-
Journal of Sports Science & Medicine Jun 2021This review aimed to investigate characteristics of muscle activation and ground reaction force (GRF) patterns in patients with ankle instability (AI). Relevant studies... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
This review aimed to investigate characteristics of muscle activation and ground reaction force (GRF) patterns in patients with ankle instability (AI). Relevant studies were sourced from PubMed, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science through December 2019 for case-control study in any laboratory setting. Inclusion criteria for study selection were (1) subjects with chronic, functional, or mechanical instability or recurrent ankle sprains; (2) primary outcomes consisted of muscle activation of the lower extremity and GRF during landing; and (3) peer-reviewed articles with full text available, including mean, standard deviation, and sample size, to enable data reanalysis. We evaluated four variables related to landing task: (1) muscle activation of the lower extremity before landing, (2) muscle activation of the lower extremity during landing, (3) magnitude of GRF, and (4) time to peak GRF. The effect size using standardized mean differences (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated for these variables to make comparisons across studies. Patients with AI had a lower activation of peroneal muscles before landing (SMD = -0.63, < 0.001, CI = -0.95 to -0.31), greater peak vertical GRF (SMD = 0.21, = 0.03, CI = 0.01 to 0.40), and shorter time to peak vertical GRF (SMD = -0.51, < 0.001, CI = -0.72 to -0.29) than those of normal subjects during landing. There was no significant difference in other muscle activation and GRF components between the patients with AI and normal subjects ( > 0.05). Altered muscle activation and GRF before and during landing in AI cases may contribute to both recurrent ankle and ACL injuries and degenerative change of articular.
Topics: Ankle Injuries; Ankle Joint; Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries; Humans; Joint Instability; Lower Extremity; Muscle, Skeletal; Plyometric Exercise; Recurrence; Risk Factors; Sprains and Strains; Task Performance and Analysis
PubMed: 34211331
DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2021.373 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jun 2021Supplementation with anthocyanins, which are a type of flavonoids mainly found in various berries, is hypothesized to be a promising approach to lower the risk of... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Effects of Berry Anthocyanins on Cognitive Performance, Vascular Function and Cardiometabolic Risk Markers: A Systematic Review of Randomized Placebo-Controlled Intervention Studies in Humans.
Supplementation with anthocyanins, which are a type of flavonoids mainly found in various berries, is hypothesized to be a promising approach to lower the risk of developing cognitive decline. The aim of this systematic review was to provide a comprehensive overview of dietary intervention trials describing effects of berry anthocyanins on cognitive performance in humans, while also addressing potential underlying mechanisms. A total of 1197 articles were identified through a systematic search, and 49 studies reporting effects on cognitive performance ( = 18), vascular function ( = 22), or cardiometabolic risk markers ( = 32) were included. Significant improvements were observed on memory, while some of the studies also reported effects on attention and psychomotor speed or executive function. Vascular function markers such as brachial artery flow-mediated vasodilation were also affected and consistent evidence was provided for the beneficial effects of berry anthocyanins on endothelial function. Finally, studies reported improvements in blood pressure, but effects on metabolic risk markers (e.g. carbohydrate and lipid metabolism) were less consistent. In conclusion, this review provides evidence for the beneficial effects of berry anthocyanins on cognitive performance as memory improved. Whether observed anthocyanin-induced improvements in vascular function and blood pressure underlie beneficial effects on cognitive performance warrants further study.
Topics: Anthocyanins; Attention; Biomarkers; Blood Pressure; Blood Vessels; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cognition; Dietary Supplements; Fruit; Humans; Memory; Psychomotor Performance; Pulse Wave Analysis; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
PubMed: 34204250
DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126482 -
International Journal of Environmental... Jun 2021Feedback is an essential factor that may affect students' motor skill learning during physical education (PE) classes. This review aimed to (1) systematically examine... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVES
Feedback is an essential factor that may affect students' motor skill learning during physical education (PE) classes. This review aimed to (1) systematically examine the evidence for the effectiveness of feedback on students' skill learning during PE classes and (2) summarize the evidence for the effects of feedback elements (i.e., format and content).
