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BMJ Open May 2024Around the world, the disability rights movements and the social model of disability have placed emphasis on the importance of social participation for people with... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Around the world, the disability rights movements and the social model of disability have placed emphasis on the importance of social participation for people with disability. People with physical disability who have high and complex support needs often need support to access their communities, however, very little is known about the interaction between support and social participation for this population of people. Therefore, the aim of this scoping review is to explore the literature related to the interaction between support and social participation for adults with disability and understand any existing gaps in the literature where further research may be required in order to maximise quality support and social participation.
METHODS AND ANALYSIS
This scoping review will be conducted and reported according to scoping review guidelines outlined by Arksey and O'Malley and later modified by Levac , as well as the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis: Extension for Scoping Reviews. Thorough database searches will be conducted across MEDLINE, PsycINFO, CINAHL and Scopus. The search will be limited to papers published in English from 2013 onwards. Citations will be uploaded into Covidence and screened by two independent reviewers. Data extraction will extract data regarding participants, housing, support and study characteristics, as well as qualitative and quantitative data relevant to the research question. A narrative synthesis will be used to summarise findings. A minimum of three consultants with lived experience of disability will be engaged to review and contribute to the final scoping review paper.
ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION
It is anticipated that the findings of this scoping review will be made available in peer-reviewed publications and also in plain language formats to ensure accessibility to a wide range of audiences. Ethics will not be required for this scoping review.
Topics: Humans; Disabled Persons; Social Participation; Social Support; Research Design; Review Literature as Topic
PubMed: 38816056
DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-083102 -
BMJ Open May 2024To explore the views of patients and healthcare providers on current rehabilitation after lumbar fusion surgery (LFS) to fuel the development of a novel rehabilitation...
OBJECTIVES
To explore the views of patients and healthcare providers on current rehabilitation after lumbar fusion surgery (LFS) to fuel the development of a novel rehabilitation care pathway.
DESIGN
A cross-sectional, qualitative study with an interpretive descriptive design.
SETTING
Academic and non-academic hospital setting in Belgium.
PARTICIPANTS
31 caregivers from (non)-academic settings and 5 patients with LFS were purposefully sampled and in-depth interviewed.
RESULTS
Out of the data of all interviews, participants reported opinions on 23 thematic clusters that were expressed in a time-contingent manner from the preoperative, perioperative to postoperative phase. Afterwards, themes were mapped to the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research, with a larger role for concepts related to the innovation, inner and individual domain. As an overarching theme, the importance of an 'individualised, patient-centred rehabilitation built on a strong therapeutic alliance with an accessible interprofessional team' was stressed for patients undergoing LFS. Specifically, participants stated that a biopsychosocial approach to rehabilitation should start in the preoperative phase and immediately be continued postoperatively. No consensus was observed for movement restrictions postoperatively. Uniform communication between the involved caregivers was considered essential for optimal therapeutic alliance and clinical outcome. The precise role and competence of each member of the interprofessional team needs, therefore, to be clearly defined, respected and discussed. An accessible case manager to guide the patient trajectory and tackle problems could further support this. Interestingly, only patients, psychologists and physiotherapists addressed return to work as an important outcome after LFS.
CONCLUSIONS
This qualitative study identified key experiences and points to consider in the current and future rehabilitation pathway for LFS. Future research should incorporate these findings to build a novel rehabilitation pathway for LFS and evaluate its feasibility and cost-effectiveness.
TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER
This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03427294).
Topics: Humans; Spinal Fusion; Qualitative Research; Female; Male; Middle Aged; Cross-Sectional Studies; Belgium; Lumbar Vertebrae; Aged; Adult; Attitude of Health Personnel; Health Personnel; Patient-Centered Care; Interviews as Topic
PubMed: 38816040
DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-077786 -
The Journal of Biological Chemistry May 2024Infiltration of monocyte-derived cells to sites of infection and injury is greater in males than in females, due in part, to increased chemotaxis, the process of...
