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Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Apr 2024Two different collections of the gilled wild fungus , collected in Italy, were subjected to phytochemical analysis. The fungal material was confidently identified by...
Two different collections of the gilled wild fungus , collected in Italy, were subjected to phytochemical analysis. The fungal material was confidently identified by analysis of the ITS genomic sequences. Using both HR-LC-MS and NMR techniques, no evidence was found for the presence in the fruiting bodies of terreolides, terreumols or saponaceolides H-S, in striking contrast with the isolation of these terpenoids by Chinese authors from a mushroom collected in France and identified as . The main cytotoxic terpenoid identified and isolated from the extracts of the specimens investigated in this work was the C derivative saponaceolide B, which had been previously isolated from and other collections. Although saponaceolide B is a rather labile molecule, easily degradable by heat or in acidic conditions, our study indicated that none of the extraction protocols used produced saponaceolide H-S or terreolide/terreumol derivatives, thus excluding the possibility that the latter compounds could be extraction artifacts. Considered together, these findings point to the need for the unambiguous identification of mushroom species belonging to the complex genus , characterized by high variability in the composition of metabolites. Moreover, based on our data, . must be considered an edible mushroom.
Topics: Fruiting Bodies, Fungal; Tricholoma; Agaricales; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Terpenes; Humans
PubMed: 38675614
DOI: 10.3390/molecules29081794 -
Toxins Apr 2024Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) are a group of proteins with rRNA N-glycosylase activity that irreversibly inhibit protein synthesis and consequently cause cell...
Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) are a group of proteins with rRNA N-glycosylase activity that irreversibly inhibit protein synthesis and consequently cause cell death. Recently, an RIP called ledodin has been found in shiitake; it is cytotoxic, strongly inhibits protein synthesis, and shows rRNA N-glycosylase activity. In this work, we isolated and characterized a 50 kDa cytotoxic protein from shiitake that we named edodin. Edodin inhibits protein synthesis in a mammalian cell-free system, but not in insect-, yeast-, and bacteria-derived systems. It exhibits rRNA N-glycosylase and DNA-nicking activities, which relate it to plant RIPs. It was also shown to be toxic to HeLa and COLO 320 cells. Its structure is not related to other RIPs found in plants, bacteria, or fungi, but, instead, it presents the characteristic structure of the fold type I of pyridoxal phosphate-dependent enzymes. Homologous sequences have been found in other fungi of the class Agaricomycetes; thus, edodin could be a new type of toxin present in many fungi, some of them edible, which makes them of great interest in health, both for their involvement in food safety and for their potential biomedical and biotechnological applications.
Topics: Humans; Ribosomes; Shiitake Mushrooms; HeLa Cells; Animals; Mycotoxins; Ribosome Inactivating Proteins; Fungal Proteins; Cell Line, Tumor
PubMed: 38668610
DOI: 10.3390/toxins16040185 -
Journal of Fungi (Basel, Switzerland) Apr 2024In this study, five new species from China, , , and are described and illustrated based on morphological and molecular evidence. was distinguished from other species...
In this study, five new species from China, , , and are described and illustrated based on morphological and molecular evidence. was distinguished from other species of the genus by the subglobose, broad ellipsoidal, ovoid basidiospores (average = 13.7 μm × 11.6 μm) with sparse verrucose and ridge-like ornamentation (1-1.2 μm high); by the ellipsoidal to broadly ellipsoidal and small basidiospores (average = 11.7 μm × 9.5 μm); . was characterized by the whitish to cream-colored basidiomes, and broadly fusiform to citriform basidiospores with a pronounced apex (2-3 μm, occasionally up to 4 μm high), papillary, distinct warts and ridges, and pronounced appendix (2-3 μm long); by the dirty white to pale yellow basidiomes, broad ellipsoidal to ellipsoidal, and yellow-brown to dark-brown basidiospores with warts and gelatinous perisporium; by the peridium with significant changes in thickness (167-351 μm), and broad ellipsoidal to subglobose basidiospores ornamented with sparse warts and ridges. An ITS/LSU-based phylogenetic analysis supported the erection of the five new species. A key for species from northern China is provided.
PubMed: 38667943
DOI: 10.3390/jof10040272 -
MycoKeys 2024The genus within the family Mycenaceae is characterised by the gelatinous basidiomata with poroid hymenophore and most species inhabit monocotyledonous plants. In this...
