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Emerging Infectious Diseases Sep 2022Ancylostoma ceylanicum hookworms are zoonotic parasites that can infect humans. To detect autochthonous transmission, we analyzed human fecal samples collected in 2000....
Ancylostoma ceylanicum hookworms are zoonotic parasites that can infect humans. To detect autochthonous transmission, we analyzed human fecal samples collected in 2000. Multiparallel quantitative PCR detected infection in persons who had never traveled outside Ecuador. These data indicate human transmission of A. ceylanicum in the Americas, although endemicity remains unknown.
Topics: Ancylostoma; Ancylostomatoidea; Ancylostomiasis; Animals; Ecuador; Hookworm Infections; Humans; Zoonoses
PubMed: 35997627
DOI: 10.3201/eid2809.220248 -
Emerging Infectious Diseases Sep 2022Ancylostoma ceylanicum hookworms are recognized agents of human infection in the Asia-Pacific region. We investigated prevalence of zoonotic hookworm infections in dogs...
Ancylostoma ceylanicum hookworms are recognized agents of human infection in the Asia-Pacific region. We investigated prevalence of zoonotic hookworm infections in dogs in Grenada in 2021; 40.8% were infected by hookworms, including Ancylostoma ceylanicum. Surveillance of this parasite in dogs and humans is needed in tropical/subtropical countries in the Americas.
Topics: Ancylostoma; Ancylostomatoidea; Ancylostomiasis; Animals; Dogs; Feces; Grenada; Humans; Zoonoses
PubMed: 35997602
DOI: 10.3201/eid2809.220634 -
Journal of Medicine and Life Apr 2022Cytokine response to () infection was measured after starting treatments with piperazine. This study aims to determine the impact of cytokine production after infection...
Cytokine response to () infection was measured after starting treatments with piperazine. This study aims to determine the impact of cytokine production after infection with before and after treatment with piperazine. Blood and stool samples of 50 patients with infection and 28 healthy individuals (control) were collected. In this study, IFNγ, IL-5, IL-12, and IL-13 in serum (using ELISA-based methods) were measured. Stool samples were examined using the Kato-Katz technique to detect parasites. Blood and stool samples were analyzed 14 days after starting piperazine treatment for infection. The medium concentration of IFNγ, IL-5, IL-12, and IL-13 in the serum samples with infection is higher than that of the control group. IFNγ, IL-5, IL-12, and IL-13 levels were significantly higher in the infected individuals (10.5±7.4 pg/ml, 14.6±5.1 pg/ml, 8.5±3.2 pg/ml and 13.6±7.5 pg/ml respectively) than the control group (4.7±2.4 pg/ml, 7.8±4.06 pg/ml, 6.3±3.4 pg/ml and 3.5±2.7 pg/ml respectively). Also, piperazine treatment can significantly reduce cytokines levels (IFN-γ: P=0.043, IL-5: P=0.02, and IL-12, p=0.001). This study shows that piperazine treatment can reduce cytokines profiles in patients with infection.
Topics: Ancylostomiasis; Cytokines; Humans; Interleukin-12; Interleukin-13; Interleukin-5; Piperazines
PubMed: 35646178
DOI: 10.25122/jml-2021-0383 -
PeerJ 2022Hosts and their microbiota and parasites have co-evolved in an adaptative relationship since ancient times. The interaction between parasites and intestinal bacteria in...
Hosts and their microbiota and parasites have co-evolved in an adaptative relationship since ancient times. The interaction between parasites and intestinal bacteria in terms of the hosts' health is currently a subject of great research interest. Therapeutic interventions can include manipulations of the structure of the intestinal microbiota, which have immunological interactions important for modulating the host's immune system and for reducing inflammation. Most helminths are intestinal parasites; the intestinal environment provides complex interactions with other microorganisms in which internal and external factors can influence the composition of the intestinal microbiota. Moreover, helminths and intestinal microorganisms can modulate the host's immune system either beneficially or harmfully. The immune response can be reduced due to co-infection, and bacteria from the intestinal microbiota can translocate to other organs. In this way, the treatment can be compromised, which, together with drug resistance by the parasites makes healing even more difficult. Thus, this work aimed to understand interactions between the microbiota and parasitic diseases caused by the most important geohelminths and schistosomiasis and the consequences of these associations.
