-
Frontiers in Microbiology 2024The spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in animal husbandry is usually attributed to the use of antibiotics and poor hygiene and biosecurity. We therefore conducted...
The spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in animal husbandry is usually attributed to the use of antibiotics and poor hygiene and biosecurity. We therefore conducted experimental trials to improve hygiene management in weaned pig houses and assessed the impact on the spread. For each of the two groups examined, the experimental group (EG) and the control group (CG), three replicate batches of piglets from the same pig breeder, kept in pre-cleaned flat decks, were analyzed. In the flat decks of the experimental groups, the hygiene conditions (cleaning, disinfection, dust removal and fly control) were improved, while regular hygiene measures were carried out in the control groups. The occurrence and spread of AMR were determined in (; resistance indicator) using cultivation-dependent (CFU) and -independent (qPCR) methods as well as whole genome sequencing of isolates in samples of various origins, including feces, flies, feed, dust and swabs. Surprisingly, there were no significant differences ( > 0.05) in the prevalence of resistant between the flat decks managed with conventional techniques and those managed with improved techniques. Selective cultivation delivered ampicillin- and sulfonamide-resistant proportions of up to 100% and 1.2%, respectively. While 0.5% resistant to cefotaxime and no ciprofloxacin resistance were detected. There was a significant difference ( < 0.01) in the abundance of the gene in fecal samples between EG and CG groups. The colonization of piglets with resistant pathogens before arrival, the movement of flies in the barn and the treatment of bacterial infections with antibiotics obscured the effects of hygiene improvement. Biocide tolerance tests showed no development of resistance to the farm regular disinfectant. Managing hygiene alone was insufficient for reducing antimicrobial resistances in piglet rearing. We conclude that the complex factors contributing to the presence and distribution of AMR in piglet barns underscore the necessity for a comprehensive management strategy.
PubMed: 38812683
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1393923 -
Microbiology Spectrum May 2024Broad-spectrum ampicillin-resistant and third-generation cephalosporin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, particularly and that have pathological features in humans, have...
UNLABELLED
Broad-spectrum ampicillin-resistant and third-generation cephalosporin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, particularly and that have pathological features in humans, have become a global concern. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility, and molecular genetic features of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing and isolates in Southern Thailand. Between January and August 2021, samples ( = 199) were collected from a tertiary care hospital in Southern Thailand. ESBL and AmpC-lactamase genes were identified using multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The genetic relationship between ESBL-producing and was determined using the enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC) polymerase chain reaction. ESBL-producing and isolates were mostly collected from catheter urine samples of infected female patients. The ESBL production prevalence was highest in the medical wards ( = 75, 37.7%), followed by that in surgical wards ( = 64, 32.2%) and operating rooms ( = 19, 9.5%). Antimicrobial susceptibility analysis revealed that all isolates were resistant to ampicillin, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, and cefuroxime; 79.4% were resistant to ciprofloxacin; and 64.3% were resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. In ESBL-producing and , ( = 57, 72.2%) and ( = 61, 50.8%) genes were prominent; however, no , , or were found in any of these isolates. Furthermore, only ESBL-producing had co-harbored and genes at 11.6%. The ERIC-PCR pattern of multidrug-resistant ESBL-producing strains demonstrated that the isolates were clonally related (95%). Notably, the presence of multidrug-resistant and extremely resistant ESBL producers was 83.4% and 16.6%, respectively. This study highlights the presence of , , and co-harbored genes in ESBL-producing bacterial isolates from hospitalized patients, which are associated with considerable resistance to beta-lactamase and third-generation cephalosporins.
IMPORTANCE
We advocate for evidence-based guidelines and antimicrobial stewardship programs to encourage rational and appropriate antibiotic use, ultimately reducing the selection pressure for drug-resistant bacteria and lowering the likelihood of ESBL-producing bacterial infections.
