-
Frontiers in Nutrition 2024Bread wheat is one of the most important food crops associated with ensuring food security and human nutritional health. The starch quality is an important index of...
BACKGROUND
Bread wheat is one of the most important food crops associated with ensuring food security and human nutritional health. The starch quality is an important index of high-quality wheat. It is affected by a complex series of factors; among which, suitable sowing time is a key factor.
AIM AND METHODS
To analyze the integrative effects of sowing time on the starch quality of high-quality wheat, in the present study, we selected a high-quality bread wheat cultivar Jinan 17 and investigated the effect of different sowing times on the starch properties and the related genes by analyzing X-ray diffraction patterns, apparent amylose content, thermal properties, pasting properties, starch digestibility, and qRT-PCR. Meanwhile, we also investigated the agronomic and yield performance that may be associated with the starch properties.
RESULTS
Delayed sowing had little effect on starch crystalline morphology, but there was a tendency to reduce the formation of crystals within wheat starch granules: (1) delayed sowing for 15 days altered the thermal properties of starch, including onset, peak and termination temperatures, and enthalpy changes; (2) delayed sowing for 30 days changed the thermal characteristics of starch relatively insignificant; (3) significant differences in pasting characteristics occurred: peak viscosity and hold-through viscosity increased, while final viscosity, breakdown viscosity, and setback viscosity tended to increase and then decrease, suggesting that delayed sowing caused changes in the surface of the starch granules resulting in a decrease in digestibility. Analysis of related genes showed that several key enzymes in starch biosynthesis were significantly affected by delayed sowing, leading to a reduction in apparent straight-chain starch content. In addition to starch properties, thousand-kernel weight also increased under delayed sowing conditions compared with normal sowing.
CONCLUSION
The impact of delayed sowing on starch quality is multifaceted and complex, from the fine structure, and functional properties of the starch to the regulation of key gene expression. Our study holds significant practical value for optimizing wheat planting management and maximizing the potential in both quality and yield.
PubMed: 38689937
DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1389745 -
Journal of Nutritional Science and... 2024Since propionate exerts several physiological effects, maintenance of its normal colonic fermentation is essential. To investigate whether vitamin B (VB) is essential...
Since propionate exerts several physiological effects, maintenance of its normal colonic fermentation is essential. To investigate whether vitamin B (VB) is essential for normal propionate fermentation by colonic bacteria, via the succinate pathway, we examined if high-amylose cornstarch (HACS) feeding activated such a pathway, if high HACS feeding impaired propionate fermentation, and if oral VB supplementation normalized propionate fermentation. Male rats were given control, 20% HACS or 3% fucose diets (Expt. 1); a VB-free control diet or one supplemented with 5-30% HACS (Expt. 2); and the 20% HACS diet supplemented with 0.025-25 mg/kg of VB (Expt. 3), for 14 d. HACS feeding significantly increased cecal succinate concentration, activating the succinate pathway (Expt. 1). Cecal cobalamin concentration in 20% and 30% HACS groups was about 75% of that in the control group (Expt. 2). Cecal succinate and propionate concentrations significantly increased and decreased in 30% HACS groups, respectively, compared with the control group. Although HACS group supplemented with 0.025 mg/kg of VB had a low concentration of cecal propionate, adding high amounts of VB to HACS diets provided sufficient amounts of VB to rat ceca and increased cecal propionate concentration (Expt. 3). Compared with the non-HACS group, the relative abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila, but not Bacteroides/Phocaeicola, was lower in the HACS counterpart and showed improvement with increased VB doses. To summarize, feeding high HACS decreased and increased cecal VB and succinate concentrations, respectively. Furthermore, colonic delivery of sufficient amounts of VB to rats likely reduced accumulation of succinate and normalized propionate fermentation.
Topics: Animals; Male; Fermentation; Propionates; Cecum; Vitamin B 12; Colon; Dietary Supplements; Starch; Amylose; Rats; Succinic Acid; Diet; Rats, Wistar; Rats, Sprague-Dawley
PubMed: 38684384
DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.70.139 -
Current Research in Food Science 2024In starch gel foods processing, lactic acid fermentation is an effective strategy to improve the quality of the gel. This study revealed the effects of fermentation for...