METHODS
A systematic search was conducted on seven electronic databases to identify studies that explored the effects of feedback on student learning during PE classes. Twenty-three studies were selected, and the study quality was evaluated using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale. The levels of evidence were determined with the best evidence synthesis.
RESULTS
Strong evidence indicates the effectiveness of feedback intervention on students' skill learning compared with those who received no feedback. Limited evidence was found for the effect of visual feedback compared with verbal feedback. There were mixed results for the effectiveness of information feedback compared with praise or corrective feedback.
CONCLUSION
The current evidence suggests that feedback is useful for skill learning during PE classes. Emergent questions still need to be addressed, such as those regarding the efficiency of using different formats and contents for feedback delivery to enhance motor skill learning during PE classes.
Topics: Clinical Competence; Feedback; Humans; Motor Skills; Physical Education and Training; Students
PubMed: 34200657
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18126281 -
Revista de Neurologia Jul 2021Different variables, such as repetition and cognitive load, may explain the neurophysiological differences observed from one task to another in motor learning. This...
INTRODUCTION
Different variables, such as repetition and cognitive load, may explain the neurophysiological differences observed from one task to another in motor learning. This learning can be measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging.
AIM
The aim of this systematic review was to document motor learning by functional magnetic resonance imaging during the performance of different simple or complex motor tasks in healthy subjects.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The search for articles was carried out in the MEDLINE, PEDro, CINHAL and EBSCO databases in May 2020. The systematic review followed the PRISMA criteria.
RESULTS
Nine studies were selected for a qualitative analysis. The quality of the studies ranged from 5 to 7 points on the PEDro scale. The qualitative analysis shows strong evidence that after repeating a motor task a motor learning process is generated. There is both strong and moderate evidence to show that action observation and sleep restriction are involved in motor learning. The results on sensory discrimination training were controversial.
CONCLUSIONS
The results show, with high quality evidence, that repetition of a motor task is associated with the learning process, which seems to be related to a thickening of the motor cortex after the intervention measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging. These results are not conclusive, owing to the limiting factors of this systematic review.
Topics: Brain Mapping; Humans; Learning; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Motor Cortex; Motor Skills; Psychomotor Performance
PubMed: 34170004
DOI: 10.33588/rn.7301.2020657 -
Frontiers in Psychology 2021The use of dedicated training programs for improving decision-making (DM) in team sports players has grown in the last several years. Approaches such as imagery... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
The use of dedicated training programs for improving decision-making (DM) in team sports players has grown in the last several years. Approaches such as imagery training, video-based training, or game-based drills are some of the interventions used in youth players in order to improve DM. However, no systematic reviews or meta-analyses have been conducted to summarize the main evidence regarding the effects of these programs on the players and identify the magnitude of the effects compared to control groups.
OBJECTIVE
This systematic review (with meta-analysis) was conducted to assess the effects of training programs on the DM of youth team sports players.
DATA SOURCES
The data sources utilized were PubMed, PsycINFO, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science.
STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA
The criteria included the following: (i) youth (≤ 18 years old) team sports players with no restriction on sex or competitive level; (ii) players subjected to training programs to develop DM; (iii) control groups; (iv) pre-post outcomes related to tactical behavior, technical execution, reaction, and decision time; and (v) controlled trials.
RESULTS
The database search initially identified 2497 titles. From these, six articles were eligible for the systematic review and meta-analysis. The results showed a significant beneficial effect of DM interventions on tactical behavior (ES = 1.12; = 0.035; = 80.0%; Egger's test = 0.066), whereas no significant effect of DM interventions on technical execution was found (ES = 0.74; = 0.180; = 69.1%; Egger's test = 0.873).
