-
The Iowa Orthopaedic Journal 2021Smoking tobacco is a known modifiable risk factor for complications in total joint arthroplasty (TJA) patients. Patients are commonly required to quit smoking prior to...
BACKGROUND
Smoking tobacco is a known modifiable risk factor for complications in total joint arthroplasty (TJA) patients. Patients are commonly required to quit smoking prior to TJA. After the early postoperative period, little is known about the long-term implications of this preoperative behavioral change. Our aims were to 1) identify TJA patients that had negative anabasine screen prior to elective TJA and 2) determine the long-term rates of continued smoking abstinence.
METHODS
At our institution, TJA patients identified as smokers undergo urine anabasine testing prior to surgery. Between 2009 - 2018 all patients that had elective primary TJA with pre-operative urine anabasine tests were queried. Patients were called post-operatively at mean 52 months (range 15 - 126 months) and surveyed regarding smoking status. Long-term smoking cessation rates were then analyzed along with relapse time frame. The use of quit aid and patient perspective on importance of quitting were also analyzed.
RESULTS
249 smokers that had elective TJA were identified. 124 (50%) participated in the survey, and 93 quit to facilitate surgery. 21 (23%) never resumed smoking, and 32 (34%) were currently abstinent. Just over half of the patients relapsed in the three-month post-operative period (55%). There were no differences in quit aid or patient perspectives between these groups.
CONCLUSION
With an increased focus on smoking cessation prior to elective TJA, orthopedics contributes to an important public health initiative. Although national quit rates are in the single digits, 23% of patients were able to quit permanently..
Topics: Arthroplasty; Humans; Orthopedics; Patient Compliance; Postoperative Period; Smoking; Smoking Cessation
PubMed: 34552416
DOI: No ID Found -
Acta Pharmaceutica (Zagreb, Croatia) Mar 2022The alkaloid-rich fraction obtained by fractionation of the crude methanolic extract of the leaves of wild tobacco tree Graham (Solanaceae) was analyzed using UPLC-MS...
The alkaloid-rich fraction obtained by fractionation of the crude methanolic extract of the leaves of wild tobacco tree Graham (Solanaceae) was analyzed using UPLC-MS and GC-MS. Anabasine, a piperidine alkaloid, was identified as the major constituent with approximately 60 % (/) of the alkaloid-rich fraction. In addition to anabasine, six secondary metabolites were identified using high-resolution UPLC-MS. Anabasine was quantified in the leaves to be 1 mg g dry plant material. The GC-MS analysis revealed five compounds with anabasine as the major component, while nicotine was not detected. Moreover, GC-MS was used for the analysis of the volatile oil that was obtained by hydro-distillation from the leaves of . The volatile plant oil was found to be rich in oxygenated sesquiterpenes (., -bisabolol) and carboxylic acids and esters (., ethyl linoleate and hexadecanoic acid), whereas anabasine was not detected.
Topics: Nicotiana; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Chromatography, Liquid; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Anabasine; Alkaloids; Plant Leaves
PubMed: 36651530
DOI: 10.2478/acph-2022-0001 -
Trials Aug 2021Financial incentives are an effective way of helping women to stop smoking during pregnancy. Unfortunately, most women who stop smoking at this time return to smoking...
BACKGROUND
Financial incentives are an effective way of helping women to stop smoking during pregnancy. Unfortunately, most women who stop smoking at this time return to smoking within 12 months of the infant's birth. There is no evidence for interventions that are effective at preventing postpartum smoking relapse. Financial incentives provided after the birth may help women to sustain cessation. This randomised controlled trial will assess the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of financial incentives to help women who are abstinent from smoking at end-of-pregnancy to avoid return to smoking up to 12 months postpartum.
METHODS
This is a UK-based, multi-centre, three-arm, superiority, parallel group, individually randomised controlled trial, with 1:1:1 allocation. It will compare the effectiveness of two financial incentive interventions with each other (one intervention for up to 3 months postpartum offering up to £120 of incentives (£60 for the participant and £60 for a significant other support); the other for up to 12 months postpartum with up to £300 of incentives (£240 for the participant and £60 for a significant other support) and with a no incentives/usual care control group. Eligible women will be between 34 weeks gestation and 2 weeks postpartum, abstinent from smoking for at least 4 weeks, have an expired carbon monoxide (CO) reading < 4 parts per million (ppm), aged at least 16 years, intend remaining abstinent from smoking after the birth and able to speak and read English. The primary outcome is self-reported, lapse-free, smoking abstinence from the last quit attempt in pregnancy until 12 months postpartum, biochemically validated by expired CO and/or salivary cotinine or anabasine. Outcomes will be analysed by intention-to-treat and regression models used to compare the proportion of abstinent women between the two intervention groups and between each intervention group and the control group. An economic evaluation will assess the cost-effectiveness of offering incentives and a qualitative process evaluation will examine barriers and facilitators to trial retention, effectiveness and implementation.