Topics: Animals; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Intestines; Microbiota; Helminths; Parasites; Schistosomiasis
PubMed: 35539016
DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13401 -
PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases Jan 2022Hundreds of millions of people in poor countries continue to suffer from disease caused by bloodfeeding hookworms. While mice and rats are not reliably permissive hosts... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
BACKGROUND
Hundreds of millions of people in poor countries continue to suffer from disease caused by bloodfeeding hookworms. While mice and rats are not reliably permissive hosts for any human hookworm species, adult Golden Syrian hamsters are fully permissive for the human and animal pathogen Ancylostoma ceylanicum. Similar to humans, hamsters may be infected with A. ceylanicum third-stage larvae orally or percutaneously. Oral infection typically leads to consistent worm yields in hamsters but may not accurately reflect the clinical and immunological manifestations of human infection resulting from skin penetration.
METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS
In this study we compared host responses following percutaneous infection to those utilizing an established oral infection protocol. Infected hamsters exhibited a dose-dependent pathology, with 1000 percutaneous larvae (L3) causing anemia and adult worm recovery comparable to that of 50 orally administered L3. A delayed arrival and maturity of worms in the intestine was observed, as was variation in measured cellular immune responses. A long-term study found that the decline in blood hemoglobin was more gradual and did not reach levels as low, with the nadir of disease coming later in percutaneously infected hamsters. Both groups exhibited moderate growth delay, an effect that was more persistent in the percutaneously infected group. Fecal egg output also peaked later and at lower levels in the percutaneously infected animals. In contrast to orally infected hamsters, antibody titers to larval antigens continued to increase throughout the course of the experiment in the percutaneous group.
CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE
These results demonstrate that the route of infection with A. ceylanicum impacts disease pathogenesis, as well as humoral and cellular immune responses in an experimental setting. These data further validate the utility of the Golden Syrian hamster as a model of both oral and percutaneous infection with human hookworms.
Topics: Ancylostoma; Ancylostomiasis; Animals; Cricetinae; Disease Models, Animal; Hemoglobins; Male; Mesocricetus; Mouth; Skin
PubMed: 34986139
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010098 -
Veterinary Medicine International 2021is one of the most important hookworms in dogs. A study revealed that the prevalence of ancylostomiasis in Indonesia is relatively high. However, cases of persistent... (Review)
Review
is one of the most important hookworms in dogs. A study revealed that the prevalence of ancylostomiasis in Indonesia is relatively high. However, cases of persistent ancylostomiasis in dogs were reported, indicating the possibility of anthelmintic resistance. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the anthelmintic potential of plants preclinically against based on related research articles. This review retrieved 14 articles from 2001 to 2021 investigating 19 different plants. , , and hold a promising prospect as anthelmintic against . This review found aspects of those medicinal plants that need to be investigated deeper to improve our understanding of the matter. results in this review have not yet been tested in trials, which are essential in determining the efficacy and safety of the use of these medicinal plants and also to justify its clinical application.
PubMed: 34876973
DOI: 10.1155/2021/3879099 -
Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2021is a zoonotic nematode which is able to affect animals and humans. Diagnosis in the definitive host and environmental detection are key to prevent its dissemination and...
is a zoonotic nematode which is able to affect animals and humans. Diagnosis in the definitive host and environmental detection are key to prevent its dissemination and achieve control. Herein, a new coprological LAMP method for the detection of (Copro-LAMPAc) DNA was developed. DNA extraction was performed using a low-cost method and a fragment of the -1 gene was used for primer design. The analytical sensitivity, evaluated with serial dilutions of genomic DNA from adult worms, was 100 fg. A specificity of 100% was obtained using genomic DNA from the host and other pathogens. The Copro-LAMPAc was evaluated using environmental canine fecal samples. When compared with gold standard optical microscopy in epidemiological studies, it proved to be more sensitive. This new LAMP assay can provide an alternative protocol for screening and identification of for epidemiological studies in endemic areas.
PubMed: 34869740
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.770508 -
Gastroenterology Research and Practice 2021Ancylostomiasis is a fairly common small bowel parasite disease identified by capsule endoscopy (CE) for which a computer-aided clinical detection method has not been...
