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International Journal of Molecular... Apr 2024Acute HSV-1 infection is associated with mild symptoms, such as fever and lesions of the mouth, face and skin. This phase is followed by a latency period before...
Acute HSV-1 infection is associated with mild symptoms, such as fever and lesions of the mouth, face and skin. This phase is followed by a latency period before reactivation, which is associated with symptoms ranging from ulcers to encephalitis. Despite available anti-HSV-1 drugs, the development of new antiviral agents is sought due to the presence of resistant viruses. Melatonin, a molecule secreted by the pineal gland, has been shown to be an antioxidant, inducer of antioxidant enzymes, and regulator of various biological processes. Clinical trials have explored its therapeutic utility in conditions including infections. This study focuses on melatonin's role in HSV-1 replication and the underlying mechanisms. Melatonin was found to decrease the synthesis of HSV-1 proteins in infected Vero cells measured by immunofluorescence, indicating an inhibition of HSV-1 replication. Additionally, it regulates the activities of antioxidant enzymes and affects proteasome activity. Melatonin activates the unfolded protein response (UPR) and autophagy and suppresses apoptosis in HSV-1-infected cells. In summary, melatonin demonstrates an inhibitory role in HSV-1 replication by modulating various cellular responses, suggesting its potential utility in the treatment of viral infections.
Topics: Chlorocebus aethiops; Animals; Melatonin; Antioxidants; Herpesvirus 1, Human; Vero Cells; Pineal Gland
PubMed: 38612846
DOI: 10.3390/ijms25074037 -
International Journal of Molecular... Mar 2024Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a lifelong pathogen characterized by asymptomatic latent infection in the trigeminal ganglia (TG), with periodic outbreaks of cold...
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a lifelong pathogen characterized by asymptomatic latent infection in the trigeminal ganglia (TG), with periodic outbreaks of cold sores caused by virus reactivation in the TG and subsequent replication in the oral mucosa. While antiviral therapies can provide relief from cold sores, they are unable to eliminate HSV-1. We provide experimental results that highlight non-thermal plasma (NTP) as a new alternative therapy for HSV-1 infection that would resolve cold sores faster and reduce the establishment of latent infection in the TG. Additionally, this study is the first to explore the use of NTP as a therapy that can both treat and prevent human viral infections. The antiviral effect of NTP was investigated using an in vitro model of HSV-1 epithelial infection that involved the application of NTP from two separate devices to cell-free HSV-1, HSV-1-infected cells, and uninfected cells. It was found that NTP reduced the infectivity of cell-free HSV-1, reduced viral replication in HSV-1-infected cells, and diminished the susceptibility of uninfected cells to HSV-1 infection. This triad of antiviral mechanisms of action suggests the potential of NTP as a therapeutic agent effective against HSV-1 infection.
Topics: Humans; Herpesvirus 1, Human; Herpes Labialis; Herpes Simplex; Keratinocytes; Latent Infection; Antiviral Agents
PubMed: 38612649
DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073839 -
Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 2024Equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy (EHM) has severe impact on the sport horse population.
Long-term performance of show-jumping horses and relationship with severity of ataxia and complications associated with myeloencephalopathy caused by equine herpes virus-1.
BACKGROUND
Equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy (EHM) has severe impact on the sport horse population.
OBJECTIVE
Study the influence of EHM on the likelihood of affected horses to return to their previous performance and investigate the association of clinical variables with prognosis.
ANIMALS
Twenty-six horses positive for equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) were admitted to a veterinary teaching hospital (VTH) during a natural EHM outbreak at an international jumping event.
METHODS
Data collected from the VTH, the International Equestrian Federation, and surveys completed by the riders and horse owners were retrospectively analyzed.
RESULTS
Horses affected by EHM had 68% chance of returning to exercise, and 52.9% were able to achieve their preoutbreak performance level. Horses with an ataxia grade at admission ≥4/5 had an increased fatality rate (P < .05) and 10% chance of reaching their preoutbreak performance level. None of the horses with both vascular and urinary complications returned to their previous performance level. Finally, horses vaccinated against EHV-1 and those with urinary complications had a 71.4% and 43.7% fatality rate, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE
Horses affected by EHM were able to return to their previous performance levels, but certain clinical variables were negatively associated with postoutbreak performance. Ataxia grade upon admission and the development of systemic signs of vasculitis and urinary complications were potential poor prognostic indicators in sport horses. Variables linked to fatality included prior vaccination against EHV-1, ataxia grade upon admission, and the development of urinary complications.