In starch gel foods processing, lactic acid fermentation is an effective strategy to improve the quality of the gel. This study revealed the effects of fermentation for rice on the textural and rheological properties of the corresponding gels. The hardness, adhesiveness and chewiness of the gel showed ascending trends with the forwarding of fermentation. The role of on rheological properties of gel depended on fermentation time. As the time was within 3 days, the process reduced the viscoelastic of the gel, while as the time was for 5 days, the process enhanced the viscoelastic of the gel. During fermentation, amylose content increased from 21.56 ± 1.17% to 27.39 ± 0.63%, and crude protein content descended from 12.60 ± 0.44 g/100 g DW to 4.8 ± 0.49 g/100 g DW. Total organic acids were ascending in the whole process, and lactic acid (LA), acetic acid (AA) and citric acid (CA) made the dominant contribution. The enthalpy change (ΔH) of the rice flour fermented for 5 days was significantly ( < 0.05) increased to 9.90 ± 0.24 J/g, indicating the formation of more double helix structures. These organic acids may contribute to the formation of the pores on the surface of granules by hydrolyzing the components, which provides a channel for enzymes to enter the interior of granules. These results provide the basis for the development of fermented rice-based foods.
PubMed: 38681524
DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2024.100743 -
Mikrobiyoloji Bulteni Apr 2024In recent years, isolation of resistant Leishmania species to drugs in use has made it necessary to search alternative molecules that may be drug candidates. In this...
In recent years, isolation of resistant Leishmania species to drugs in use has made it necessary to search alternative molecules that may be drug candidates. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the cytotoxic and in vitro antileishmanial activity of hybrid silver nanoparticle (AgNP) complexes. In this study, three types of nanoparticles (NPs), oxidized amylose-silver (OA-Ag) NPs, oxidized amylose-curcumin (OA-Cur) NPs and oxidized amylose-curcumin-silver (OA-CurAgNP) nanoparticles were synthesized. The cytotoxic activity of the synthesized nanoparticles was determined against L929 mouse fibroblasts and the in vitro antileishmanial activity was determined against Leishmania tropica, Leishmania infantum and Leishmania donovani isolates by the broth microdilution method. It was observed that the hybrid OA-CurAgNP complex obtained by combining curcumin and silver nanoparticles showed cytotoxic effects against L929 mouse fibroblasts at concentrations of 1074 µg/mL and above. IC50 values expressing the antileishmanial activity of the hybrid OA-CurAgNP complex against L.tropica, L.infantum and L.donovani isolates, were found to vary between 95-121 µg/mL, 202-330 µg/mL and 210-254 µg/mL, respectively. Resistance development has emerged as a major challenge in the treatment of leishmaniasis in recent times. Metallic nanoparticles are considered excellent candidates for medical applications due to their chemical and physical properties, as well as their prolonged circulation in the body. The current drugs used for leishmaniasis treatment are highly toxic, while nanoparticles offer advantages such as low toxicity and easy cellular uptake due to their nanoscale dimensions. The identification of strong efficacy in these particles may contribute scientific evidence for their potential use in leishmaniasis treatment. Therefore, the therapeutical value of OA-CurAgNP complex alone in combination with existing drugs should be examined.
Topics: Animals; Mice; Silver; Metal Nanoparticles; Curcumin; Leishmania tropica; Leishmania infantum; Fibroblasts; Antiprotozoal Agents; Leishmania donovani; Inhibitory Concentration 50; Cell Line
PubMed: 38676585
DOI: 10.5578/mb.202498184 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Apr 2024We prepared network polysaccharide nanoscopic hydrogels by crosslinking water-soluble chitosan (WSCS) with a carboxylate-terminated maltooligosaccharide crosslinker via...