The genus within the family Mycenaceae is characterised by the gelatinous basidiomata with poroid hymenophore and most species inhabit monocotyledonous plants. In this study, many samples covering a wide geographic range in China were examined morphologically and phylogenetically using concatenated ITS1-5.8S-ITS2-nLSU sequence data. Three new species clustering in Favolaschiasect.Anechinus, namely , and , are described. is characterised by imbricate basidiomata with pale grey to greyish colour when fresh and broadly ellipsoid basidiospores measuring 7-9 × 5-6.8 µm; is characterised by satin white basidiomata when fresh, broadly ellipsoid basidiospores measuring 7.5-10 × 5.5-7 µm and inhabit rotten ; is characterised by greyish-white basidiomata when fresh, dark grey near the base upon drying, broadly ellipsoid to subglobose basidiospores measuring 7-9 × 5-7 µm and inhabit dead . The differences amongst the new species and their morphologically similar and phylogenetically related species are discussed. In addition, an updated key to 19 species of found in China is provided.
PubMed: 38665969
DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.104.117310 -
Microbiological Research Jul 2024Blue light is an important signal for fungal development. In the mushroom-forming basidiomycete Schizophyllum commune, blue light is detected by the White Collar...
Blue light is an important signal for fungal development. In the mushroom-forming basidiomycete Schizophyllum commune, blue light is detected by the White Collar complex, which consists of WC-1 and WC-2. Most of our knowledge on this complex is derived from the ascomycete Neurospora crassa, where both WC-1 and WC-2 contain GATA zinc-finger transcription factor domains. In basidiomycetes, WC-1 is truncated and does not contain a transcription factor domain, but both WC-1 and WC-2 are still important for development. We show that dimerization of WC-1 and WC-2 happens independent of light in S. commune, but that induction by light is required for promoter binding by the White Collar complex. Furthermore, the White Collar complex is a promoter of transcription, but binding of the complex alone is not always sufficient to initiate transcription. For its function, the White Collar complex associates directly with the promoters of structural genes involved in mushroom development, like hydrophobins, but also promotes the expression of other transcription factors that play a role in mushroom development.
Topics: Schizophyllum; Fungal Proteins; Transcription Factors; Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal; Promoter Regions, Genetic; Light; DNA-Binding Proteins; Gene Regulatory Networks; Protein Binding; Agaricales
PubMed: 38663231
DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2024.127736 -
Fungal Genetics and Biology : FG & B Jun 2024Chitin is an essential structural component of fungal cell walls composed of transmembrane proteins called chitin synthases (CHSs), which have a large range of reported...
Chitin is an essential structural component of fungal cell walls composed of transmembrane proteins called chitin synthases (CHSs), which have a large range of reported effects in ascomycetes; however, are poorly understood in agaricomycetes. In this study, evolutionary and molecular genetic analyses of chs genes were conducted using genomic information from nine ascomycete and six basidiomycete species. The results support the existence of seven previously classified chs clades and the discovery of three novel basidiomycete-specific clades (BI-BIII). The agaricomycete fungus Pleurotus ostreatus was observed to have nine putative chs genes, four of which were basidiomycete-specific. Three of these basidiomycete specific genes were disrupted in the P. ostreatus 20b strain (ku80 disruptant) through homologous recombination and transformants were obtained (Δchsb2, Δchsb3, and Δchsb4). Despite numerous transformations Δchsb1 was unobtainable, suggesting disruption of this gene causes a crucial negative effect in P. ostreatus. Disruption of these chsb2-4 genes caused sparser mycelia with rougher surfaces and shorter aerial hyphae. They also caused increased sensitivity to cell wall and membrane stress, thinner cell walls, and overexpression of other chitin and glucan synthases. These genes have distinct roles in the structural formation of aerial hyphae and cell walls, which are important for understanding basidiomycete evolution in filamentous fungi.
Topics: Chitin Synthase; Pleurotus; Phylogeny; Fungal Proteins; Chitin; Cell Wall; Evolution, Molecular; Basidiomycota
PubMed: 38657898
DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2024.103893 -
Scientific Reports Apr 2024Agaricales, Russulales and Boletales are dominant orders among the wild mushrooms in Basidiomycota. Boletaceae, one of the major functional elements in terrestrial...