Infiltration of monocyte-derived cells to sites of infection and injury is greater in males than in females, due in part, to increased chemotaxis, the process of directed cell movement toward a chemical signal. The mechanisms governing sexual dimorphism in chemotaxis are not known. We hypothesized a role for the store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) pathway in regulating chemotaxis by modulating leading and trailing edge membrane dynamics. We measured the chemotactic response of bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDMs) migrating towards complement component 5a (C5a). Chemotactic ability was dependent on sex and inflammatory phenotype (M0, M1, M2), and correlated with SOCE. Notably, females exhibited a significantly lower magnitude of SOCE than males. When we knocked out the SOCE gene, stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1), it eliminated SOCE and equalized chemotaxis across both sexes. Analysis of membrane dynamics at the leading and trailing edges showed that STIM1 influences chemotaxis by facilitating retraction of the trailing edge. Using BTP2 to pharmacologically inhibit SOCE mirrored the effects of STIM1 knockout, demonstrating a central role of STIM/Orai-mediated calcium signaling. Importantly, by monitoring the recruitment of adoptively transferred monocytes in an in vivo model of peritonitis, we show that increased infiltration of male monocytes during infection is dependent on STIM1. These data support a model in which STIM1-dependent SOCE is necessary and sufficient for mediating the sex difference in monocyte recruitment and macrophage chemotactic ability by regulating trailing edge dynamics.
PubMed: 38815866
DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107422 -
JMIR Public Health and Surveillance May 2024The existing literature reveals several significant knowledge gaps that hinder health care providers in formulating exercise prescriptions for cognitive health.
BACKGROUND
The existing literature reveals several significant knowledge gaps that hinder health care providers in formulating exercise prescriptions for cognitive health.
OBJECTIVE
This study endeavors to elucidate the relationship between the level of physical activity and cognitive function in older adults in China. Moreover, it seeks to explore the associations between distinct exercise behaviors-such as exercise types, the purpose motivating engagement in exercise, the accessibility of exercise fields, and the inclination toward exercise-and cognitive function.
METHODS
Using data from the China Longitudinal Aging Social Survey (CLASS conducted in 2016, cognitive function was meticulously assessed through the modified Chinese version of the Mini-Mental State Examination, encompassing measures of orientation, memory, and calculation. Using self-report structured questionnaires, a myriad of information about physical activity during leisure time, exercise engagement, exercise intensity, primary exercise types, reasons for exercise participation, availability of sports facilities, and exercise willingness was diligently gathered. Robust ordinary least squares regression models were then used to compute coefficients along with 95% CIs.
RESULTS
A discernible inverted U-shaped trend in cognitive scores emerged as the level of physical activity surpassed the threshold of 500 metabolic equivalents of task (MET) minutes per week. Notably, individuals with a physical activity level between 500 and 999 MET minutes per week exhibited a coefficient of 0.31 (95% CI 0.09 to 0.54), those with a physical activity level between 1000 and 1499 MET minutes per week displayed a coefficient of 0.75 (95% CI 0.52 to 0.97), and those with a physical activity level above 1500 MET minutes per week demonstrated a coefficient of 0.45 (95% CI 0.23 to 0.68). Older individuals engaging in exercise at specific MET levels showcased superior cognitive function compared to their inactive counterparts. Furthermore, individuals driven by exercise motivations aimed at enhancing physical fitness and health, as well as those using sports facilities or public spaces for exercise, exhibited notably higher cognitive function scores.
CONCLUSIONS
The findings underscore the potential of exercise as a targeted intervention for the prevention and treatment of dementia or cognitive decline associated with aging in older individuals. Leveraging these insights to formulate informed exercise recommendations holds promise in addressing a significant public health challenge linked to aging populations.