We prepared network polysaccharide nanoscopic hydrogels by crosslinking water-soluble chitosan (WSCS) with a carboxylate-terminated maltooligosaccharide crosslinker via condensation. In this study, the enzymatic elongation of amylose chains on chitosan-based network polysaccharides by glucan phosphorylase (GP) catalysis was performed to obtain assembly materials. Maltoheptaose (Glc) primers for GP-catalyzed enzymatic polymerization were first introduced into WSCS by reductive amination. Crosslinking of the product with the above-mentioned crosslinker by condensation was then performed to produce Glc-modified network polysaccharides. The GP-catalyzed enzymatic polymerization of the α-d-glucose 1-phosphate monomer from the Glc primers on the network polysaccharides was conducted, where the elongated amylose chains formed double helices. Enzymatic disintegration of the resulting network polysaccharide assembly successfully occurred by α-amylase-catalyzed hydrolysis of the double helical amyloses. The encapsulation and release of a fluorescent dye, Rhodamine B, using the CS-based network polysaccharides were also achieved by means of the above two enzymatic approaches.
Topics: Chitosan; Fluorescent Dyes; Polysaccharides; Rhodamines; Hydrogels; alpha-Amylases; Hydrolysis; Amylose; Polymerization; Oligosaccharides; Glucosephosphates; Glucans
PubMed: 38675624
DOI: 10.3390/molecules29081804 -
International Journal of Molecular... Apr 2024The quality of rice, evaluated using multiple quality-related traits, is the main determinant of its market competitiveness. In this study, two rice varieties with...
The quality of rice, evaluated using multiple quality-related traits, is the main determinant of its market competitiveness. In this study, two rice varieties with significant differences in quality-related traits were used as parents to construct two populations, BCF and BCF, with Kongyu131 (KY131) as the recurrent parent. A genetic linkage map was constructed using the BCF population based on 151 pairs of SSR/InDel polymorphic markers selected between the parents. Grain-shape-related traits (grain length GL, grain width GW, and length-to-width ratio LWR), chalkiness-related traits (white-core rate WCR, white-belly rate WBR, white-back rate BR, and chalkiness rate CR), and amylose content (AC) were investigated in the two populations in 2017 and 2018. Except for BR and CR, the traits showed similar characteristics with a normal distribution in both populations. Genetic linkage analysis was conducted for these quality-related traits, and a total of 37 QTLs were detected in the two populations. Further validation was performed on the newly identified QTLs with larger effects, and three grain shape QTLs and four chalkiness QTLs were successfully validated in different environments. One repeatedly validated QTL, , was selected for fine mapping and was successfully narrowed down to a 100 kb region in which only two genes, and , exhibited sequence variations between the parents. Furthermore, the variation of leads to a frameshift mutation and premature protein termination. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for positional cloning of the gene, thus offering new genetic resources for rice quality improvement.
Topics: Oryza; Quantitative Trait Loci; Chromosome Mapping; Genetic Linkage; Phenotype; Edible Grain; Chromosomes, Plant; Genes, Plant
PubMed: 38673973
DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084389 -
Foods (Basel, Switzerland) Apr 2024In this study, waxy corn starch was modified with 230 U or 460 U of amylosucrase (AS) from (NP) to elongate the glucan. The amylose content of the AS-modified starches...
In this study, waxy corn starch was modified with 230 U or 460 U of amylosucrase (AS) from (NP) to elongate the glucan. The amylose content of the AS-modified starches was determined using iodine and concanavalin A (Con A) methods, and their in vivo digestion, thermal, swelling, and pasting properties were evaluated. The amylose content of AS-treated starches was not significantly different ( > 0.05) when using the Con A method but was significantly higher than that of non-AS-treated samples when using the iodine method. In vivo, rats fed AS-treated starch had significantly lower blood glucose levels at 15 min than other rats; rats fed 460 U AS had lower blood glucose levels at 30 and 60 min than non-AS-treated rats. DSC analysis revealed that AS-treated starches exhibited higher initial, melting, and completion temperatures. Minimal volume expansion was observed by swelling factor analysis, while a Rapid Visco Analyzer assessment revealed that they had higher pasting onset temperatures, lower peak viscosities, and no trough viscosity compared to native starch. The elongated glucans in AS-treated starch reinforced their crystalline structure and increased slowly digestible and enzyme-resistant starch content. Overall, AS-treated starch showed unique thermal properties and a reduced blood glucose index upon administration. This distinctive characteristic of NPAS-treated starch makes it a good candidate food or non-food material for cosmetic products, medical materials, and adhesives.