Agaricales, Russulales and Boletales are dominant orders among the wild mushrooms in Basidiomycota. Boletaceae, one of the major functional elements in terrestrial ecosystem and mostly represented by ectomycorrhizal symbionts of trees in Indian Himalaya and adjoining hills, are extraordinarily diverse and represented by numerous genera and species which are unexplored or poorly known. Therefore, their hidden diversity is yet to be revealed. Extensive macrofungal exploration by the authors to different parts of Himalaya and surroundings, followed by through morphological studies and multigene molecular phylogeny lead to the discovery of five new species of wild mushrooms: Leccinellum bothii sp. nov., Phylloporus himalayanus sp. nov., Phylloporus smithii sp. nov., Porphyrellus uttarakhandae sp. nov., and Retiboletus pseudoater sp. nov. Present communication deals with morphological details coupled with illustrations and phylogenetic inferences. Besides, Leccinellum sinoaurantiacum and Xerocomus rugosellus are also reported for the first time from this country.
Topics: India; Phylogeny; Agaricales; DNA, Fungal; Basidiomycota
PubMed: 38654032
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59781-2 -
Science Advances Apr 2024Plant biomass conversion by saprotrophic fungi plays a pivotal role in terrestrial carbon (C) cycling. The general consensus is that fungi metabolize carbohydrates,...
Plant biomass conversion by saprotrophic fungi plays a pivotal role in terrestrial carbon (C) cycling. The general consensus is that fungi metabolize carbohydrates, while lignin is only degraded and mineralized to CO. Recent research, however, demonstrated fungal conversion of C-monoaromatic compounds into proteinogenic amino acids. To unambiguously prove that polymeric lignin is not merely degraded, but also metabolized, carefully isolated C-labeled lignin served as substrate for , the world's most consumed mushroom. The fungus formed a dense mycelial network, secreted lignin-active enzymes, depolymerized, and removed lignin. With a lignin carbon use efficiency of 0.14 (g/g) and fungal biomass enrichment in C, we demonstrate that assimilated and further metabolized lignin when offered as C-source. Amino acids were high in C-enrichment, while fungal-derived carbohydrates, fatty acids, and ergosterol showed traces of C. These results hint at lignin conversion via aromatic ring-cleaved intermediates to central metabolites, underlining lignin's metabolic value for fungi.
Topics: Lignin; Carbon; Mycelium; Carbohydrates; Amino Acids; Agaricus
PubMed: 38640242
DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adl3419 -
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Apr 2024Water bodies are increasingly contaminated with a diversity of organic micropollutants (OMPs). This impacts the quality of ecosystems due to their recalcitrant nature....
Water bodies are increasingly contaminated with a diversity of organic micropollutants (OMPs). This impacts the quality of ecosystems due to their recalcitrant nature. In this study, we assessed the removal of OMPs by spent mushroom substrate (SMS) of the white button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) and by its aqueous tea extract. Removal of acesulfame K, antipyrine, bentazon, caffeine, carbamazepine, chloridazon, clofibric acid, and N, N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET) by SMS and its tea was between 10 and 90% and 0-26%, respectively, in a 7-day period. Sorption to SMS particles was between 0 and 29%, which can thus not explain the removal difference between SMS and its tea, the latter lacking these particles. Carbamazepine was removed most efficiently by both SMS and its tea. Removal of OMPs (except caffeine) by SMS tea was not affected by heat treatment. By contrast, heat-treatment of SMS reduced OMP removal to < 10% except for carbamazepine with a removal of 90%. These results indicate that OMP removal by SMS and its tea is mediated by both enzymatic and non-enzymatic activities. The presence of copper, manganese, and iron (0.03, 0.88, and 0.33 µg L, respectively) as well as HO (1.5 µM) in SMS tea indicated that the Fenton reaction represents (part of) the non-enzymatic activity. Indeed, the in vitro reconstituted Fenton reaction removed OMPs > 50% better than the teas. From these data it is concluded that spent mushroom substrate of the white button mushroom, which is widely available as a waste-stream, can be used to purify water from OMPs.
Topics: Ecosystem; Caffeine; Hydrogen Peroxide; Agaricus; Water; Tea; Carbamazepine
PubMed: 38639797
DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13132-3 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2024is a tiny lepiotaceous fungi. During our 3 years fieldwork, we found four new species of from northeastern China. A phylogenetic study of a combined dataset of...
is a tiny lepiotaceous fungi. During our 3 years fieldwork, we found four new species of from northeastern China. A phylogenetic study of a combined dataset of ITS+nrLSU+rpb2+tef1-α revealed that and are sister clades; belongs to complex; formed a clade not closely related with any other; and sp. (HMJAU68235) formed a sister clade. All new species are provided with descriptions, photos of the basidiomata, and colored illustrations of the microstructures. A key for the identification of species from China is also presented.
PubMed: 38638894
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1358612