-
BMC Plant Biology May 2024Salinity stress, an ever-present challenge in agriculture and environmental sciences, poses a formidable hurdle for plant growth and productivity in saline-prone regions...
Salinity stress, an ever-present challenge in agriculture and environmental sciences, poses a formidable hurdle for plant growth and productivity in saline-prone regions worldwide. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the effectiveness of trehalose and mannitol induce salt resistance in wheat seedlings. Wheat grains of the commercial variety Sakha 94 were divided into three groups : a group that was pre-soaked in 10 mM trehalose, another group was soaked in 10 mM mannitol, and the last was soaked in distilled water for 1 hour, then the pre soaked grains cultivated in sandy soil, each treatment was divided into two groups, one of which was irrigated with 150 mM NaCl and the other was irrigated with tap water. The results showed that phenols content in wheat seedlings increased and flavonoids reduced due to salt stress. Trehalose and mannitol cause slight increase in total phenols content while total flavonoids were elevated highy in salt-stressed seedlings. Furthermore, Trehalose or mannitol reduced salt-induced lipid peroxidation. Salt stress increases antioxidant enzyme activities of guaiacol peroxidase (G-POX), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and catalase (CAT) in wheat seedlings, while polyphenol oxidase (PPO) unchanged. Trehalose and mannitol treatments caused an increase in APX, and CAT activities, whereas G-POX not altered but PPO activity were decreased under salt stress conditions. Molecular docking confirmed the interaction of Trehalose or mannitol with peroxidase and ascorbic peroxidase enzymes. Phenyl alanine ammonia layase (PAL) activity was increased in salt-stressed seedlings. We can conclude that pre-soaking of wheat grains in 10 mM trehalose or mannitol improves salinity stress tolerance by enhancing antioxidant defense enzyme and/or phenol biosynthesis, with docking identifying interactions with G-POX, CAT, APX, and PPO.
Topics: Triticum; Trehalose; Seedlings; Mannitol; Salt Tolerance; Molecular Docking Simulation; Antioxidants; Salt Stress; Flavonoids; Phenols
PubMed: 38811894
DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-04964-2 -
Cureus Apr 2024Entering and acclimatizing to a university is crucial for achieving academic goals and graduation. Chronic illnesses can reduce a person's capacity to perform tasks,... (Review)
Review
Entering and acclimatizing to a university is crucial for achieving academic goals and graduation. Chronic illnesses can reduce a person's capacity to perform tasks, whether physically, cognitively, or emotionally, about inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), there is a lack of research about the impact of IBD on the daily lives of students. IBD can be seen as having an adverse effect on the life of college students. The objective of this review was to examine the psychological ramifications, particularly in relation to stress levels, that IBD elicits in the daily lives of students. The elementary search utilized specific databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. The search terms employed were "IBD," "University," "Students," and "Stress." We reviewed 80 papers and selected 25 for their applicability and relevance. The current review includes at least a total of 12 articles. The following issues arose: 1) adaption to university, 2) managing IBD individually and from the university setting, 3) social impact, and 4) methods of controlling and coping with the IBD. Students with IBD have a tough time adapting to new situations. Their emotional and social status plays a significant role in this. The proper management and treatment of IBD throughout studies can have a significant impact on student's academic achievement as well as their later lives.
PubMed: 38807823
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.59176 -
Frontiers in Plant Science 2024Climate-induced drought impacts plant growth and development. Recurring droughts increase the demand for water for food production and landscaping. Native plants in the...
Climate-induced drought impacts plant growth and development. Recurring droughts increase the demand for water for food production and landscaping. Native plants in the Intermountain West region of the US are of keen interest in low water use landscaping as they are acclimatized to dry and cold environments. These native plants do very well at their native locations but are difficult to propagate in landscape. One of the possible reasons is the lack of associated microbiome in the landscaping. Microbiome in the soil contributes to soil health and impacts plant growth and development. Here, we used the bulk soil from the native plant (snowbrush ceanothus) as inoculant to enhance its propagation. Snowbrush ceanothus is an ornamental plant for low-water landscaping that is hard to propagate asexually. Using 50% native bulk soil as inoculant in the potting mix significantly improved the survival rate of the cuttings compared to no-treated cuttings. Twenty-four plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) producing indole acetic acid (IAA) were isolated from the rhizosphere and roots of the survived snowbrush. Seventeen isolates had more than 10µg/mL of IAA were shortlisted and tested for seven different plant growth-promoting (PGP) traits; 76% showed nitrogen-fixing ability on Norris Glucose Nitrogen free media,70% showed phosphate solubilization activity, 76% showed siderophore production, 36% showed protease activity, 94% showed ACC deaminase activity on DF-ACC media, 76% produced catalase and all of isolates produced ammonia. Eight of seventeen isolates, CK-6, CK-22, CK-41, CK-44, CK-47, CK-50, CK-53, and CK-55, showed an increase in shoot biomass in . Seven out of eight isolates were identified as , except CK-55, identified as based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The shortlisted isolates are being tested on different grain and vegetable crops to mitigate drought stress and promote plant growth.