Topics: Animals; Horses; Herpesvirus 1, Equid; Horse Diseases; Ataxia; Retrospective Studies; Herpesviridae Infections; Male; Female; Physical Conditioning, Animal; Sports
PubMed: 38609161
DOI: 10.1111/jvim.17070 -
Digital Journal of Ophthalmology : DJO 2024Laboratory confirmation is crucial for diagnosis and management of herpes simplex virus (HSV) keratitis. However, the sensitivity of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in...
BACKGROUND
Laboratory confirmation is crucial for diagnosis and management of herpes simplex virus (HSV) keratitis. However, the sensitivity of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in keratitis is low (25%) compared with that of mucocutaneous disease (75%). We developed an educational intervention aimed at improving the diagnostic yield of PCR.
METHODS
The medical records of keratitis cases seen at the emergency department of a London tertiary ophthalmic referral hospital over two distinct periods, before and after an educational program on swab technique, were reviewed retrospectively.
RESULTS
A total of 252 HSV cases were included. Increases in the laboratory-confirmed diagnosis of HSV-1 were observed, in both first presentations (11.1%-57.7%) and recurrent cases (20%-57.6%). The rate of positive HSV-1 PCR in eyes with an epithelial defect increased from 19% pre-intervention to 62% post intervention. Notably, 3% were positive for varicella zoster virus DNA, and there was a single case of keratitis.
CONCLUSION
Our results suggest that, with proper swabbing technique, PCR may be more sensitive than previously reported.
Topics: Humans; Pilot Projects; Retrospective Studies; DNA, Viral; Keratitis, Herpetic; Herpesvirus 1, Human; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Herpes Simplex
PubMed: 38601900
DOI: 10.5693/djo.01.2024.01.002 -
Journal For Immunotherapy of Cancer Apr 2024Glioblastoma (GBM), a highly immunosuppressive and often fatal primary brain tumor, lacks effective treatment options. GBMs contain a subpopulation of GBM stem-like...
BACKGROUND
Glioblastoma (GBM), a highly immunosuppressive and often fatal primary brain tumor, lacks effective treatment options. GBMs contain a subpopulation of GBM stem-like cells (GSCs) that play a central role in tumor initiation, progression, and treatment resistance. Oncolytic viruses, especially oncolytic herpes simplex virus (oHSV), replicate selectively in cancer cells and trigger antitumor immunity-a phenomenon termed the "in situ vaccine" effect. Although talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC), an oHSV armed with granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), is Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved for melanoma, its use in patients with GBM has not been reported. Interleukin 2 (IL-2) is another established immunotherapy that stimulates T cell growth and orchestrates antitumor responses. IL-2 is FDA-approved for melanoma and renal cell carcinoma but has not been widely evaluated in GBM, and IL-2 treatment is limited by its short half-life, minimal tumor accumulation, and significant systemic toxicity. We hypothesize that local intratumoral expression of IL-2 by an oHSV would avoid the systemic IL-2-related therapeutic drawbacks while simultaneously producing beneficial antitumor immunity.
METHODS
We developed G47Δ-mIL2 (an oHSV expressing IL-2) using the flip-flop HSV BAC system to deliver IL-2 locally within the tumor microenvironment (TME). We then tested its efficacy in orthotopic mouse GBM models (005 GSC, CT-2A, and GL261) and evaluated immune profiles in the treated tumors and spleens by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry.
RESULTS
G47Δ-mIL2 significantly prolonged median survival without any observable systemic IL-2-related toxicity in the 005 and CT-2A models but not in the GL261 model due to the non-permissive nature of GL261 cells to HSV infection. The therapeutic activity of G47Δ-mIL2 in the 005 GBM model was associated with increased intratumoral infiltration of CD8 T cells, critically dependent on the release of IL-2 within the TME, and CD4 T cells as their depletion completely abrogated therapeutic efficacy. The use of anti-PD-1 immune checkpoint blockade did not improve the therapeutic outcome of G47Δ-mIL2.
CONCLUSIONS
Our findings illustrate that G47Δ-mIL2 is efficacious, stimulates antitumor immunity against orthotopic GBM, and may also target GSC. OHSV expressing IL-2 may represent an agent that merits further exploration in patients with GBM.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Mice; Brain Neoplasms; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Glioblastoma; Herpes Simplex; Herpesvirus 2, Human; Interleukin-2; Melanoma; Oncolytic Virotherapy; Tumor Microenvironment; United States
PubMed: 38599661
DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2024-008880 -
Beijing Da Xue Xue Bao. Yi Xue Ban =... Apr 2024Herpes zoster of trigeminal nerve was a common skin disease caused by varicella-zoster virus infection. Simple involvement of the third branch of trigeminal nerve was...