CONCLUSION
The DM interventions were significantly effective in improving tactical behavior in youth team sports players independently from the number of sessions to which players were exposed. In addition, DM interventions were significantly effective in improving technical execution. However, the results should be carefully interpreted due to the heterogeneity of the articles' overall methodological quality. Future DM interventions should consider using combined approaches that allow players to develop both tactical behavior and technical execution.
PubMed: 34135822
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.663867 -
PloS One 2021Developmental coordination disorder (DCD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder affecting primarily motor skills, but attentional and executive impairments are common in...
Attentional and executive functions in children and adolescents with developmental coordination disorder and the influence of comorbid disorders: A systematic review of the literature.
Developmental coordination disorder (DCD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder affecting primarily motor skills, but attentional and executive impairments are common in affected individuals. Moreover, the presence of neurodevelopmental comorbidities is frequent in this population, which certainly influences the cognitive profile of the children concerned. Previous studies have reported deficits in visuospatial/nonverbal and planning tasks. This systematic review of the literature aims to determine if impairments can be found in other attentional and executive functions as well. The type of cognitive tasks, the tasks' modality (verbal/nonverbal), and the influence of comorbid disorders on attentional and executive profiles are systematically considered. Forty-one studies were identified through the PubMed/Medline and PsycINFO databases according to pre-established eligibility criteria. The results reveal weaknesses in inhibitory control, working memory, planning, nonverbal fluency, and general executive functioning in children with DCD. The presence of comorbid disorders seemingly contributes to the verbal working memory difficulties findings. This review contributes to a better understanding of the cognitive impairments in DCD and of the needs of children with this disorder, allowing to optimize practitioners' therapeutic interventions.
Topics: Adolescent; Attention; Child; Cognition; Cognitive Dysfunction; Executive Function; Humans; Memory, Short-Term; Motor Skills; Motor Skills Disorders
PubMed: 34086687
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252043 -
Nutrients May 2021A previous systematic review revealed that lutein intake leads to improved cognitive function among older adults. However, the association between lutein intake and...
UNLABELLED
A previous systematic review revealed that lutein intake leads to improved cognitive function among older adults. However, the association between lutein intake and brain health remains unclear.
METHODS
We searched the Web of Science, PubMed, PsycInfo, and Cochrane Library for research papers. The criteria were (1) an intervention study using oral lutein intake or a cross-sectional study that examined lutein levels and the brain, (2) participants were older adults, and (3) brain activities or structures were measured using a brain imaging technique (magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or electroencephalography (EEG)).
RESULTS
Seven studies using MRI (brain activities during rest, cognitive tasks, and brain structure) and two studies using EEG were included. We mainly focused on MRI studies. Three intervention studies using MRI indicated that 10 mg lutein intake over 12 months had a positive impact on healthy older adults' brain activities during learning, resting-state connectivity, and gray matter volumes. Four cross-sectional studies using MRI suggested that lutein was positively associated with brain structure and neural efficiency during cognitive tasks.
CONCLUSION
Although only nine studies that used similar datasets were reviewed, this systematic review indicates that lutein has beneficial effects on healthy older adults' brain health.
Topics: Aged; Brain; Cognition; Cognitive Aging; Cross-Sectional Studies; Eating; Female; Fruit; Healthy Volunteers; Humans; Lutein; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Task Performance and Analysis; Vegetables
PubMed: 34063827
DOI: 10.3390/nu13061746 -
The International Journal of... Sep 2021Mobility is important for daily life functioning, with particular challenges regarding road safety under pharmacological treatment in patients with a psychiatric disease.
BACKGROUND
Mobility is important for daily life functioning, with particular challenges regarding road safety under pharmacological treatment in patients with a psychiatric disease.
METHODS
According to PRISMA guidelines, a systematic literature search on PubMed database (January 1970 to December 2020) was performed. Primary endpoints were driving performance in on-road tests, driving simulator performance, or psychomotor and visual perception functions assessed to estimate fitness to drive according to legal regulations in patient studies.