PubMed: 38807777
DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1374877 -
BMC Plant Biology May 2024There is a lack of knowledge on the combined effects of different stresses on plants, in particular different stresses that occur during winter in temperate climates....
BACKGROUND
There is a lack of knowledge on the combined effects of different stresses on plants, in particular different stresses that occur during winter in temperate climates. Perennial herbaceous plants in temperate regions are exposed to many different stresses during winter, but except for the fact that cold temperatures induce resistance to a number of them, very little is known about their interaction effects. Knowledge about stress interactions is needed in order to predict effects of climate change on both agricultural production and natural ecosystems, and to develop adaptation strategies, e.g., through plant breeding. Here, we conducted a series of experiments under controlled conditions to study the interactions between cold (low positive temperature), clover rot infection (caused by Sclerotinia trifoliorum) and freezing, in red clover (Trifolium pratense) accessions. We also compared our results with winter survival in field experiments and studied associations between stress and shoot growth.
RESULTS
Exposure to low positive temperatures (cold acclimation) induced resistance to clover rot. There was a clear negative interaction effect between freezing stress and clover rot infection, resulting in up to 37% lower survival rate compared to what would have been expected from the additive effect of freezing and infection alone. Freezing tolerance could continue to improve during incubation under artificial snow cover at 3 °C in spite of darkness, and we observed compensatory shoot growth following freezing after prolonged incubation. At the accession level, resistance to clover rot was negatively correlated with growth in the field during the previous year at a Norwegian location. It was also negatively correlated with the shoot regrowth of control plants after incubation. Clover rot resistance tests under controlled conditions showed limited correlation with clover rot resistance observed in the field, suggesting that they may reveal variation in more specific resistance mechanisms.
CONCLUSIONS
We here demonstrate, for the first time, a strong negative interaction between freezing and infection with a winter pathogen. We also characterize the effects of cold acclimation and incubation in darkness at different temperatures on winter stress tolerance, and present data that support the notion that annual cycles of growth and stress resistance are associated at the genetic level.
Topics: Trifolium; Seasons; Freezing; Stress, Physiological; Cold Temperature; Plant Diseases; Acclimatization; Ascomycota
PubMed: 38807057
DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05167-5 -
Lasers in Medical Science May 2024The purpose of this study is to explore the potential application of photobiomodulation to irritable bowel syndrome. We established the following experimental groups:...
The purpose of this study is to explore the potential application of photobiomodulation to irritable bowel syndrome. We established the following experimental groups: the Non-Stress + Sham group, which consisted of rats that were not restrained and were only subjected to sham irradiation; the Stress + Sham group, which underwent 1 hour of restraint stress followed by sham irradiation; and the Stress + Laser group, which was subjected to restraint stress and percutaneous laser irradiation bilaterally on the L6 dorsal root ganglia for 5 minutes each. The experiment was conducted twice, with three and two laser conditions examined. Following laser irradiation, a barostat catheter was inserted into the rat's colon. After a 30-minute acclimatization period, the catheter was inflated to a pressure of 60 mmHg, and the number of abdominal muscle contractions was measured over a 5-minute period. The results showed that photobiomodulation significantly suppressed the number of abdominal muscle contractions at average powers of 460, 70, and 18 mW. However, no significant suppression was observed at average powers of 1 W and 3.5 mW. This study suggests that photobiomodulation can alleviate visceral hyperalgesia induced by restraint stress, indicating its potential applicability to irritable bowel syndrome.
Topics: Animals; Low-Level Light Therapy; Rats; Hyperalgesia; Male; Restraint, Physical; Irritable Bowel Syndrome; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Stress, Psychological; Muscle Contraction; Abdominal Muscles; Disease Models, Animal
PubMed: 38806837
DOI: 10.1007/s10103-024-04091-2 -
Plants (Basel, Switzerland) May 2024The damask rose ( Mill.) is an ornamental-medicinal plant from the Rosaceae family, and its aromatic compounds and essential oils are applied globally in the food,...
