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Human Factors Jan 2024In this review, we investigate the relationship between agent transparency, Situation Awareness, mental workload, and operator performance for safety critical domains.
OBJECTIVE
In this review, we investigate the relationship between agent transparency, Situation Awareness, mental workload, and operator performance for safety critical domains.
BACKGROUND
The advancement of highly sophisticated automation across safety critical domains poses a challenge for effective human oversight. Automation transparency is a design principle that could support humans by making the automation's inner workings observable (i.e., "seeing-into"). However, experimental support for this has not been systematically documented to date.
METHOD
Based on the PRISMA method, a broad and systematic search of the literature was performed focusing on identifying empirical research investigating the effect of transparency on central Human Factors variables.
RESULTS
Our final sample consisted of 17 experimental studies that investigated transparency in a controlled setting. The studies typically employed three human-automation interaction types: responding to agent-generated proposals, supervisory control of agents, and monitoring only. There is an overall trend in the data pointing towards a beneficial effect of transparency. However, the data reveals variations in Situation Awareness, mental workload, and operator performance for specific tasks, agent-types, and level of integration of transparency information in primary task displays.
CONCLUSION
Our data suggests a promising effect of automation transparency on Situation Awareness and operator performance, without the cost of added mental workload, for instances where humans respond to agent-generated proposals and where humans have a supervisory role.
APPLICATION
Strategies to improve human performance when interacting with intelligent agents should focus on allowing humans to see into its information processing stages, considering the integration of information in existing Human Machine Interface solutions.
Topics: Humans; Awareness; Task Performance and Analysis; Workload; Cognition; Automation; Man-Machine Systems
PubMed: 35274577
DOI: 10.1177/00187208221077804 -
International Journal of Environmental... Mar 2022Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) have numerous comorbidities due to trisomy 21. However, virtual reality-based therapy (VRT) has been used nowadays as a learning and... (Review)
Review
Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) have numerous comorbidities due to trisomy 21. However, virtual reality-based therapy (VRT) has been used nowadays as a learning and visual motor tool in order to facilitate the development and learning process of this group. The aim of this article was to carry out an integrative review of the literature on the use of virtual and computational technologies in the stimulation of children with DS. A search was carried out according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) through single key words or their combinations using AND or OR operators: "Down syndrome" AND ("development" OR "cognition" OR "visomotor" OR "digital game" OR "virtual reality"). Eventually, 18 articles were included in our review. The games used in the research were able to stimulate, through the visual field, global motor skills, balance, body scheme and spatial organization, in addition to the learning of mathematical concepts, in order to directly influence the autonomous life activities, language skills, social skills and educational aspects of people with DS. Electronic games contribute to the teaching-learning relationship and stimulate neuropsychomotor and cognitive functions and development in children with DS.
Topics: Child; Cognition; Down Syndrome; Humans; Learning; Motor Skills; Virtual Reality
PubMed: 35270648
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19052955 -
Scientific Reports Feb 2022In the current decade, a growing body of evidence has proposed the correlation between diet and cognitive function or dementia in the ageing population. This study was...
In the current decade, a growing body of evidence has proposed the correlation between diet and cognitive function or dementia in the ageing population. This study was designed to appraise discoveries from the randomized controlled trials to confirm the effects of berry-based supplements or foods on cognitive function in older adults. PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Web of Science, Scopus, EMBASE, Google Scholar, and ProQuest as well as SID, Magiran, and Iranmedex electronic databases were explored for human interventional studies up to March 2021. In total, eleven articles were identified using frozen blueberry (n = 4 studies), blueberry concentrate (n = 2), beverage (n = 3), capsule (n = 1), extract and powder (n = 1). These studies had been performed among older people with no recognized cognitive impairment or mild cognitive impairment (MCI). The primary outcomes included global cognitive function, psychomotor function, learning and memory, working memory capacity, executive functions, and brain perfusion/activity. To our knowledge, this is the first systematic review of available clinical trials on the effects of berry-based supplements and foods on cognitive performances as well as brain perfusion parameters among the elderly with normal cognition or MCI. Existing evidence concludes that berry-based supplements and foods have beneficial effects on resting brain perfusion, cognitive function, memory performance, executive functioning, processing speed, and attention indices.