RESULTS
Forty studies were identified (1533 patients, 38% female, median age 45 years), of which more than 60% were cross-sectional and open-label trials. Under steady-state medication, 31% (range 27%-42.5%) of schizophrenic or schizoaffective patients under antipsychotics and 18% (range 16%-20%) of unipolar and bipolar patients under antidepressants showed severe impairment in skills relevant for driving. Data point to an advantage of second-generation antipsychotics compared with first-generation antipsychotics as well as modern antidepressants over tricyclic antidepressants with respect to driving. Most patients significantly improved or stabilized in driving skills within 2-4 weeks of treatment with non-sedative or sedative antidepressants. Diazepam significantly worsened driving the first 3 weeks after treatment initiation, whereas medazepam (low dose), temazepam, and zolpidem did not impair driving. In long-term users of sedating antidepressants or benzodiazepines, impairments in on-road tests were not evident.
CONCLUSION
The available evidence suggests that psychopharmacologic medicines improve or at least stabilize driving performance of patients under long-term treatment when given on clinical considerations. To enhance treatment compliance, existing classification systems of medicinal drugs concerning impact on driving performance should also incorporate information about effects of long-term-treatment.
Topics: Adult; Antidepressive Agents; Antimanic Agents; Antipsychotic Agents; Automobile Driving; Benzodiazepines; Female; Humans; Male; Mental Disorders; Middle Aged; Psychomotor Performance
PubMed: 34038545
DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyab031 -
The Cochrane Database of Systematic... May 2021Idiopathic hypersomnia is a disorder of excessive daytime sleepiness, often accompanied by long sleep times or pronounced difficulty in awakening, in the absence of a... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Idiopathic hypersomnia is a disorder of excessive daytime sleepiness, often accompanied by long sleep times or pronounced difficulty in awakening, in the absence of a known cause. The optimal treatment strategy for idiopathic hypersomnia is currently unknown.
OBJECTIVES
To assess the effects of medications for daytime sleepiness and related symptoms in individuals with idiopathic hypersomnia and, in particular, whether medications may: 1. reduce subjective measures of sleepiness; 2. reduce objective measures of sleepiness; 3. reduce symptoms of cognitive dysfunction; 4. improve quality of life; and 5. be associated with adverse events.
SEARCH METHODS
We searched the following databases on 4 February 2021: Cochrane Register of Studies (CRS Web), MEDLINE (Ovid, 1946 to 1 February 2021), and reference lists of articles. CRS Web includes randomized or quasi-randomized controlled trials from PubMed, Embase, ClinicalTrials.gov, the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (WHO ICTRP), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), and the specialized registers of Cochrane Review Groups, including the Cochrane Epilepsy Group. We previously searched the WHO ICTRP separately when loading of ICTRP records into CRS Web was temporarily suspended.
SELECTION CRITERIA
Randomized studies comparing any medication to placebo, another medication, or a behavioral intervention.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Two review authors independently extracted data and assessed trial quality. We contacted study authors for additional data. We collected data on adverse events from the included trials.