Topics: Humans; China; Exercise; Male; Female; Aged; Cognition; Cross-Sectional Studies; Aged, 80 and over; Middle Aged; Longitudinal Studies; Surveys and Questionnaires
PubMed: 38815262
DOI: 10.2196/49790 -
JMIR Mental Health May 2024Schizophrenia is a complex mental disorder characterized by significant cognitive and neurobiological alterations. Impairments in cognitive function and eye movement...
BACKGROUND
Schizophrenia is a complex mental disorder characterized by significant cognitive and neurobiological alterations. Impairments in cognitive function and eye movement have been known to be promising biomarkers for schizophrenia. However, cognitive assessment methods require specialized expertise. To date, data on simplified measurement tools for assessing both cognitive function and eye movement in patients with schizophrenia are lacking.
OBJECTIVE
This study aims to assess the efficacy of a novel tablet-based platform combining cognitive and eye movement measures for classifying schizophrenia.
METHODS
Forty-four patients with schizophrenia, 67 healthy controls, and 41 patients with other psychiatric diagnoses participated in this study from 10 sites across Japan. A free-viewing eye movement task and 2 cognitive assessment tools (Codebreaker task from the THINC-integrated tool and the CognitiveFunctionTest app) were used for conducting assessments in a 12.9-inch iPad Pro. We performed comparative group and logistic regression analyses for evaluating the diagnostic efficacy of the 3 measures of interest.
RESULTS
Cognitive and eye movement measures differed significantly between patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls (all 3 measures; P<.001). The Codebreaker task showed the highest classification effectiveness in distinguishing schizophrenia with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.90. Combining cognitive and eye movement measures further improved accuracy with a maximum area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.94. Cognitive measures were more effective in differentiating patients with schizophrenia from healthy controls, whereas eye movement measures better differentiated schizophrenia from other psychiatric conditions.
CONCLUSIONS
This multisite study demonstrates the feasibility and effectiveness of a tablet-based app for assessing cognitive functioning and eye movements in patients with schizophrenia. Our results suggest the potential of tablet-based assessments of cognitive function and eye movement as simple and accessible evaluation tools, which may be useful for future clinical implementation.
Topics: Humans; Schizophrenia; Male; Female; Adult; Computers, Handheld; Japan; Middle Aged; Eye Movements; Neuropsychological Tests; Cognitive Dysfunction; Eye Movement Measurements; Cognition
PubMed: 38815257
DOI: 10.2196/56668 -
American Society of Clinical Oncology... Jun 2024The management of axillary lymph nodes in breast cancer is continually evolving. Recent data now support omitting axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) in most patients... (Review)
Review
Personalizing Locoregional Therapy in Patients With Breast Cancer in 2024: Tailoring Axillary Surgery, Escalating Lymphatic Surgery, and Implementing Evidence-Based Hypofractionated Radiotherapy.
The management of axillary lymph nodes in breast cancer is continually evolving. Recent data now support omitting axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) in most patients with metastases in up to two sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) during upfront surgery and those with residual isolated tumor cells after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT). In the upfront surgery setting, ALND is still indicated, however, in patients with clinically node-positive breast cancer or more than two positive SLNs and, after NACT, in case of residual micrometastases and macrometastases. Omission of the sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) can be considered in many postmenopausal patients with small luminal breast cancer, particularly when axillary ultrasound is negative. Several randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are currently aiming at eliminating the remaining indications for ALND and also establishing omission of SLNB in a broader patient population. The movement to deescalate axillary staging is in part because of the association between ALND and lymphedema, which is swelling of an extremity because of lymphatic damage and obstructed lymphatic drainage. To reduce the risk of developing this condition, patients undergoing ALND can undergo reverse mapping of the axilla and immediate reconstruction or bypass of the lymphatics from the involved extremity. Decongestion and compression are the foundation of conservative treatment for established lymphedema, while lymphovenous bypass and lymph node transfer are surgical procedures to address the physiologic dysfunction. Radiotherapy is an essential component of breast locoregional therapy: more than three decades of radiation research has optimized treatment according to patient's risk of local recurrence while substantially reducing the number of treatment visits. High-quality RCTs have shown the efficacy and safety of hypofractionation-more than 2Gy radiation dose per treatment (fraction)-significantly reducing the burden of radiotherapy treatment for many patients with breast cancer. In 2024, guidelines recommend no more than 15-16 fractions for whole-breast and nodal radiotherapy, with some recommending five fractions for whole-breast radiotherapy. In addition, simultaneous integrated boost (SIB) has been shown to be noninferior to sequential boost with regards to ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence with similar or reduced long-term side effects, also reducing overall treatment length. Further RCTs are underway investigating other indications for five fractions, including SIB and regional node irradiation, such that, in future, it may be possible for the majority of breast radiotherapy patients to be treated with a 1-week course. This manuscript serves to outline the latest updates on axillary surgical staging, lymphatic surgery, and evidence-based radiotherapy in the treatment of breast cancer.