DISCUSSION
This pragmatic randomised controlled trial will test whether offering financial incentives is effective and cost-effective for helping women to avoid smoking relapse during the 12 months after the birth of their baby.
TRIAL REGISTRATION
International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Number 55218215 . Registered retrospectively on 5th June 2019.
Topics: Female; Humans; Infant; Motivation; Multicenter Studies as Topic; Postpartum Period; Pregnancy; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Retrospective Studies; Smoking; Smoking Cessation
PubMed: 34340694
DOI: 10.1186/s13063-021-05480-6 -
Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology 2021At present, the pathogenesis of Sjögren's syndrome (SS) remains unclear. This research aimed to identify differential metabolites that contribute to SS diagnosis and...
OBJECTIVES
At present, the pathogenesis of Sjögren's syndrome (SS) remains unclear. This research aimed to identify differential metabolites that contribute to SS diagnosis and discover the disturbed metabolic pathways.
METHODS
Recent advances in mass spectrometry have allowed the identification of hundreds of unique metabolic signatures and the exploration of altered metabolite profiles in disease. In this study, 505 candidates including healthy controls (HCs) and SS patients were recruited and the serum samples were collected. A non-targeted gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) serum metabolomics method was used to explore the changes in serum metabolites.
RESULTS
We found SS patients and HCs can be distinguished by 21 significant metabolites. The levels of alanine, tryptophan, glycolic acid, pelargonic acid, cis-1-2-dihydro-1-2-naphthalenediol, diglycerol, capric acid, turanose, behenic acid, dehydroabietic acid, stearic acid, linoleic acid, heptadecanoic acid, valine, and lactic acid were increased in serum samples from SS patients, whereas levels of catechol, anabasine, 3-6-anhydro-D-galactose, beta-gentiobiose, 2-ketoisocaproic acid and ethanolamine were decreased. The significantly changed pathways included the following: Linoleic acid metabolism; unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis; aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis; valine, leucine, and isoleucine biosynthesis; glycerolipid metabolism; selenocompound metabolism; galactose metabolism; alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism; glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism; glycerophospholipid metabolism; and valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation.
CONCLUSIONS
These findings enhance the informative capacity of biochemical analyses through the identification of serum biomarkers and the analysis of metabolic pathways and contribute to an improved understanding of the pathogenesis of SS.
Topics: Biomarkers; Humans; Metabolomics; Sjogren's Syndrome
PubMed: 34251320
DOI: 10.55563/clinexprheumatol/ylte6v -
Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior Aug 2021Zebrafish provide a valuable emerging complementary model for neurobehavioral research. They offer a powerful way to screen for the potential therapeutic effects of...
Zebrafish provide a valuable emerging complementary model for neurobehavioral research. They offer a powerful way to screen for the potential therapeutic effects of neuroactive drugs. A variety of behavioral tests for zebrafish have been developed and validated for assessing neurobehavioral function. The novel tank diving test is a straightforward, reproducible way of measuring anxiety-like behavior in zebrafish. When introduced into a novel tank, zebrafish normally dive to the bottom of the tank and then gradually explore the higher levels of the water column as time progresses. Buspirone is an effective anxiolytic drug in humans, which has been found, with acute administration, to reduce this anxiety-like response in zebrafish. The current study used the zebrafish model to evaluate the potential anxiolytic effects of alkaloids, commonly found in Solanaceae plants, with known neuropharmacology relevant to mood regulation. In line with previous findings, acute treatment with anxiolytic positive controls buspirone and the plant alkaloid nicotine reduced the anxiety-like diving response in the zebrafish novel tank diving test. Further, both buspirone and nicotine continued to produce anxiolytic-like effects in zebrafish after 5 days of exposure. In the same treatment paradigm, the effects of five other alkaloids-cotinine, anatabine, anabasine, harmane, and norharmane-were investigated. Cotinine, the major metabolite of nicotine, also caused anxiolytic-like effects, albeit at a dose higher than the effective dose of nicotine. Nicotine's anxiolytic-like effect was not shared by the other nicotinic alkaloids, anabasine and anatabine, or by the naturally present monoamine oxidase inhibitors harmane and norharmane. We conclude that nicotine uniquely induces anxiolytic-like effects after acute and subchronic treatment in zebrafish. The zebrafish model with the novel tank diving test could be a useful complement to rodent models for screening candidate compounds for anxiolytic effects in nonclinical studies.