MAIN RESULTS
We included three trials, with a total of 112 participants. Risk of bias was low for the included studies. Two pharmaceutical company-sponsored trials compared modafinil with placebo, involving 102 participants, nearly all of whom had idiopathic hypersomnia without long sleep time. Modafinil significantly improved self-reported sleepiness on the Epworth Sleepiness Scale by 5.08 points more than placebo (95% confidence interval (CI) 3.01 to 7.16; 2 studies, 101 participants; high-certainty evidence). Modafinil also significantly improved disease severity on the Clinical Global Impression of Severity scale by 1.02 points (95% CI 0.11 to 1.93; 1 study, 30 participants; moderate-certainty evidence) and resulted in a greater proportion of participants who were "much improved" or "very much improved" on the Clinical Global Impression of Change (odds ratio (OR) for improvement 5.14, 95% CI 1.76 to 15.00; 1 study, 70 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). Ability to remain awake on the Maintenance of Wakefulness Test was significantly improved with modafinil, by 4.74 minutes more than with placebo (95% CI 2.46 to 7.01; 2 studies, 99 participants; high-certainty evidence). Ratings of exhaustion and effectiveness/performance were improved with modafinil compared to placebo in one study. Number of naps per week was no different between modafinil and placebo across two studies. Participants receiving modafinil experienced more side effects, although the difference did not reach statistical significance (OR 1.68, 95% CI 0.28 to 9.94; 2 studies, 102 participants; low-certainty evidence). One trial studying 20 participants with different disorders of sleepiness included 10 participants with idiopathic hypersomnia, with or without long sleep time, and compared clarithromycin to placebo. We only included the subset of trial data for those participants with idiopathic hypersomnia, per our protocol. There were no significant differences between clarithromycin and placebo for the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, psychomotor vigilance testing, sleep inertia, other subjective ratings, or side effects.
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
Modafinil is effective for the treatment of several aspects of idiopathic hypersomnia symptomatology, based on studies predominantly including participants with idiopathic hypersomnia without long sleep times, with low risk of bias, and evidence certainty ranging from high to low. There is insufficient evidence to conclude whether clarithromycin is effective for the treatment of idiopathic hypersomnia. There is a clear need for additional studies testing interventions for the treatment of idiopathic hypersomnia.
Topics: Bias; Clarithromycin; Disorders of Excessive Somnolence; Humans; Idiopathic Hypersomnia; Modafinil; Placebos; Quality of Life; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Wakefulness; Wakefulness-Promoting Agents
PubMed: 34031871
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD012714.pub2 -
Developmental Medicine and Child... Nov 2021To systematically review and meta-analyse the measurement properties of the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS), Gross Motor Function Classification... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Measurement properties of the Gross Motor Function Classification System, Gross Motor Function Classification System-Expanded & Revised, Manual Ability Classification System, and Communication Function Classification System in cerebral palsy: a systematic review with meta-analysis.
AIM
To systematically review and meta-analyse the measurement properties of the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS), Gross Motor Function Classification System-Expanded & Revised (GMFCS-E&R), Manual Ability Classification System (MACS), and Communication Function Classification System (CFCS) in children with cerebral palsy (CP).
METHOD
Six databases were searched. Articles on the measurement properties of the GMFCS, GMFCS-E&R, MACS, and CFCS administered to children with CP were included. Quality was assessed by means of the COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) Risk of Bias checklist. The level and grading of evidence were defined for each measurement property.
RESULTS
Forty-four articles were included in the systematic review and 37 articles were included in the meta-analysis. The level (grading) of evidence was strong (positive) for reliability and construct validity. Content validity displayed an unknown level of evidence for the GMFCS, limited evidence (positive) for the MACS, and moderate evidence (positive) for the CFCS. There was moderate (positive) evidence for measurement error in the GMFCS and MACS. The level of evidence for responsiveness was unknown. No studies investigated cross-cultural validity.
INTERPRETATION
These instruments can be used by health care professionals and caregivers to quantify the constructs needed to measure ability in children with CP. Current high-quality evidence supports the use of these tools to classify ability in children with CP. Adopting the COSMIN guidelines, content, and cross-cultural validity should be investigated further. What this paper adds Strong evidence supports the reliability and construct validity of the GMFCS, GMFCS-E&R, MACS, and CFCS as functional classification systems in children with cerebral palsy. The GMFCS, GMFCS-E&R, MACS, and CFCS can be used by both health care professionals and caregivers. The GMFCS, GMFCS-E&R, MACS, and CFCS should not be used to detect change.
Topics: Cerebral Palsy; Disability Evaluation; Humans; Motor Skills; Severity of Illness Index
PubMed: 34028793
DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.14910