The damask rose ( Mill.) is an ornamental-medicinal plant from the Rosaceae family, and its aromatic compounds and essential oils are applied globally in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. Due to its economic value, this research aimed to establish a protocol for an efficient, rapid, and cost-effective method for in vitro shoot multiplication and rooting of the 'Kashan' and 'Hervy Azerbaijan' genotypes. Nodal segments (as primary explants) were cultured on the Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with combinations of various plant growth regulators (PGRs) such as gibberellic acid (GA), 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), as well as a PGR-like substance, phloroglucinol (PG), vitamins such as ascorbic acid (AA), and activated carbon in the form of active charcoal (AC). For the establishment stage, 0.1 mg·L PG, 0.2 mg·L GA, and 1 mg·L BAP were added to the media. Secondary explants (nodal segments containing axillary buds produced from primary explants) were obtained after 30 days of in vitro culture and transferred to the proliferation media supplemented with different concentrations of BAP (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 mg·L) and GA (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, and 1 mg·L) together with 0.1 mg·L PG and 20 mg·L of AA. The rooting media were augmented with different concentrations of BAP and GA with 0.1 mg·L of IBA, PG and 20 mg·L of AA and AC. The results showed that the highest regeneration coefficient (4.29 and 4.28) and the largest number of leaves (23.33-24.33) were obtained in the explants grown on the medium supplemented with 2 mg·L BAP and 0.4 mg·L GA for the 'Kashan' and 'Hervy Azerbaijan' genotypes, respectively. Likewise, this PGR combination provided the shortest time until bud break (approximately 6.5 days) and root emergence (approximately 10 days) in both genotypes. The highest number of shoots (4.78 per explant) and roots (3.96) was achieved in this medium in the 'Kashan' rose. Stem and root lengths, as well as stem and root fresh and dry weights, were also analyzed. In most measured traits, the lowest values were found in the PGRs-free control medium. Rooted plantlets were transferred to pots filled with perlite and peat moss in a 2:1 proportion and were acclimatized to ambient greenhouse conditions with a mean 90.12% survival rate. This research contributes significantly to our understanding of Damask rose propagation and has practical implications for the cosmetic and ornamental plant industries. By offering insights into the manipulation of regeneration processes, our study opens up new possibilities for the effective production of high-quality plant material.
PubMed: 38794435
DOI: 10.3390/plants13101364 -
Microorganisms May 2024is the causal agent of late blight in potato. The occurrence of with both A1 and A2 mating types in the field may result in sexual reproduction and the generation of...
is the causal agent of late blight in potato. The occurrence of with both A1 and A2 mating types in the field may result in sexual reproduction and the generation of recombinant strains. Such strains with new combinations of traits can be highly aggressive, resistant to fungicides, and can make the disease difficult to control in the field. Metalaxyl-resistant isolates are now more prevalent in potato fields. Understanding the genetic structure and rapid identification of mating types and metalaxyl response of in the field is a prerequisite for effective late blight disease monitoring and management. Molecular and phenotypic assays involving molecular and phenotypic markers such as mating types and metalaxyl response are typically conducted separately in the studies of the genotypic and phenotypic diversity of . As a result, there is a pressing need to reduce the experimental workload and more efficiently assess the aggressiveness of different strains. We think that employing genetic markers to not only estimate genotypic diversity but also to identify the mating type and fungicide response using machine learning techniques can guide and speed up the decision-making process in late blight disease management, especially when the mating type and metalaxyl resistance data are not available. This technique can also be applied to determine these phenotypic traits for dead isolates. In this study, over 600 isolates from different populations-Estonia, Pskov region, and Poland-were classified for mating types and metalaxyl response using machine learning techniques based on simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. For both traits, random forest and the support vector machine demonstrated good accuracy of over 70%, compared to the decision tree and artificial neural network models whose accuracy was lower. There were also associations ( < 0.05) between the traits and some of the alleles detected, but machine learning prediction techniques based on multilocus SSR genotypes offered better prediction accuracy.
PubMed: 38792811
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12050982 -
International Journal of Molecular... May 2024Eelgrass meadows have attracted much attention not only for their ability to maintain marine ecosystems as feeding grounds for marine organisms but also for their...
Eelgrass meadows have attracted much attention not only for their ability to maintain marine ecosystems as feeding grounds for marine organisms but also for their potential to store atmospheric and dissolved CO as blue carbon. This study comprehensively evaluated the bacterial and chemical data obtained from eelgrass sediments of different scales along the Japanese coast to investigate the effect on the acclimatization of eelgrass. Regardless of the eelgrass habitat, approximately 1% , , , and was present in the bottom sediment. Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) were present at 3.69% in eelgrass sediment compared to 1.70% in bare sediment. Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (SOB) were present at 2.81% and 1.10% in the eelgrass and bare sediment, respectively. Bacterial composition analysis and linear discriminant analysis revealed that SOB detoxified HS in the eelgrass meadows and that the larger-scale eelgrass meadows had a higher diversity of SOB. Our result indicated that there were regional differences in the system that detoxifies HS in eelgrass meadows, either microbial oxidation mediated by SOB or O permeation via the physical diffusion of benthos. However, since bacterial flora and phylogenetic analyses cannot show bias and/or causality due to PCR, future kinetic studies on microbial metabolism are expected.