Topics: Aged; Cognition; Cognitive Dysfunction; Dietary Supplements; Executive Function; Fruit; Humans; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
PubMed: 35217779
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07302-4 -
Frontiers in Endocrinology 2021Childhood obesity is a serious public health problem. Childhood obesity and overweight are associated with the appearance of coordination deficit disorder and can cause...
UNLABELLED
Childhood obesity is a serious public health problem. Childhood obesity and overweight are associated with the appearance of coordination deficit disorder and can cause impaired motor performance. We searched online databases for all related articles using comprehensive international databases from the Medline PubMed Institute, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, SCOPUS, and PsycINFO up to December 20, 2020. Overall, 33 studies were included in this systematic review. The present review demonstrated that children with higher percentage of body fat had lower levels of moderate to vigorous physical activity, as well as decreased levels of gross motor coordination, as shown by tests for neuromuscular performance. These results corroborate the hypothesis that overweight and obesity in children and adolescents are associated, not only with insufficient performance during gross motor coordination activities, but also with a greater risk to physical health.
SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION
[https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/], identifier [CRD42020182935].
Topics: Adolescent; Body Composition; Body Mass Index; Child; Child, Preschool; Humans; Motor Skills; Pediatric Obesity
PubMed: 35126307
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.759165 -
Acta Ophthalmologica Nov 2022The aim of this study was to review the available scientific literature on the possible relationship between the visual system and motor development in children. (Review)
Review
PURPOSE
The aim of this study was to review the available scientific literature on the possible relationship between the visual system and motor development in children.
METHODS
This study was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews (PRISMA) statement recommendations. The review protocol is available in PROSPERO (CRD42021245341). Four different databases, namely Scopus, PubMed, CINAHL and Web of Science, were assessed from April 2005 to February 2021. To determine the quality of the articles, we used the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) Quality Appraisal Scale, and a protocol was followed to define the levels of evidence on the basis of the Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine Levels of Evidence. The search strategy included terms describing motor development in children and adolescents with visual disorders.
RESULTS
Among the identified studies, 23 were included in the study. All selected articles examined the relationship between the visual system and development in children. The quality of most of the studies was moderate-high, and they were between evidence levels 2 and 4.
CONCLUSIONS
Our systematic review revealed that all included studies established a relationship between the visual system and development in children. However, the methods for measuring the visual system and motor skills lacked uniformity.
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Child Development; Humans; Motor Skills; Vision, Ocular
PubMed: 35118800
DOI: 10.1111/aos.15111 -
Acta Psychologica Apr 2022Simultaneous dual- or multitasking training has been used in manifold ways to improve cognitive-motor performance in different age groups. Dual task (DT) training is... (Review)
Review
UNLABELLED
Simultaneous dual- or multitasking training has been used in manifold ways to improve cognitive-motor performance in different age groups. Dual task (DT) training is assumed to improve both, single task (ST) motor and cognitive performance, but particularly, performance under dual tasking conditions. Further, DT interventions have been shown to be beneficial for motor skill learning and cognitive performance as well as academic achievements in children and adolescents. The aim of this scoping review was to summarize current evidence on different cognitive-motor interventions that practice motor and cognitive performance simultaneously in children and adolescents and to identify training regimes that are most effective to improve cognitive or motor performance in this target group.
METHODS
Four electronic databases were searched (Pubmed, MEDLINE, Web of Science and APA Psycinfo) until May 2021. Following the PRISMA guidelines, title, abstract, and full-text screening as well as quality assessment was done by two independent reviewers. Studies were eligible if they (1) were published in English or German language, (2) accessible as a full-text version, (3) included at least one group of children or adolescents with a mean age of 4 to 21 years, (4) used dual-tasks as part of the intervention, (5) conducted one or more training sessions, and (6) reported at least one cognitive or motor outcome. The main outcome measures were cognitive and motor as well as cognitive-motor DT performance. Due to the heterogeneity in the characteristics of the included studies, we designed this review as a scoping review.
