was performed. The eligibility criteria stated for this article were: randomized controlled trials targeted at adults or adolescents and including any psychological intervention focussing on resilience in its rationale or design. Studies with direct (e.g. resilience scales) and proximal resilience measures (e.g. scales on well-being) were included. Risk of bias was assessed for each trial using Cochrane's Collaboration Tool. Two reviewers worked independently in order to identify potential articles. A total of 11 articles were selected. A random-effects pooling model using the Hartung-Knapp-Sidik-Jonkman method based on direct and proximal resilience measures at post-test was used.
RESULTS
The overall effects of online resilience training compared to control groups at post-test were not significant; the effect size concerning the improvement of resilience was g=0.12 (95% CI: -0.14 to 0.38). In addition, a potential association between the type of outcome and the effect size could be revealed.
CONCLUSIONS
The results of the present meta-analysis showed that the overall effect of online resilience trainings was not significant. Nonetheless, a tendency for a higher benefit for resilience was found in the studies with a clear assessment theory, indicating some promising effects.
REGISTRATION NUMBER
PROSPERO CRD42018083339.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Bias; Humans; Internet-Based Intervention; Mental Disorders; Mental Health
PubMed: 34240159
DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckaa255 -
PloS One 2021There is a recognised need to develop clear service models and pathways to provide high quality care in the community for people with complex emotional needs, who may...
BACKGROUND
There is a recognised need to develop clear service models and pathways to provide high quality care in the community for people with complex emotional needs, who may have been given a "personality disorder" diagnosis. Services should be informed by the views of people with these experiences.
AIMS
To identify and synthesise qualitative studies on service user experiences of community mental health care for Complex Emotional Needs.
METHODS
We searched six bibliographic databases for papers published since 2003. We included peer reviewed studies reporting data on service user experiences and views about good care from community-based mental health services for adults with CEN, including generic mental health services and specialist "personality disorder" services. Studies using any qualitative method were included and thematic synthesis used to identify over-arching themes.
RESULTS
Forty-seven papers were included. Main themes were: 1) The need for a long-term perspective on treatment journeys; 2) The need for individualised and holistic care; 3) Large variations in accessibility and quality of mental health services; 4) The centrality of therapeutic relationships; 5) Impacts of 'personality disorder' diagnosis. Themes tended to recur across studies from different countries and years.
DISCUSSION
Recurrent major themes included wanting support that is individualised and holistic, provides continuity over long journeys towards recovery, and that is delivered by empathetic and well-informed clinicians who are hopeful but realistic about the prospects of treatment. Care that met these simple and clearly stated priorities tended to be restricted to often limited periods of treatment by specialist "personality disorder" services: generic and primary care services were often reported as far from adequate. There is an urgent need to co-design and test strategies for improving long-term support and treatment care for people with "personality disorders" throughout the mental health care system.
Topics: Community Mental Health Services; Disease Management; Emotions; Health Services Accessibility; Holistic Health; Humans; Mental Disorders; Personality Disorders; Precision Medicine; Qualitative Research; Quality of Health Care
PubMed: 33914750
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248316