Topics: Zosteraceae; Geologic Sediments; Phylogeny; Bacteria; Hydrogen Sulfide; Ecosystem; Oxidation-Reduction
PubMed: 38791480
DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105442 -
International Journal of Molecular... May 2024Amaranth species are C4 plants that are rich in betalains, and they are tolerant to salinity stress. A small family of plant-specific TCP transcription factors are...
Amaranth species are C4 plants that are rich in betalains, and they are tolerant to salinity stress. A small family of plant-specific TCP transcription factors are involved in the response to salt stress. However, it has not been investigated whether amaranth is involved in salt stress. We elucidated that the growth and physiology of amaranth were affected by salt concentrations of 50-200 mmol·L NaCl. The data showed that shoot and root growth was inhibited at 200 mmol·L, while it was promoted at 50 mmol·L. Meanwhile, the plants also showed physiological responses, which indicated salt-induced injuries and adaptation to the salt stress. Moreover, promoted seed germination. The germination rate of wild-type (WT) and seeds reached around 92% by the seventh day and 94.5% by the second day under normal conditions, respectively. With 150 mmol·L NaCl treatment, the germination rate of the WT and plant seeds was 27.0% by the seventh day and 93.0% by the fourth day, respectively. Under salt stress, the transformed plants bloomed when they grew 21.8 leaves after 16.2 days of treatment, which was earlier than the WT plants. The transformed plants flowered early to resist salt stress. These results reveal amaranth's growth and physiological responses to salt stress, and provide valuable information on the gene.
Topics: Salt Stress; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Amaranthus; Plant Proteins; Germination; Arabidopsis; Transcription Factors; Plants, Genetically Modified; Plant Roots; Seeds; Salt Tolerance; Sodium Chloride
PubMed: 38791475
DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105437 -
International Journal of Molecular... May 2024The plant cell wall is an actively reorganized network during plant growth and triggered immunity in response to biotic stress. While the molecular mechanisms managing...
The plant cell wall is an actively reorganized network during plant growth and triggered immunity in response to biotic stress. While the molecular mechanisms managing perception, recognition, and signal transduction in response to pathogens are well studied in the context of damaging intruders, the current understanding of plant cell wall rebuilding and active defense strategies in response to plant virus infections remains poorly characterized. Pectins can act as major elements of the primary cell wall and are dynamic compounds in response to pathogens. Homogalacturonans (HGs), a main component of pectins, have been postulated as defensive molecules in plant-pathogen interactions and linked to resistance responses. This research focused on examining the regulation of selected pectin metabolism components in susceptible (-, Col-0-TuMV) and resistance (-, -TuMV) reactions. Regardless of the interaction type, ultrastructural results indicated dynamic cell wall rebuilding. In the susceptible reaction promoted by RbohF, there was upregulation of (pectin methylesterase) but not , confirmed by induction of PME3 protein deposition. Moreover, the highest PME activity along with a decrease in cell wall methylesters compared to resistance interactions in -TuMV were noticed. Consequently, the susceptible reaction of and Col-0 to TuMV was characterized by a significant domination of low/non-methylesterificated HGs. In contrast, cell wall changes during the resistance response of and to TuMV were associated with dynamic induction of , , , and genes, confirmed by significant induction of PMEI2, PMEI3, and GAUT1 protein deposition. In both resistance reactions, a dynamic decrease in PME activity was documented, which was most intense in -TuMV. This decrease was accompanied by an increase in cell wall methylesters, indicating that the domination of highly methylesterificated HGs was associated with cell wall rebuilding in and defense responses to TuMV. These findings suggest that selected PME with PMEI enzymes have a diverse impact on the demethylesterification of HGs and metabolism as a result of -TuMV interactions, and are important factors in regulating cell wall changes depending on the type of interaction, especially in resistance responses. Therefore, PMEI2 and PMEI3 could potentially be important signaling resistance factors in the -TuMV pathosystem.
Topics: Pectins; Cell Wall; Disease Resistance; Plant Diseases; Arabidopsis; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Arabidopsis Proteins; Potyvirus; Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases
PubMed: 38791293
DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105256