RESULTS
Seven studies met the inclusion criteria (n = 543, age four to 14 years, 47.1% female). One study reported two intervention experiments. Studies differed in sample size (20-189) as well as in type of training (specific or general DT training) and dose (frequency: one session/week to 110 sessions within 22 weeks). Overall, task-specific improvements in physical and cognitive functions were found, but not consistently across all interventions. Two interventions out of five interventions that measured motor performance demonstrated improvement in that domain, especially in balance. Three out of five interventions that measured cognitive functions found improved cognition. Only one study examined DT performance post training but failed to gain significant improvements in comparison to a control group. Studies only occasionally integrated training principles like individualization or progression in the design of their intervention.
DISCUSSION
The results indicate that DT training interventions may improve physical and/or cognitive functions in children and adolescents. Best practice recommendations for training regimes cannot be derived as outcomes differed a lot and were not systematically assessed across studies. Future studies should integrate more principles of training monitoring and aspects like individualization and progression to provide ideal training control and achieve better DT training results. Further, more high-quality trials are needed that adhere to the previous concepts.
PSYCINFO CLASSIFICATION
2340 Cognitive Processes 2820 Cognitive & Perceptual Development. 3720 Sports.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Child, Preschool; Cognition; Female; Humans; Male; Physical Functional Performance; Sports; Task Performance and Analysis; Young Adult
PubMed: 35091209
DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2022.103498 -
Applied Nursing Research : ANR Feb 2022To examine the effect of sleep deprivation (total and partial) on neurobehavioral function compared to a healthy sleep opportunity (7-9 h) in young adults 18-30 years.
AIM
To examine the effect of sleep deprivation (total and partial) on neurobehavioral function compared to a healthy sleep opportunity (7-9 h) in young adults 18-30 years.
BACKGROUND
More than one-third of young adults are sleep deprived, which negatively affects a range of neurobehavioral functions, including psychomotor vigilance performance (cognitive), affect, and daytime sleepiness.
METHODS
A systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on sleep deprivation and neurobehavioral function. Multiple electronic databases (Cochrane Central Registry of Controlled Trials [CENTRAL], PubMed, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and Web of Science) were searched for relevant RCTs published in English from the establishment of each database to December 31, 2020.
RESULTS
Nineteen RCTs were selected (N = 766, mean age = 23.7 ± 3.1 years; 44.8% female). Seven were between-person (5 were parallel-group designs and 2 had multiple arms), and 12 were within-person designs (9 were cross over and 3 used a Latin square approach). Total sleep deprivation had the strongest detrimental effect on psychomotor vigilance performance, with the largest effects on vigilance tasks in young adults in the included studies.
CONCLUSION
Acute sleep deprivation degrades multiple dimensions of neurobehavioral function including psychomotor vigilance performance, affect, and daytime sleepiness in young adults. The effect of chronic sleep deprivation on the developing brain and associated neurobehavioral functions in young adults remains unclear.
Topics: Adult; Female; Humans; Male; Psychomotor Performance; Sleep; Sleep Deprivation; Wakefulness; Young Adult
PubMed: 35034695
DOI: 10.1016/j.apnr.2021.151552 -
BMC Geriatrics Jan 2022Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is represented as the most common liver disease worldwide. NAFLD is associated with metabolic risk factors underpinned by...
BACKGROUND
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is represented as the most common liver disease worldwide. NAFLD is associated with metabolic risk factors underpinned by insulin resistance, inflammation and endothelial dysfunction, leading to extrahepatic changes in central nervous diseases such as cognitive impairment, Alzheimer's disease and dementia. The aim of the review is to explore the association between NAFLD and cognitive function.
METHODS
Using the PRISMA guidelines, a systematic electronic literature search was conducted in four databases: MEDLINE, PsychINFO, Embase and CINAHL from inception until March 2021. Neuropsychological tests utilised within each study were grouped into relevant cognitive domains including 'general cognition', 'reasoning', 'mental speed, attention and psychomotor speed', 'memory and learning', 'language', 'visuospatial perception' and 'ideas, abstraction, figural creations and mental flexibility'.