PubMed: 38809095
DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00213-24 -
BMC Veterinary Research May 2024Piggery production is highly constrained by diseases, with diarrhoea in piglets being a major cause of economic losses to smallholder farmers in Uganda. Enterotoxigenic...
BACKGROUND
Piggery production is highly constrained by diseases, with diarrhoea in piglets being a major cause of economic losses to smallholder farmers in Uganda. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is thought to be one of the major etiologies of this diarrhoea. A cross-sectional study was carried out in two high pig-producing districts of Uganda with the aim of determining the significance of piglet diarrhoea and the pathogenic determinants of causative E. coli.
METHODOLOGY
A total of 40 households with piglets were visited in each district for a questionnaire survey and faecal sample collection. The questionnaire-based data collected included; demographic data and pig management practices. E. coli were isolated from diarrheic (43) and non-diarrheic (172) piglets and were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing against nine commonly used antimicrobial agents. The E. coli isolates were further screened for the presence of 11 enterotoxin and fimbrial virulence gene markers using multiplex polymerase chain reaction. Data entry, cleaning, verification and descriptive statistics were performed using Microsoft Excel. Statistical analysis to determine any association between the presence of virulence markers and diarrhea in piglets was done using SPSS software (Version 23), with a p value of less than 0.05 taken as a statistically significant association.
RESULTS
Escherichia coli were recovered from 81.4% (175/215) of the faecal samples. All the isolates were resistant to erythromycin, and most showed high resistance to tetracycline (71%), ampicillin (49%), and trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole (45%). More than half of the isolates (58.3%) carried at least one of the 11 virulence gene markers tested. EAST1 was the most prevalent virulence marker detected (35.4%), followed by STb (14.8%). Expression of more than one virulence gene marker was observed in 6.2% of the isolates, with the EAST1/STa combination being the most prevalent. Three adhesins; F17 (0.6%), F18 (6.3%) and AIDA-I (0.6%) were detected, with F18 being the most encountered. There was a statistically significant association between the occurrence of piglet diarrhoea and the presence of the AIDA-1 (p value = 0.037) or EAST1 (p value = 0.011) gene marker among the isolates.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
The level of antimicrobial resistance among E. coli isolates expressing virulence markers were high in the sampled districts. The study established a significant association between presence of EAST1 and AIDA-I virulence markers and piglet diarrhea. Further studies should be carried out to elucidate the main adhesins borne by these organisms in Uganda and the actual role played by EAST1 in the pathogenesis of the infection since most isolates expressed this gene.
Topics: Animals; Uganda; Swine; Swine Diseases; Escherichia coli Infections; Diarrhea; Cross-Sectional Studies; Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli; Virulence; Feces; Animals, Newborn; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Escherichia coli; Weaning; Microbial Sensitivity Tests
PubMed: 38802876
DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04092-x -
Scientific Reports May 2024Heterogeneity of Helicobacter pylori communities contributes to its pathogenicity and diverse clinical outcomes. We conducted drug-susceptibility tests using four...
Heterogeneity of Helicobacter pylori communities contributes to its pathogenicity and diverse clinical outcomes. We conducted drug-susceptibility tests using four antibiotics, clarithromycin (CLR), amoxicillin (AMX), metronidazole and sitafloxacin, to examine H. pylori population diversity. We also analyzed genes associated with resistance to CLR and AMX. We examined multiple isolates from 42 Japanese patients, including 28 patients in whom primary eradication with CLR and AMX had failed, and 14 treatment-naïve patients. We identified some patients with coexistence of drug resistant- and sensitive-isolates (drug-heteroR/S-patients). More than 60% of patients were drug-heteroR/S to all four drugs, indicating extensive heterogeneity. For the four drugs except AMX, the rates of drug-heteroR/S-patients were higher in treatment-naïve patients than in primary eradication-failure patients. In primary eradication-failure patients, isolates multi-resistant to all four drugs existed among other isolates. In primary eradication-failure drug-heteroR/S-patients, CLR- and AMX-resistant isolates were preferentially distributed to the corpus and antrum with different minimum inhibitory concentrations, respectively. We found two mutations in PBP1A, G591K and A480V, and analyzed these in recombinants to directly demonstrate their association with AMX resistance. Assessment of multiple isolates from different stomach regions will improve accurate assessment of H. pylori colonization status in the stomach.