PubMed: 38672876
DOI: 10.3390/foods13081203 -
Foods (Basel, Switzerland) Apr 2024Studying diversity in local barley varieties can help advance novel uses for the grain. Therefore, starch was isolated from nine Ethiopian food barley varieties to...
Studying diversity in local barley varieties can help advance novel uses for the grain. Therefore, starch was isolated from nine Ethiopian food barley varieties to determine starch structural, pasting, thermal, and digestibility characteristics, as well as their inter-relationships. The amylose content in the varieties significantly varied from 24.5 to 30.3%, with a coefficient of variation of 6.1%. The chain length distributions also varied significantly, and fa, fb1, fb2, and fb3 ranged from 26.3 to 29.0, 48.0 to 49.7, 15.0 to 15.9, and 7.5 to 9.5%, respectively. Significant variations were also exhibited in absorbance peak ratios, as well as thermal, pasting, and in vitro digestibility properties, with the latter two parameters showing the greatest diversity. Higher contents of amylose and long amylopectin fractions contributed to higher gelatinization temperatures and viscosities and lower digestibility. Structural characteristics showed strong relationships with viscosity, thermal, and in vitro digestibility properties. Cross 41/98 and Dimtu varieties are more suitable in functional food formulations and for bakery products. These results might inspire further studies to suggest target-based starch modifications and new product development.
PubMed: 38672871
DOI: 10.3390/foods13081198 -
Gels (Basel, Switzerland) Apr 2024In this study, the effect of different starches from corn, potato and pea containing varying amylose/amylopectin ratios on the textural and rehydration properties of...
In this study, the effect of different starches from corn, potato and pea containing varying amylose/amylopectin ratios on the textural and rehydration properties of extruded peanut protein gel particles were investigated. Results showed that textural and rehydration properties of peanut protein extruded with corn starch, potato starch and amylopectin are slightly inferior to those of peanut protein with pea starch extrudates. The addition of pea starch led to an increase in the pore structure of the peanut protein extrudates and improved their water absorption index, simultaneously reducing the hardness and density. Pea starch, as a natural water-absorbing expansion material, helped peanut protein to form cross-linked gel polymers that bind more water molecules, in addition to further polymerization with peanut protein, which made the protein secondary structure became disordered. These changes directly affected the textural properties of the extrudates. In addition, the blended system of starches and peanut protein tended to form more elastic solids, which affected the expansion of the extrudates. These findings indicate that starch can effectively improve the poor expansion of proteins, making it suitable for use in the production of plant protein-based foods.
PubMed: 38667669
DOI: 10.3390/gels10040250 -
Current Issues in Molecular Biology Apr 2024The " to " initiative in China focuses on adapting rice varieties from the northeast to the unique photoperiod and temperature conditions of lower latitudes. While...
The " to " initiative in China focuses on adapting rice varieties from the northeast to the unique photoperiod and temperature conditions of lower latitudes. While breeders can select varieties for their adaptability, the sensitivity to light and temperature often complicates and prolongs the process. Addressing the challenge of cultivating high-yield, superior-quality rice over expanded latitudinal ranges swiftly, in the face of these sensitivities, is critical. Our approach harnesses the CRISPR-Cas9 technology to edit the gene in the premium northeastern cultivars Jiyuanxiang 1 and Yinongxiang 12, which are distinguished by their exceptional grain quality-increased head rice rates, gel consistency, and reduced chalkiness and amylose content. Field trials showed that these new mutants not only surpass the wild types in yield when grown at low latitudes but also retain the desirable traits of their progenitors. Additionally, we found that disabling boosts the activity of and , postponing flowering by approximately one month in the mutants. This research presents a viable strategy for the accelerated breeding of elite northeastern rice by integrating genomic insights with gene-editing techniques suitable for low-latitude cultivation.
PubMed: 38666963
DOI: 10.3390/cimb46040233