Herpes zoster of trigeminal nerve was a common skin disease caused by varicella-zoster virus infection. Simple involvement of the third branch of trigeminal nerve was rare, and so were oral complications such as pulpitis, periodontitis, spontaneous tooth loss, bone necrosis, etc. This article presented a case of herpes zoster on the third branch of the left trigeminal nerve complicated with left mandibular osteonecrosis. We reported the case of a 64-year-old man with sudden pain in the left half of the tongue 1 month ago, and then herpes on the left facial skin appeared following with acute pain.The local hospital diagnosed it as herpes zoster and treated it with external medication. A few days later, he developed gum pain in the left mandibular posterior tooth area. He was admitted to Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology one week ago with loose and dislodged left posterior tooth accompanied by left mandibular bone surface exposure. Clinical examination showed bilateral symmetry and no obvious restriction of mouth opening. Visible herpes zoster pigmentation and scarring on the left side of the face appeared. The left mandibular posterior tooth was missing, the exposed bone surface was about 1.5 cm×0.8 cm, and the surrounding gingiva was red and swollen, painful under pressure, with no discharge of pus. The remaining teeth in the mouth were all Ⅲ degree loosened. Imageological examination showed irregular low-density destruction of the left mandible bone, unclear boundary, and severe resorption of alveolar bone. The patient was diagnosed as left mandibular osteonecrosis. Under general anesthesia, left mandibular lesion exploration and curettage + left mandibular partial resection + adjacent flap transfer repair were performed. The patient was re-exmained 6 months after surgery, there was no redness, swelling or other abnormality in the gums and the herpes pigmentation on the left face was significantly reduced. Unfortunately, the patient had complications of postherpetic neuralgia. This case indicate that clinicians should improve their awareness of jaw necrosis, a serious oral complication of trigeminal zoster, and provide early treatment. After the inflammation was initially controlled, surgical treatment could be considered to remove the necrotic bone, curettage the inflammatory granulation tissue, and extraction of the focal teeth to avoid further deterioration of the disease.
Topics: Male; Humans; Middle Aged; Herpesvirus 3, Human; Herpes Zoster; Trigeminal Nerve; Osteonecrosis; Mandible; Pain
PubMed: 38595260
DOI: 10.19723/j.issn.1671-167X.2024.02.027 -
BMC Veterinary Research Apr 2024Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) is a highly infectious upper respiratory tract disease of chickens caused by infectious laryngotracheitis virus or Gallid herpesvirus... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) is a highly infectious upper respiratory tract disease of chickens caused by infectious laryngotracheitis virus or Gallid herpesvirus 1 (GaHV-1). ILT is an important respiratory disease of chickens and annually causes significant economic losses in the chicken industry. Although numerous relevant studies have been published, the overall prevalence of ILT infection among chicken in mainland China is still unknown, and associated risk factors need to be evaluated to establish preventive measures.
RESULTS
The present study reviewed the literature on the prevalence of ILT in chickens in China as of December 20, 2022, retrieved from six databases-CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, PubMed, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect-were used to retrieve relevant studies published between January 1, 1981 and December 20, 2022. The literature quality of studies was assessed, and 20 studies with a total of 108,587 samples were included in the meta-analysis. Results of the meta-analysis showed that the overall prevalence of ILT was 10% (95% confidence interval: 8 -12%) through the random-effects model, which showed high heterogeneity, I = 99.4%. Further subgroup analyses showed that the prevalence of ILT decreased over time; furthermore, the prevalence in Northwest China was slightly lower than that in North China and South China, and the prevalence estimated using the diagnostic technique AGP was higher than that reported using other diagnostic techniques.
CONCLUSIONS
ILT is prevalent to some extent in mainland China. Given that the ILT attenuated live vaccine has a certain level of virulence and the prevalence differences between regions, we recommend controlling breeding density, improving immunization programs and continuously monitoring viruses and to prevent ILT prevailing in mainland China.
Topics: Animals; Chickens; Prevalence; Herpesviridae Infections; Poultry Diseases; Herpesvirus 1, Gallid; Viral Vaccines
PubMed: 38594649
DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-03991-3 -
Archives of Razi Institute Oct 2023Viruses are obligate parasites that completely rely on host cells for survival and replication. Razi Bovine Kidney (RBK) cell line was introduced and developed by the...