Topics: Humans; Helicobacter pylori; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Helicobacter Infections; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Mutation; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Amoxicillin; Male; Female; Metronidazole; Stomach; Clarithromycin; Middle Aged; Aged; Adult; Bacterial Proteins; Penicillin-Binding Proteins; Fluoroquinolones
PubMed: 38802465
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62200-1 -
Journal of Family & Community Medicine 2024(. ), a forgotten pathogen that normally colonizes the upper respiratory mucosa, can be associated with severe and invasive infections. The objectives of this study...
Epidemiological characteristics of Klebsiella ozaenae infection and its antibiotic susceptibility: Experience of a tertiary care hospital in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia.
BACKGROUND
(. ), a forgotten pathogen that normally colonizes the upper respiratory mucosa, can be associated with severe and invasive infections. The objectives of this study were to determine the frequency of isolation of . at the microbiology laboratory in a tertiary hospital and the scope of diseases associated with it and to characterize its antimicrobial susceptibility pattern.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This cross-sectional study analyzed the retrospective data, from 2002 to 2021, on cases with laboratory-confirmed isolation of . at a tertiary care hospital. The primary outcome was to identify the scope of . infections and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. . isolation was done by cultivation on microbiological culture media, whereas its identification and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern were performed using either Microscan or Vitek automated systems. Data was gathered and analyzed in Excel. The percentage of resistance was calculated as the number of resistant isolates from the total isolates multiplied by 100. Similarly, the percentage of sensitivity was calculated as the number of sensitive isolates from total isolates multiplied by 100.
RESULTS
. was detected in 59 cases during the study period. . was associated with urinary tract infections (39%), nasal infections (18.6%), other respiratory tract infections including sinusitis, bronchiectasis, and pneumonia (16.9%), and wound infections (15.3%). It was also associated with invasive infections such as bacteremia (3.4%) and abscesses (3.4%). . showed susceptibility to multiple antibiotic classes, but was resistant to ampicillin, piperacillin, nalidixic acid, and nitrofurantoin. . isolates from urinary tract infections had higher antibiotic resistance percentage than isolates from other infections, particularly to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid ( = 0.007, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.84-375), ciprofloxacin ( < 0.0001, 95% CI: 4.6-111.2), and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole ( < 0.001, 95% CI: 3.1-63.6).
CONCLUSION
Our data show that . is a pathogen with a spectrum of diseases wider than expected and a unique antibiotic susceptibility pattern in urinary tract infections.
PubMed: 38800796
DOI: 10.4103/jfcm.jfcm_280_23 -
Veterinary World Apr 2024Established antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance in companion animals is lacking, particularly in low-middle-income countries. The aim of this study was to...
BACKGROUND AND AIM
Established antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance in companion animals is lacking, particularly in low-middle-income countries. The aim of this study was to analyze AMR and its risk factors in isolated from dogs at two veterinary centers in Lima (Peru).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Ninety dogs were included in the study. Antimicrobial susceptibility was established by disk diffusion, whereas microdilution was used to determine colistin susceptibility. Mechanisms related to extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) and colistin resistance were determined by polymerase chain reaction. Clonal relationships of colistin-resistant isolates were assessed by I-pulsed-field gel electrophoresis.