Topics: Alkaloids; Anabasine; Animals; Anti-Anxiety Agents; Anxiety; Behavior, Animal; Buspirone; Carbolines; Cotinine; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Harmine; Humans; Male; Nicotine; Pyridines; Solanaceae; Zebrafish
PubMed: 34197843
DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2021.173223 -
BMJ Open Jun 2021Continued smoking following a cancer diagnosis has substantial health risks including increased overall and cancer-specific mortality, risk of secondary malignancies,...
INTRODUCTION
Continued smoking following a cancer diagnosis has substantial health risks including increased overall and cancer-specific mortality, risk of secondary malignancies, cancer treatment toxicity and risk of surgical complications. These risks can be mitigated by quitting smoking. The preoperative period represents a prime opportunity in which to administer robust smoking cessation treatment to both improve health and support and improve surgical outcomes. We will conduct a randomised clinical trial to evaluate the effectiveness of financial incentives delivered contingent on biochemically verified smoking abstinence (contingency management (CM)) in patients with cancer undergoing surgery.
METHODS AND ANALYSIS
The study will take place across two study sites, and participants (N=282) who smoke, are diagnosed with or suspected to have any type of operable cancer and have a surgical procedure scheduled in the next 10 days to 5 weeks will be randomised to receive standard care plus Monitoring Only or CM prior to surgery. All patients will receive breath carbon monoxide (CO) tests three times per week, nicotine replacement therapy and counselling. The CM group will also earn payments for self-reported smoking abstinence confirmed by CO breath test ≤4 ppm on an escalating schedule of reinforcement (with a reset if they smoked). Point prevalence abstinence (PPA) outcomes (self-report of 7-day abstinence confirmed by CO≤4 ppm and/or anabasine ≤2 ng/mL) will be assessed on the day of surgery and 6 months after surgery. The effect of CM on 7-day PPA at the time of surgery and 6-month follow-up will be modelled using generalised linear mixed effects models.
ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION
This study has been reviewed and approved by the Medical University of South Carolina Institutional Review Board. We will disseminate our scientific results through traditional research-oriented outlets such as presentations at scientific meetings and publications in peer-reviewed journals.
TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER
NCT04605458.
Topics: Humans; Motivation; Neoplasms; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Smoking; Smoking Cessation; Tobacco Use Cessation Devices
PubMed: 34187835
DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-051226 -
Food and Chemical Toxicology : An... Aug 2021Mitochondria are among the first responders to various stress factors that challenge cell and tissue homeostasis. Various plant alkaloids have been investigated for...
Mitochondria are among the first responders to various stress factors that challenge cell and tissue homeostasis. Various plant alkaloids have been investigated for their capacity to modulate mitochondrial activities. In this study, we used isolated mitochondria from mouse brain and liver tissues to assess nicotine, anatabine and anabasine, three alkaloids found in tobacco plant, for potential modulatory activity on mitochondrial bioenergetics parameters. All alkaloids decreased basal oxygen consumption of mouse brain mitochondria in a dose-dependent manner without any effect on the ADP-stimulated respiration. None of the alkaloids, at 1 nM or 1.25 μM concentrations, influenced the maximal rate of swelling of brain mitochondria. In contrast to brain mitochondria, 1.25 μM anatabine, anabasine and nicotine increased maximal rate of swelling of liver mitochondria suggesting a toxic effect. Only at 1 mM concentration, anatabine slowed down the maximal rate of Ca-induced swelling and increased the time needed to reach the maximal rate of swelling. The observed mitochondrial bioenergetic effects are probably mediated through a pathway independent of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, as quantitative proteomic analysis could not confirm their expression in pure mitochondrial fractions isolated from mouse brain tissue.
Topics: Alkaloids; Animals; Brain; Energy Metabolism; Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial; Mice; Mitochondria; Plants; Proteomics; Receptors, Nicotinic
PubMed: 34089800
DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112316 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2021Orange-tufted sunbirds () feed on the nectar of the tobacco tree () which contains toxic pyridine alkaloids characterized by high concentrations of anabasine and much...