Viruses are obligate parasites that completely rely on host cells for survival and replication. Razi Bovine Kidney (RBK) cell line was introduced and developed by the Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute. It has been successfully established as a continuous cell line over successive passages. As demonstrated in this experimental study, the RBK cells have shown suitable sensitivity to certain viruses, including Bovine Herpesvirus-1 (BoHV-1) virus. In the present research, the RBK cell line characteristics were analyzed using molecular and karyotype methods and growth specifications. Cloning of the RBK cell line was performed using the limited dilution method, and each cell clone was quantitatively and qualitatively characterized. Four cell clones were compared based on their sensitivity to the BoHV-1 virus. Then, the RBK-D5 clone was selected as the most appropriate cell line for further studies. The RBK-D5 was subjected to tests for identity, chromosomal analysis, and doubling time. In the end, the origin of this cell line was confirmed by the PCR method. It was observed that the cell line exhibited karyotype diversity due to aneuploidy, which can be responsible for the procreation of chromosomal instability. This diversity represents chromosomal changes in the continuous cell line that carries the characteristic of an immortalized cell line. The RBK-D5 was found to be more sensitive to the BOHV-1 virus. Surprisingly, its titer was evaluated at 10 CCID50/ml. The obtained results suggested that the RBK cell line is suitable for the BoHV-1 virus and can be useful for virus detection, propagation, and quality control or viral titration.
Topics: Animals; Herpesvirus 1, Bovine; Cell Line; Kidney
PubMed: 38590682
DOI: 10.22092/ARI.2023.78.5.1410 -
Cell Reports Apr 2024The role of T cell receptor (TCR) diversity in infectious disease susceptibility is not well understood. We use a systems immunology approach on three cohorts of herpes...
The role of T cell receptor (TCR) diversity in infectious disease susceptibility is not well understood. We use a systems immunology approach on three cohorts of herpes zoster (HZ) patients and controls to investigate whether TCR diversity against varicella-zoster virus (VZV) influences the risk of HZ. We show that CD4 T cell TCR diversity against VZV glycoprotein E (gE) and immediate early 63 protein (IE63) after 1-week culture is more restricted in HZ patients. Single-cell RNA and TCR sequencing of VZV-specific T cells shows that T cell activation pathways are significantly decreased after stimulation with VZV peptides in convalescent HZ patients. TCR clustering indicates that TCRs from HZ patients co-cluster more often together than TCRs from controls. Collectively, our results suggest that not only lower VZV-specific TCR diversity but also reduced functional TCR affinity for VZV-specific proteins in HZ patients leads to lower T cell activation and consequently affects the susceptibility for viral reactivation.
Topics: Humans; Herpes Zoster; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell; Lymphocyte Activation; Herpesvirus 3, Human; Female; Middle Aged; Male; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Aged; Adult; Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte
PubMed: 38588339
DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114062 -
Journal of Medical Case Reports Apr 2024Herpes zoster is a common disease that can affect men and women at any age. Sensory neuropathy is the most common complication while motor neuropathy of the abdominal... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Herpes zoster is a common disease that can affect men and women at any age. Sensory neuropathy is the most common complication while motor neuropathy of the abdominal muscles is rare complication appearing in ~ 0.7% of patients. Furthermore, visceral nerve involvement causing gastroparesis is an extremely rare postherpetic complication. We present an extremely rare case of acute gastric dilatation with segmented abdominal paresis as a rare manifestation of herpes zoster infection.
CASE PRESENTATION
A 91-year-old Asian man was admitted to hospital with 2-day history of vomiting and left abdominal protrusion. He was previously treated for a rash on the left abdominal wall as herpes zoster infection with oral valaciclovir 2 weeks prior. On physical examination, characteristic herpes zoster rash scars and an ipsilateral abdominal bulge were observed on the left side. Computed tomography revealed no abdominal wall defect, mass, or stenosis. Remarkable distension of the stomach, asymmetrical left flank wall bulge, and a thinner abdominal wall on the left compared with the right side were shown. He was diagnosed as acute gastric dilatation owing to gastroparesis and segmental paresis of the abdominal musculature associated with herpes zoster infection. The patient showed significant improvement in symptoms and abdominal paresis within a month of conservative treatment, including nasogastric tube decompression and mosapride administration.
CONCLUSION
Acute gastric dilatation with abdominal paresis is an extremely rare complication of herpes zoster infection, and to date there have been no reports in the literature. It alerts us that, when examining patients with abdominal bulge, we should be conscious of this rare pathology for the optical diagnosis, avoiding unnecessary invasive examination or surgical exploration.
Topics: Aged, 80 and over; Humans; Male; Abdominal Muscles; Exanthema; Gastric Dilatation; Gastroparesis; Herpes Zoster; Herpesvirus 3, Human; Paresis
PubMed: 38584287
DOI: 10.1186/s13256-024-04487-2