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International Journal of Environmental... Mar 2021The basketball jump shot (JS) is consensually considered as a high-complexity specific motor skill, with a complex teaching and learning processes involved. The aim of... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
The basketball jump shot (JS) is consensually considered as a high-complexity specific motor skill, with a complex teaching and learning processes involved. The aim of this paper was to conduct a systematic review of the literature on the JS performance among youth basketball players.
METHODS
The data search was made according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) in the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) Web of Knowledge, PubMed, Scopus and Sportdiscus databases until March 2021.
RESULTS
The results suggest that JS performance of youth basketball players is influenced by (i) distance to the basket, (ii) fatigue, (iii) presence of a defender and (iv) visual information available.
CONCLUSION
This research emphasizes the crucial need for players and coaches to promote training situations matching the game reality to develop successful shooting performance of youth basketball players.
Topics: Adolescent; Athletic Performance; Basketball; Fatigue; Humans; Motor Skills
PubMed: 33810053
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18063283 -
Frontiers in Psychiatry 2021While the recreational use of cannabis has well-established dose-dependent effects on neurocognitive and psychomotor functioning, there is little consensus on the degree...
While the recreational use of cannabis has well-established dose-dependent effects on neurocognitive and psychomotor functioning, there is little consensus on the degree and duration of impairment typically seen with medical marijuana use. Compared to recreational cannabis users, medical cannabis patients have distinct characteristics that may modify the presence and extent of impairment. The goal of this review was to determine the duration of acute neurocognitive impairment associated with medical cannabis use, and to identify differences between medical cannabis patients and recreational users. These findings are used to gain insight on how medical professionals can best advise medical cannabis patients with regards to automobile driving or safety-sensitive tasks at work. A systematic electronic search for English language randomized controlled trials (RCTs), clinical trials and systematic reviews (in order to capture any potentially missed RCTs) between 2000 and 2019 was conducted through Ovid MEDLINE and EMBASE electronic databases using MeSH terms. Articles were limited to medical cannabis patients using cannabis for chronic non-cancer pain or spasticity. After screening titles and abstracts, 37 relevant studies were subjected to full-text review. Overall, seven controlled trials met the inclusion/exclusion criteria and were included in the qualitative synthesis: six RCTs and one observational clinical trial. Neurocognitive testing varied significantly between all studies, including the specific tests administered and the timing of assessments post-cannabis consumption. In general, cognitive performance declined mostly in a THC dose-dependent manner, with steady resolution of impairment in the hours following THC administration. Doses of THC were lower than those typically reported in recreational cannabis studies. In all the studies, there was no difference between any of the THC groups and placebo on any neurocognitive measure after 4 h of recovery. Variability in the dose-dependent relationship raises the consideration that there are other important factors contributing to the duration of neurocognitive impairment besides the dose of THC ingested. These modifiable and non-modifiable factors are individually discussed.
PubMed: 33790818
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.638962 -
PloS One 2021Air-rifle and small-bore shooting are fascinating Olympic sports due to their unique performance requirements for accuracy and precision.
BACKGROUND
Air-rifle and small-bore shooting are fascinating Olympic sports due to their unique performance requirements for accuracy and precision.
OBJECTIVE
The purpose of our study was to systematically research the literature to determine and summarize performance determinants in both air-rifle and small-bore shooting. Since some athletes participate internationally in both disciplines in competition, the disciplines must have some similarity in the performance structure. Therefore, we further investigated whether performance in air-rifle and small-bore shooting can be explained by the same performance determinants.
METHODS
We systematically searched in four databases using combined keywords relevant to performance in air-rifle and small-bore shooting. The articles included had undergone peer-review and had a) a direct relation to shooting performance, b) an indirect relation by comparing the performance of shooters of different skill levels, and c) a practical relevance (directly controllable through training). After the quality of each article was assessed, the key data were extracted and summarized.
RESULTS
The fourteen articles included achieved an average of 60 ± 14% (range 30-80%) in quality assessment. Altogether, articles covered 268 subjects (32% female), of which 19% were elite- and 28% were national-level athletes. Sixteen performance determinants were investigated, which were divided into anthropometric, technical-coordinative, physiological and psychological categories. Both in air-rifle and small-bore shooting, rifle stability and body sway were found to differ between elite- and national-level athletes. In both disciplines, body sway seemed to have no influence on shot score in elite- and national-level athletes. Similarly, heart rate did not correlate with shot score at nearly all performance levels in both disciplines. In national-level air-rifle athletes, horizontal rifle stability, aiming accuracy and aiming time were found to affect shot score.