Ancylostomiasis is a fairly common small bowel parasite disease identified by capsule endoscopy (CE) for which a computer-aided clinical detection method has not been established. We sought to develop an artificial intelligence system with a convolutional neural network (CNN) to automatically detect hookworms in CE images. We trained a deep CNN system based on a YOLO-V4 (You Look Only Once-Version4) detector using 11236 CE images of hookworms. We assessed its performance by calculating the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve and its sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy using an independent test set of 10,529 small-bowel images including 531 images of hookworms. The trained CNN system required 403 seconds to evaluate 10,529 test images. The area under the curve for the detection of hookworms was 0.972 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.967-0.978). The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the CNN system were 92.2%, 91.1%, and 91.2%, respectively, at a probability score cut-off of 0.485. We developed and validated a CNN-based system for detecting hookworms in CE images. By combining this high-accuracy, high-speed, and oversight-preventing system with other CNN systems, we hope it will become an important supplement for detecting intestinal abnormalities in CE images. This trial is registered with ChiCTR2000034546 (a clinical research of artificial-intelligence-aided diagnosis for hookworms in small intestine by capsule endoscope images).
PubMed: 34868306
DOI: 10.1155/2021/5682288 -
Parasites & Vectors Oct 2021Necator americanus is one of the major etiological agents of human ancylostomiasis. Historically, the epidemiology of ancylostomiasis in Henan Province of central China... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Necator americanus is one of the major etiological agents of human ancylostomiasis. Historically, the epidemiology of ancylostomiasis in Henan Province of central China and the molecular characteristics of N. americanus have been poorly understood.
METHODS
In this study, we report a case of ancylostomiasis in Zhengzhou city of Henan Province. We also review the epidemiology of ancylostomiasis in Henan Province from 1949 to 2020. In addition, the complete mitochondrial (mt) genome of one clinical isolate is fully characterized using Illumina sequencing. All available mt genomes of hookworms in GenBank were included to reconstruct the phylogeny using both maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) methods.
RESULTS
A total of three worms were collected from the patient. These worms were identified as N. americanus based on morphological characteristics as well as confirmed by genotyping with the barcoding gene cox1. Although ancylostomiasis cases have dropped substantially in recent years, hookworm infection is still a public health problem in underdeveloped areas and remote rural areas in Henan Province. The mt genome features of the N. americanus contained 12 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, and a major non-coding region. The nad1 gene showed high sequence variability among isolates, which is worth considering for future genetic studies of N. americanus. Phylogenetic analyses support the monophyly of hookworm isolates from different hosts and distinct geographical locations.
CONCLUSIONS
The mt genome of N. americanus presented here will serve as a useful data set for studying population genetics and phylogenetic relationships of hookworms. Positive measures for preventing and controlling ancylostomiasis are required by both health services and individuals in Henan Province.
Topics: Aged; Ancylostomiasis; Animals; China; DNA, Helminth; Female; Genome, Helminth; Humans; Molecular Diagnostic Techniques; Necator americanus; Necatoriasis
PubMed: 34649597
DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-05035-3 -
JPMA. the Journal of the Pakistan... Aug 2021A cross-sectional study was conducted from March to September, 2018 on the efficacies of albendazole and mebendazole against ancylostomiasis in school children of...
A cross-sectional study was conducted from March to September, 2018 on the efficacies of albendazole and mebendazole against ancylostomiasis in school children of district Swat, Pakistan. Faecal samples were collected from primary school children and preserved in 10% formalin. The samples were then sent to the Laboratory of Parasitology, in the University of Malakand for microscopic analysis. On the basis of drug availability, the Ancylostoma dueodenale infected students were divided into two groups. Group A was treated with Albendazole 400-450mg while group B was orally treated with Mebendazole 350-400mg. Eggs per gram were calculated before and after the treatment. From the total sample of 296, 192 (64.8%) children were found infected with Ancylostoma duodenale. Of the total number of infected children, this study found 87.8% (n=137/156)of them with light intensity of infection, 10.8%(n=17/156) with moderate and 1.2% (n=2/156) with heavy intensity of infection. Albendazole showed a high rate 75% of efficacy than mebendazole 71% (p<0.05). The present study concluded that albendazole and mebendazole are drugs of choice for the treatment of Ancylostomiasis.
Topics: Adolescent; Albendazole; Ancylostomiasis; Child; Cross-Sectional Studies; Humans; Mebendazole; Pakistan; Parasite Egg Count; Schools; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 34418029
DOI: 10.47391/JPMA.1055