RESULTS
Eleven observational studies that involved 7978 participants with a mean age of 51 years were included. Those with NAFLD had poor cognitive performance in three cognitive domains, including 'general cognition', 'mental speed, attention and psychomotor speed', and 'ideas, abstraction, figural creations and mental flexibility'.
CONCLUSION
The observed results from the 11 included studies showed that NAFLD was associated with lower cognitive performance across several domains. However, studies conducted to date are limited to observational designs and are heterogeneous with varying diagnostic tools used to assess cognitive function.
TRIAL REGISTRATION
PROSPERO Registration: CRD42020161640 .
Topics: Cognition; Cognition Disorders; Cognitive Dysfunction; Humans; Neuropsychological Tests; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
PubMed: 35016619
DOI: 10.1186/s12877-021-02721-w -
Preventive Medicine Feb 2022The present systematic review aimed to investigate the methodological quality and the effects of fundamental motor skills and physical activity interventions on... (Review)
Review
The present systematic review aimed to investigate the methodological quality and the effects of fundamental motor skills and physical activity interventions on cognitive and academic skills in typically developing 3 to 7-year-old children. The review was conducted and reported in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. A literature search was carried out in April 2020 using seven electronic databases. The methodological quality of the studies was assessed with the Effective Public Health Practice Project (EPHPP) Quality Assessment Tool. Cohen's d effect size calculations and post hoc power analyses were conducted for the included studies. A total of 35 studies, representing 2472 children met the inclusion criteria. Two of the studies demonstrated a strong methodological quality, while 24 were considered as methodologically weak. The majority (71%) of the included studies demonstrated the beneficial effects of the intervention on cognitive and academic skills. The most evidence was found for executive functions, language, and numeracy, and the effects were largest in enhancing memory. The effects were larger on cognitive and academic skills in the combined interventions compared to only fundamental motor skill and physical activity interventions, while fundamental motor skill interventions had larger effects than physical activity interventions. These findings indicate that it may be possible to support typically developing preschoolers' cognitive and academic learning with fundamental motor skill and physical activity interventions. However, most of the studies in this field have a weak methodological quality and thus, the presented evidence was considered weak in nature.
Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Cognition; Executive Function; Exercise; Frailty; Humans; Motor Skills
PubMed: 34974071
DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106948 -
Journal of Physiotherapy Jan 2022What are the degree and pattern of dual-task interference during walking in people after stroke? How do these vary with disease chronicity and different component tasks... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
QUESTIONS
What are the degree and pattern of dual-task interference during walking in people after stroke? How do these vary with disease chronicity and different component tasks in people after stroke? How does dual-task interference differ between people after stroke and people without stroke?
DESIGN
Systematic review with meta-analysis of studies reporting gait-related dual-task interference.
PARTICIPANTS
People after stroke and people without stroke.
OUTCOME MEASURES
Measures of walking and secondary (cognitive or manual) task performance under dual-task conditions relative to those under single-task conditions.
RESULTS
Seventy-six studies (2,425 people after stroke and 492 people without stroke) were included. Manual and mental tracking tasks imposed the greatest dual-task interference on gait speed, although there was substantial uncertainty in these estimates. Among mental tracking tasks, the apparently least-complex task (serial 1 subtractions) induced the greatest dual-task interference (-0.17 m/s, 95% CI -0.24 to -0.10) on gait speed, although there was substantial uncertainty in these estimates. Mutual interference (decrement in both walking and secondary component task performances during dual-tasking) was the most common dual-task interference pattern. The results of the sensitivity analyses for studies involving people with chronic stroke were similar to the results of the primary analyses. The amount of dual-task interference from a mental tracking or manual task during walking was similar between people with or without stroke.
CONCLUSIONS
The degree and pattern of dual-task interference vary with the choice of component tasks. When evaluating limitations to functional mobility during dual-tasking conditions and in planning interventions accordingly, clinicians should select dual-task assessments that correspond to the daily habits and physical demands of people after stroke.
REGISTRATION
CRD42017059004.
Topics: Cognition; Gait; Humans; Stroke; Stroke Rehabilitation; Task Performance and Analysis; Walking
PubMed: 34953757
DOI: 10.1016/j.jphys.2021.12.009