Topics: Humans; Breast Neoplasms; Female; Axilla; Lymph Node Excision; Radiation Dose Hypofractionation; Lymphatic Metastasis; Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy; Combined Modality Therapy; Lymph Nodes; Neoplasm Staging; Neoadjuvant Therapy
PubMed: 38815195
DOI: 10.1200/EDBK_438776 -
PLoS Pathogens May 2024Ilarviruses are a relatively understudied but important group of plant RNA viruses that includes a number of crop pathogens. Their genomes comprise three RNA segments...
Ilarviruses are a relatively understudied but important group of plant RNA viruses that includes a number of crop pathogens. Their genomes comprise three RNA segments encoding two replicase subunits, movement protein, coat protein (CP), and (in some ilarvirus subgroups) a protein that suppresses RNA silencing. Here we report that, in many ilarviruses, RNA3 encodes an additional protein (termed CP-RT) as a result of ribosomal readthrough of the CP stop codon into a short downstream readthrough (RT) ORF. Using asparagus virus 2 as a model, we find that CP-RT is expressed in planta where it functions as a weak suppressor of RNA silencing. CP-RT expression is essential for persistent systemic infection in leaves and shoot apical meristem. CP-RT function is dependent on a putative zinc-finger motif within RT. Replacing the asparagus virus 2 RT with the RT of an ilarvirus from a different subgroup restored the ability to establish persistent infection. These findings open up a new avenue for research on ilarvirus silencing suppression, persistent meristem invasion and vertical transmission.
PubMed: 38814986
DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012034 -
PloS One 2024Motor Competence (MC) is related to the development of healthy lifestyles in children and adolescents, and many studies have compared it with different variables,...
INTRODUCTION
Motor Competence (MC) is related to the development of healthy lifestyles in children and adolescents, and many studies have compared it with different variables, including sports participation. This investigation aimed to characterize the components and total scores of MC regarding different physical activity practices, such as physical education (PE) classes, futsal, volleyball, and ballet, and to compare MC regarding sports, sex, and age-groups.
METHODS
Using a cross-sectional study, 398 Portuguese children and adolescents (398 participants: 200 boys and 198 girls; 12.649±3.46 years) were conveniently chosen between 2022 and 2023. Four groups of different sports were created: PE classes (n = 187), futsal (n = 80), volleyball (n = 101) and ballet (n = 30), and four different age groups: 7 to 9 years old (n = 117); 10 to 12 years old (n = 65), 13 to 15 years old (n = 96) and, 16 to 19 years old (n = 120). All participants reported to participate in at least two training sessions per week (1 hour each) for at least two years. MC was assessed with Motor Competence Assessment (MCA) comprising three components with six tests (two tests for each component). Participants' total MC was calculated as the average of the three components of the MCA. Data were analyzed by applying ANOVA one-way with LSD post-hoc.
RESULTS
Differences were found in MC among groups, where futsal participants showed better scores in general. Sex comparison showed that boys have a higher MC when practicing futsal, especially compared to volleyball players. Age-group analysis showed that younger participants had better MC levels compared to older ones.