RESULTS
Thirty-five strains were isolated. High levels of resistance to ampicillin (57.1%), nalidixic acid (54.3%), tetracycline (48.6%), and azithromycin (25.7%) were detected. Cephalosporin resistance levels were ≥20% and those for colistin were 14.3%. Twelve (34.2%) isolates were ESBL producers; of these, six (50.0%), 2 (16.6%) , and 2 (16.6%) genes were found. The five colistin-resistant isolates were clonally unrelated, with four of them presenting amino acid codon substitutions in the gene (V8A) or mutations in the promoter (a12g, g98t, and c89t). Furthermore, dog age, <6 years (p = 0.027) and raw diet (p = 0.054) were associated with resistance to a greater number of antibiotic families.
CONCLUSION
Despite small number of samples included, the study found that dogs studied were carriers of multidrug-resistant , including last-resort antimicrobials, representing a public health problem due to close contact between dogs and humans. This issue suggests the need for larger studies addressed to design strategies to prevent the spread of resistant micro-organisms in small animal clinics and domestic settings.
PubMed: 38798292
DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2024.880-887 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) May 2024In this work, we present the modification of a medical-grade silicone catheter with the -vinylimidazole monomer using the grafting-from method at room temperature and...
In this work, we present the modification of a medical-grade silicone catheter with the -vinylimidazole monomer using the grafting-from method at room temperature and induced by gamma rays. The catheters were modified by varying the monomer concentration (20-100 vol%) and the irradiation dose (20-100 kGy). Unlike the pristine material, the grafted poly(-vinylimidazole) chains provided the catheter with hydrophilicity and pH response. This change allowed for the functionalization of the catheters to endow it with antimicrobial features. Thus, the quaternization of amines with iodomethane and bromoethane was performed, as well as the immobilization of silver and ampicillin. The inhibitory capacity of these materials, functionalized with antimicrobial agents, was challenged against and strains, showing variable results, where loaded ampicillin was amply better at eliminating bacteria.
Topics: Escherichia coli; Staphylococcus aureus; Silicones; Imidazoles; Catheters; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Polyvinyls; Anti-Infective Agents; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Ampicillin; Gamma Rays
PubMed: 38792087
DOI: 10.3390/molecules29102225 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) May 2024Amoxicillin and sulbactam are widely used in animal food compounding. Amoxicillin-sulbactam hybrid molecules are bicester compounds made by linking amoxicillin and...
Amoxicillin and sulbactam are widely used in animal food compounding. Amoxicillin-sulbactam hybrid molecules are bicester compounds made by linking amoxicillin and sulbactam with methylene groups and have good application prospects. However, the residual elimination pattern of these hybrid molecules in animals needs to be explored. In the present study, the amoxicillin-sulbactam hybrid molecule (AS group) and a mixture of amoxicillin and sulbactam (mixture group) were administered to rats by gavage, and the levels of the major metabolites of amoxicillin, amoxicilloic acid, amoxicillin diketopiperazine, and sulbactam were determined by UPLC-MS/MS. The residue elimination patterns of the major metabolites in the liver, kidney, urine, and feces of rats in the AS group and the mixture group were compared. The results showed that the total amount of amoxicillin, amoxicilloic acid, amoxicillin diketopiperazine, and the highest concentration of sulbactam in the liver and kidney samples of the AS group and the mixture group appeared at 1 h after drug withdrawal. Between 1 h and 12 h post discontinuation, the total amount of amoxicillin, amoxicilloic acid, and amoxicillin diketopiperazine in the two tissues decreased rapidly, and the elimination half-life of the AS group was significantly higher than that in the mixture group ( < 0.05); the residual amount of sulbactam also decreased rapidly, and the elimination half-life was not significantly different ( > 0.05). In 72 h urine samples, the total excretion rates were 60.61 ± 2.13% and 62.62 ± 1.73% in the AS group and mixture group, respectively. The total excretion rates of fecal samples (at 72 h) for the AS group and mixture group were 9.54 ± 0.26% and 10.60 ± 0.24%, respectively. These results showed that the total quantity of amoxicillin, amoxicilloic acid, and amoxicillin diketopiperazine was eliminated more slowly in the liver and kidney of the AS group than those of the mixture group and that the excretion rate through urine and feces was essentially the same for both groups. The residual elimination pattern of the hybrid molecule in rats determined in this study provides a theoretical basis for the in-depth development and application of hybrid molecules, as well as guidelines for the development of similar drugs.