CONCLUSIONS
To be competitive at a national-level in air-rifle shooting, a highly developed aiming process is needed to achieve a high shot score. Lack of data prevented us from drawing evidence-based conclusions in elite-level air-rifle athletes and in small-bore shooting. Future research should investigate possible performance determinants both in air-rifle and in small-bore shooting, especially with elite-level athletes, to confirm or disprove existing findings. Further research should use more complex analyses to investigate the multifaceted processes associated with different performance determinants.
Topics: Adult; Athletes; Athletic Performance; Female; Firearms; Heart Rate; Humans; Male; Postural Balance; Psychomotor Performance; Sports
PubMed: 33788853
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247353 -
Ageing Research Reviews Jul 2021To synthesize evidence on the association between human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and cognitive impairment in older adults. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
OBJECTIVE
To synthesize evidence on the association between human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and cognitive impairment in older adults.
DESIGN
Meta-analysis.
PARTICIPANTS
Adults aged 50 years or older.
METHODS
In this systematic literature review and meta-analysis, we searched PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and APA/PsycNet for studies published before July 21, 2020, that assessed the association between HIV-infection and cognitive impairment. We calculated pooled odds ratios (ORs) of cognitive impairment for people living with HIV (PLWH) and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) using random-effect models and calculated pooled mean difference (MD) for major cognitive domains between PLWH and HIV-uninfected adults. We assessed risk of bias using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale.
RESULTS
Of the 4432 studies identified, 21 cross-sectional studies were eligible for the meta-analysis, including 15 examining global cognitive impairment. The meta-analysis showed that older PLWH were more likely to be cognitively impaired than HIV-uninfected controls (OR = 2.44, 95 % CI = [1.69, 3.53], number of estimates (k) = 15, I = 71 %). This higher likelihood was shown in studies from high income countries (OR = 2.63, 95 % CI = [1.76, 3.94], k = 12, I = 55 %), but not from upper-middle income countries (OR = 1.96, 95 % CI = [0.26, 14.68], k = 3, I = 91 %). PLWH had lower scores than HIV-uninfected adults in 5 out of 7 major cognitive domains, including executive function (MD = -0.42, 95 % CI = [-0.72, -0.11], k = 5, I = 32 %), processing speed (MD = -0.33, 95 % CI = [-0.59, -0.08], k = 6, I = 16 %), verbal (MD=-0.29, 95 % CI = [-0.48, -0.10], k = 6, I = 0%), recall (MD = -0.24, 95 % CI = [-0.38, -0.10], k = 6, I = 0%) and motor/psychomotor (MD = -0.38, 95 % CI = [-0.59, -0.16], k = 5, I = 31 %) performance.
CONCLUSIONS/IMPLICATIONS
Our meta-analysis provides empirical evidence that HIV infection is associated with an increased risk of cognitive impairment among older adults, especially in cognitive domains of executive function, processing speed, verbal, recall, and motor/psychomotor.
Topics: Aged; Cognition; Cognitive Dysfunction; Cross-Sectional Studies; HIV Infections; Humans
PubMed: 33640473
DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101310 -
Journal of Pediatric Hematology/oncology Apr 2021Sickle cell disease (SCD) is the most common abnormal genetic blood disease that affects ∼100,000 Americans. Approximately 20% to 37% of children with sickle cell...
INTRODUCTION
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is the most common abnormal genetic blood disease that affects ∼100,000 Americans. Approximately 20% to 37% of children with sickle cell anemia have silent cerebral infarcts by the age of 14 years old. Neurocognitive deficits are identified in infants and preschool children with SCD. The purpose of this systematic literature review is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the prevalence, severity, and the associated risk factors for neurodevelopmental delays (NDDs) in children with SCD 5 years of age and younger.
METHODS
Systematic search of 6 databases identified 2467 potentially relevant publications and 8 were identified through a manual search. Only 24 articles met the inclusion criteria.
RESULTS
We identified an increased prevalence of NDDs (cognitive, motor, or both). Children experienced deficits with language, attention and behavior, executive functioning, school readiness and/or academic performance, and motor skills (fine and gross motor functioning). Risk factors include silent cerebral infarcts and strokes, SCD genotype (HbSS>HbSC), other biologic, and social factors.