CONCLUSION
The whole group showed the 50th percentile of MC, but volleyball adolescents showed results below this reference. MC is intrinsically linked to an individual's motor experiences and motivations rather than depending directly on the specific practice of the sport.
Topics: Humans; Male; Adolescent; Female; Child; Cross-Sectional Studies; Motor Skills; Sports; Portugal; Physical Education and Training; Movement; Young Adult; Exercise
PubMed: 38814979
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0304524 -
PloS One 2024Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is one of the most common malignancies worldwide, and oxidative stress plays a crucial role in its development. Juglone, a naturally...
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is one of the most common malignancies worldwide, and oxidative stress plays a crucial role in its development. Juglone, a naturally occurring naphthoquinone in J. mandshurica, exhibits significant cytotoxic activity against various cancer cell lines. However, whether the anticancer activity of juglone is associated with oxidative stress remains unexplored. In this study, mouse Lewis lung cancer (LLC) and human non-small cell lung cancer A549 cells were used to explore the anticancer mechanisms of juglone. Juglone inhibited LLC and A549 cells viability, with IC50 values of 10.78 μM and 9.47 μM, respectively, for 24 h, and substantially suppressed the migration and invasion of these two lung cancer cells. Additionally, juglone arrested the cell cycle, induced apoptosis, increased the cleavage of caspase 3 and the protein expression of Bax and Cyt c, and decreased the protein expression of Bcl-2 and caspase-3. Furthermore, juglone treatment considerably increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, but suppressed glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities. It also inhibited the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathway, which was attenuated by 1,3-diCQA (an activator of PI3K/Akt). Moreover, N-acetylcysteine (a ROS scavenger) partially reversed the positive effects of juglone in terms of migration, invasion, ROS production, apoptosis, and PI3K/Akt pathway-associated protein expression. Finally, in tumor-bearing nude mouse models, juglone inhibited tumor growth without any apparent toxicity and significantly induced apoptosis in NSCLC cells. Collectively, our findings suggest that juglone triggers apoptosis via the ROS-mediated PI3K/Akt pathway. Therefore, juglone may serve as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of NSCLC.
Topics: Naphthoquinones; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung; Reactive Oxygen Species; Humans; Animals; Apoptosis; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; Lung Neoplasms; Mice; Signal Transduction; A549 Cells; Cell Movement; Carcinoma, Lewis Lung; Cell Line, Tumor
PubMed: 38814975
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0299921 -
PloS One 2024Shearer cables, subjected to large deformations and exposed to harsh working conditions during frequent back-and-forth movements, pose difficulties in achieving...
Shearer cables, subjected to large deformations and exposed to harsh working conditions during frequent back-and-forth movements, pose difficulties in achieving comprehensive mechanical performance and extended fatigue life. This study addresses parametric modeling challenges related to determining tangency within and between layers, recursively generating spiral curves from the (n-1)-th level to the n-th level, and constructing irregular surfaces for insulation and sheath. Investigating tensile and bending properties, the research explores the impact of varying pitch diameter ratios at different stranding levels, stranding directions, and monofilaments on mechanical performance across scales. The results reveal a nonlinear increase in stress in power and control conductors with growing pitch diameter ratios. The optimal combination is determined as a pitch diameter ratio of 6 for cabling, 5 for the control conductor, and 14 for the power conductor. The predicted fatigue life of the improved cable by Ncode aligns with bending test results, demonstrating functionality up to 15.12e4 cycles. Stress distribution in parallel stranding is lower and more even, tending to scatter. Conversely, counter stranding experiences relatively higher stress, ensuring a more stable structure. While maintaining a constant effective conductor cross-sectional area, finer monofilaments result in higher cross-sectional filling ratios, enhancing tensile and bending performance.
Topics: Tensile Strength; Stress, Mechanical; Models, Theoretical; Equipment Design
PubMed: 38814973
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0304007