Topics: Animals; Sulbactam; Amoxicillin; Rats; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Male; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Liver; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Kidney; Feces; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Tissue Distribution; Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
PubMed: 38792031
DOI: 10.3390/molecules29102169 -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... May 2024() is recognized as a zoonotic pathogen with an increasing threat to livestock and poultry. However, research on of animal origin remains limited. To address the gap,...
() is recognized as a zoonotic pathogen with an increasing threat to livestock and poultry. However, research on of animal origin remains limited. To address the gap, a comprehensive investigation was carried out by collecting a total of 311 samples from the farms of four animal species (dairy cow, chicken, sheep, and pig) in selected areas of Xinjiang, China. Isolates were identified by gene amplification and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Genotyping of isolates was performed using typing and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). PCR was employed to identify virulence and resistance genes. An antibiotic susceptibility test was conducted using the Kirby-Bauer method. The findings revealed an isolation of 62 strains, with an average isolation rate of 19.94%, with the highest proportion originating from cattle sources (33.33%). Over 85.00% of these isolates harbored six virulence genes ( and ); while more than 75.00% of isolates possessed four resistance genes (, and ). All isolates exhibited complete resistance to ampicillin and demonstrated substantial resistance to sulfisoxazole, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, and enrofloxacin, with an antibiotic resistance rate of more than 50%. Furthermore, 48.39% (30/62) of isolates were classified as multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains, with a significantly higher isolation rate observed in the swine farms (66.67%) compared to other farms. Genetic characterization revealed the classification of the 62 isolates into 30 distinct allele types or 35 different sequence types (STs). Notably, we identified strains of dairy and swine origin belonging to the same ST42 and wzi33-KL64 types, as well as strains of dairy and chicken origin belonging to the same wzi31-KL31-K31 type. These findings emphasize the widespread occurrence of drug-resistant across diverse animal sources in Xinjiang, underscoring the high prevalence of multidrug resistance. Additionally, our results suggest the potential for animal-to-animal transmission of and there was a correlation between virulence genes and antibiotic resistance genes. Moreover, the current study provides valuable data on the prevalence, antibiotic resistance, and genetic diversity of originating from diverse animal sources in Xinjiang, China.
PubMed: 38791650
DOI: 10.3390/ani14101433 -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... May 2024This surveillance study aimed to estimate the proportion of antimicrobial resistant strains and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles of isolates detected from the...
This surveillance study aimed to estimate the proportion of antimicrobial resistant strains and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles of isolates detected from the intestinal contents of veal and dairy calves in the Veneto Region, Northeaster Italy. Additionally, we investigated the differences in AMR profiles between dairy and veal calves over the period 2017-2022. Overall 1150 isolates were tested from calves exhibiting enteric disease, with 868 from dairy and 282 from veal calves. The percentage of resistant isolates to nine antimicrobials was notably higher in veal calves compared to dairy calves, except for ampicillin. Throughout the study period, we observed a significant increase in the proportion of resistant isolates to florfenicol, gentamycin, paromomycin, tetracycline and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole in dairy calves, while we did not detect any significant increase in the proportion of resistant isolates among veal calves. A substantial proportion (75.9%) of the isolated exhibited multi-drug resistance (MDR). The proportion of multi-drug resistant isolates was significantly higher in veal calves (91.7%) compared to dairy calves (74.3%) all through the surveillance period (2017-2022), with no significant variation in MDR proportion among veal calves between 2017 and 2022 but a significant increase among dairy calves.
PubMed: 38791647
DOI: 10.3390/ani14101429