CONCLUSION
NDDs are common in children ages 0 to 5 years old with SCD. There is an opportunity to improve adherence to national guideline recommendations and early detection practices by pediatricians, hematologists, and other health care providers.
Topics: Academic Performance; Anemia, Sickle Cell; Attention; Child Development; Child, Preschool; Cognition; Cognitive Dysfunction; Developmental Disabilities; Humans; Infant; Motor Skills; Neurodevelopmental Disorders
PubMed: 33560086
DOI: 10.1097/MPH.0000000000002091 -
Brain Sciences Jan 2021Major depression is a psychiatric disorder characterized neuropsychologically by poor performance in tasks of memory, attention, processing speed, and executive... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Major depression is a psychiatric disorder characterized neuropsychologically by poor performance in tasks of memory, attention, processing speed, and executive function. The aim of this systematic review was to examine the evidence regarding the neuropsychological profile of people with major depression and to determine which of two explanatory models-the processing speed hypothesis or the cognitive effort hypothesis-has most empirical support.
METHODS
We searched three relevant databases and reviewed the reference lists of the articles retrieved. The results obtained with the Trail Making Test and the Stroop Color-Word Test were reviewed for 37 studies published between 1993 and 2020.
RESULTS
The empirical evidence supports both hypotheses: cognitive effort and processing speed, suggesting that depression is not only characterized by psychomotor slowing but also involves a specific deficit in executive function.
DISCUSSION
We discuss potentially relevant variables that should be considered in future research in order to improve knowledge about the neurocognitive profile of depression. The main limitation of this study derives from the considerable heterogeneity of participants with MD, which makes it difficult to compare and integrate the data.
PubMed: 33499360
DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11020147 -
Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews Jul 2021The increasing legal availability of cannabis has important implications for road safety. This systematic review characterised the acute effects of Δ-THC on driving... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
The increasing legal availability of cannabis has important implications for road safety. This systematic review characterised the acute effects of Δ-THC on driving performance and driving-related cognitive skills, with a particular focus on the duration of Δ-THC-induced impairment. Eighty publications and 1534 outcomes were reviewed. Several measures of driving performance and driving-related cognitive skills (e.g. lateral control, tracking, divided attention) demonstrated impairment in meta-analyses of "peak" Δ-THC effects (p's<0.05). Multiple meta-regression analyses further found that regular cannabis users experianced less impairment than 'other' (mostly occasional) cannabis users (p = 0.003) and that the magnitude of oral (n = 243 effect estimates [EE]) and inhaled (n = 481 EEs) Δ-THC-induced impairment depended on various factors (dose, post-treatment time interval, the performance domain (skill) assessed) in other cannabis users (p's<0.05). The latter model predicted that most driving-related cognitive skills would 'recover' (Hedges' g=-0.25) within ∼5-hs (and almost all within ∼7-hs) of inhaling 20 mg of Δ-THC; oral Δ-THC-induced impairment may take longer to subside. These results suggest individuals should wait at least 5 -hs following inhaled cannabis use before performing safety-sensitive tasks.
Topics: Attention; Cognitive Dysfunction; Dronabinol; Humans; Marijuana Smoking; Psychomotor Performance
PubMed: 33497784
DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.01.003 -
Journal of Neuroengineering and... Jan 2021Hand rehabilitation is core to helping stroke survivors regain activities of daily living. Recent studies have suggested that the use of electroencephalography-based...
BACKGROUND
Hand rehabilitation is core to helping stroke survivors regain activities of daily living. Recent studies have suggested that the use of electroencephalography-based brain-computer interfaces (BCI) can promote this process. Here, we report the first systematic examination of the literature on the use of BCI-robot systems for the rehabilitation of fine motor skills associated with hand movement and profile these systems from a technical and clinical perspective.
METHODS
A search for January 2010-October 2019 articles using Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, PEDro, PsycINFO, IEEE Xplore and Cochrane Library databases was performed. The selection criteria included BCI-hand robotic systems for rehabilitation at different stages of development involving tests on healthy participants or people who have had a stroke. Data fields include those related to study design, participant characteristics, technical specifications of the system, and clinical outcome measures.