Orange-tufted sunbirds () feed on the nectar of the tobacco tree () which contains toxic pyridine alkaloids characterized by high concentrations of anabasine and much lower concentrations of nicotine. We aimed at determining whether the gut microbiota of sunbirds harbors bacterial species that enable the birds to cope with these toxic alkaloids. An experiment that included 12 birds showed that inducing dysbiosis in sunbirds' guts by the addition of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim, significantly reduced the birds' ability to degrade anabasine ( = 3) compared to control birds ( = 3) with undisturbed microbiota. Sunbirds whose gut bacterial communities were altered by the antibacterial agents and who were fed with added nicotine, also showed a lower percentage of nicotine degradation ( = 3) in their excreta compared to the sunbirds with undisturbed microbiota ( = 3), though this difference was not significant. In an experiment, we studied the ability of , , , , and that were isolated from sunbirds' excreta, to degrade anabasine and nicotine. By using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis, we successfully demonstrated, for the first time, the ability of these species to degrade the focal secondary metabolites. Our findings demonstrate the role of gut bacteria in detoxifying toxic secondary metabolites found in the nectar. The degradation products may supply the birds with nitrogen which is scarce in nectar-rich diets. These findings support another role of bacteria in mediating the interactions between plants and their pollinators.
PubMed: 33815326
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.639808 -
Epigenetics 2022Increasing use of non-combusted forms of nicotine such as e-cigarettes poses important public health questions regarding their specific risks relative to combusted...
Increasing use of non-combusted forms of nicotine such as e-cigarettes poses important public health questions regarding their specific risks relative to combusted tobacco products such as cigarettes. To fully delineate these risks, improved biomarkers that can distinguish between these forms of nicotine use are needed. Prior work has suggested that methylation status at cg05575921 may serve as a specific biomarker of combusted tobacco smoke exposure. We hypothesized combining this epigenetic biomarker with conventional metabolite assays could classify the type of nicotine product consumption. Therefore, we determined DNA methylation and serum cotinine values in samples from 112 smokers, 35 e-cigarette users, 19 smokeless tobacco users, and 269 controls, and performed mass spectroscopy analyses of urine samples from all nicotine users and 22 verified controls to determine urinary levels of putatively nicotine product-specific substances; propylene glycol, 2-cyanoethylmercapturic acid (CEMA), and anabasine. 1) Cigarette smoking was associated with a dose dependent demethylation of cg05575921 and increased urinary CEMA and anabasine levels, 2) e-cigarette use did not demethylate cg05575921, 3) smokeless tobacco use also did not demethylate cg05575921 but was positively associated with anabasine levels 4) CEMA and cg05575921 levels were highly correlated and 5) propylene glycol levels did not reliably distinguish use groups. Cg05575921 assessments distinguish exposure to tobacco smoke from smokeless sources of nicotine including e-cigarettes and smokeless tobacco, neither of which are associated with cg05575921 demethylation. A combination of methylomic and metabolite profiling may allow for accurate classification use status of a variety of nicotine containing products.
Topics: DNA Methylation; Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems; Nicotine; Nicotiana; Tobacco Products; Vaping
PubMed: 33588690
DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2021.1890875 -
NPJ Biofilms and Microbiomes Nov 2020Sunbirds feed on tobacco tree nectar which contains toxic nicotine and anabasine secondary metabolites. Our aim was to understand the effect of nicotine and anabasine on...
Sunbirds feed on tobacco tree nectar which contains toxic nicotine and anabasine secondary metabolites. Our aim was to understand the effect of nicotine and anabasine on the gut microbiota composition of sunbirds. Sixteen captive sunbirds were randomly assigned to two diets: artificial nectar either with (treatment) or without (control) added nicotine and anabasine. Excreta were collected at 0, 2, 4 and 7 weeks of treatment and samples were processed for bacterial culture and high-throughput amplicon sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. The gut microbiome diversity of the treated and control birds changed differently along the seven-week experiment. While the diversity decreased in the control group along the first three samplings (0, 2 and 4 weeks), it increased in the treatment group. The microbiota composition analyses demonstrated that a diet with nicotine and anabasine, significantly changed the birds' gut microbiota composition compared to the control birds. The abundance of nicotine- and anabasine- degrading bacteria in the excreta of the treated birds, was significantly higher after four and seven weeks compared to the control group. Furthermore, analysis of culturable isolates, including Lactococcus, showed that sunbirds' gut-associated bacteria were capable of degrading nicotine and anabasine, consistent with their hypothesised role as detoxifying and nutritional symbionts.
Topics: Anabasine; Animal Feed; Animals; Bacteria; DNA, Bacterial; DNA, Ribosomal; Feces; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Nicotine; Passeriformes; Phylogeny; Plant Extracts; Pyridines; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Secondary Metabolism; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Nicotiana
PubMed: 33188208
DOI: 10.1038/s41522-020-00161-9