RESULTS
30 studies were identified as eligible for qualitative review and among these, 11 studies involved testing a BCI-hand robot on chronic and subacute stroke patients. Statistically significant improvements in motor assessment scores relative to controls were observed for three BCI-hand robot interventions. The degree of robot control for the majority of studies was limited to triggering the device to perform grasping or pinching movements using motor imagery. Most employed a combination of kinaesthetic and visual response via the robotic device and display screen, respectively, to match feedback to motor imagery.
CONCLUSION
19 out of 30 studies on BCI-robotic systems for hand rehabilitation report systems at prototype or pre-clinical stages of development. We identified large heterogeneity in reporting and emphasise the need to develop a standard protocol for assessing technical and clinical outcomes so that the necessary evidence base on efficiency and efficacy can be developed.
Topics: Activities of Daily Living; Brain-Computer Interfaces; Female; Hand; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Motor Skills; Robotics; Stroke Rehabilitation
PubMed: 33485365
DOI: 10.1186/s12984-021-00820-8 -
BioMed Research International 2020This systematic review synthesized current randomized controlled trials (RCTs) examining casual evidence regarding the effects of traditional and exergaming-based...
OBJECTIVE
This systematic review synthesized current randomized controlled trials (RCTs) examining casual evidence regarding the effects of traditional and exergaming-based physical activity (PA) interventions on motor skill development in typically developed children (i.e., those aged 6-12 years).
METHODS
We adhered to the PRISMA-P statement and searched electronic databases (Medline, PsycInfo, Web of Science, PubMed, ERIC, Scopus, and SportDiscus) from inception through July 2020. We screened for peer reviewed RCTs published in English between 2000 and 2020 examining the effect of PA on motor skill development in healthy children.
RESULTS
A total of 25 RCTs were included, 20 (80%) of which reported significant improvements in children's motor skill performance. Specifically, 18 studies examined traditional PA interventions and 7 studies examined exergaming-based PA interventions, 83% and 71% of which observed statistically significant improvements in children's motor skill development, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS
Findings support the causal evidence regarding the effects of PA on motor skill development in children. Notable limitations of this review included heterogeneity of measurement protocols and assessment tools used to test children's motor skills across studies, a wide range of PA intervention dose across studies, and the lack of power analyses and long-term follow-up assessments in individual studies to discern appropriate sample sizes and long-term effectiveness, respectively. To further strengthen the evidence in this emerging field, we advocate for future RCTs to employ a priori power analyses, long-term follow-up measurements, and more exergaming-based interventions to allow for comparisons with traditional PA interventions, to explore the dose response and moderating relationships between PA and motor skill development in childhood, and to utilize homogenous assessment instruments to allow for more rigorous, quantitative syntheses.
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Child Development; Child, Preschool; Exercise; Female; Health Promotion; Humans; Male; Motor Skills; Physical Education and Training; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Reproducibility of Results; Schools; Video Games
PubMed: 33457415
DOI: 10.1155/2020/8160756 -
Sleep Jul 2021To synthesize original articles exploring the effects of sleep restriction on cognitive performance specifically for Elite Cognitive Performers, i.e. those who engage in...
STUDY OBJECTIVES
To synthesize original articles exploring the effects of sleep restriction on cognitive performance specifically for Elite Cognitive Performers, i.e. those who engage in cognitively demanding tasks with critical or safety-critical outcomes in their occupation or area of expertise.
METHODS
Backward snowballing techniques, gray literature searches, and traditional database searches (Embase, MEDLINE, Web of Science, Google Scholar, PSYCinfo, and SportDiscus) were used to obtain relevant articles. A quality assessment was performed, and the risk of training effects was considered. Results were narratively synthesized. Fourteen articles fit the criteria. Cognitive outcomes were divided into three categories defined by whether cognitive demands were "low-salience," "high-salience stable," or "high-salience flexible."
RESULTS
Low-salience tests (i.e. psychomotor vigilance tasks & serial reaction tests), mainly requiring vigilance and rudimentary attentional capacities, were sensitive to sleep restriction, however, this did not necessarily translate to significant performance deficits on low-salience occupation-specific task performance. High-salience cognitive outcomes were typically unaffected unless when cognitive flexibility was required.
CONCLUSIONS
Sleep restriction is of particular concern to occupations whereby individuals perform (1) simple, low-salience tasks or (2) high-salience tasks with demands on the flexible allocation of attention and working memory, with critical or safety-critical outcomes.
Topics: Attention; Cognition; Humans; Memory, Short-Term; Psychomotor Performance; Sleep; Wakefulness
PubMed: 33438751
DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsab008