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Appetite May 2024According to the definition adopted in the European Union, novel foods are foods that were not consumed to a significant degree within the Union before May 15, 1997.... (Review)
Review
According to the definition adopted in the European Union, novel foods are foods that were not consumed to a significant degree within the Union before May 15, 1997. This includes cultivated meat and insects. Novel foods are meant to play a critical role in the transition towards sustainable food systems. However, their success depends on whether and to what extent they will be incorporated into the diets at the population level. This review investigates consumers' perception of novel food products by narratively synthesising results on the influence of heuristics and biases triggered by emotions, personality traits, and socio-cultural factors. Empirical studies conducted in Western countries and published in English after 1997 were eligible, which led to 182 studies being included. Notably, most included studies focused on insects and cultivated meat. Disgust and fear are shown to be the main emotions driving rejection of novel foods, together with food neophobia and specific cultural norms common across countries included in the scope of the review. Familiarity with novel foods and curiosity both led to higher acceptance. Despite being investigated directly in a minority of studies, heuristics and related biases mostly fell under the "affect," the "natural-is-better," and the "trust" heuristics. The review also discusses to what extent consumers' perception reflects in the regulatory framework applicable to novel foods in the European Union, how it influences the regulation of insects and cultivated meat and which lessons can be drawn for the future of the regulatory framework.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Heuristics; Food; Insecta; Bias; Perception; Consumer Behavior
PubMed: 38423301
DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2024.107285 -
Neuropeptides Apr 2024RF-amide peptides influence multiple physiological processes, including the regulation of appetite, stress responses, behavior, and reproductive and endocrine functions....
RF-amide peptides influence multiple physiological processes, including the regulation of appetite, stress responses, behavior, and reproductive and endocrine functions. In this study, we examined the roles of neuropeptide FF receptors (NPFFR1 and NPFFR2) by generating several lipidized analogs of neuropeptide AF (NPAF) and 1DMe, a stable analog of neuropeptide FF (NPFF). These analogs were administered peripherally for the first time to investigate their effects on food intake and other potential physiological outcomes. Lipidized NPAF and 1DMe analogs exhibited enhanced stability and increased pharmacokinetics. These analogs demonstrated preserved high affinity for NPFFR2 in the nanomolar range, while the binding affinity for NPFFR1 was tens of nanomoles. They activated the ERK and Akt signaling pathways in cells overexpressing the NPFFR1 and NPFFR2 receptors. Acute food intake in fasted mice decreased after the peripheral administration of oct-NPAF or oct-1DMe. However, this effect was not as pronounced as that observed after the injection of palm-PrRP31, a potent anorexigenic compound used as a comparator that binds to GPR10 and the NPFFR2 receptor with high affinity. Neither oct-1DMe nor oct-NPAF decreased food intake or body weight in mice with diet-induced obesity during long-term treatment. In mice treated with oct-1DMe, we observed decreased activity in the central zone during the open field test and decreased activity in the open arms of the elevated plus maze. Furthermore, we observed a decrease in plasma noradrenaline levels and an increase in plasma corticosterone levels, as well as an increase in Crh expression in the hypothalamus. Moreover, neuronal activity in the hypothalamus was increased after treatment with oct-1DMe. In this study, we report that oct-1DMe did not have any long-term effects on the central regulation of food intake; however, it caused anxiety-like behavior.
Topics: Mice; Animals; Appetite Regulation; Oligopeptides; Receptors, Neuropeptide; Anxiety
PubMed: 38422597
DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2024.102417 -
Endocrinology and Metabolism (Seoul,... Feb 2024Glucagon has many functions, including the promotion of hepatic glucose production, fatty acid oxidation, thermogenesis, energy consumption, lipolysis, and myocardial...
Glucagon has many functions, including the promotion of hepatic glucose production, fatty acid oxidation, thermogenesis, energy consumption, lipolysis, and myocardial contraction, as well as the suppression of lipogenesis, appetite, and gastrointestinal motility. However, it remains unclear which of these functions are physiological and which are pharmacological. Research on glucagon has lagged behind research on insulin because cross-reactivity with glucagon-related peptides in plasma has hindered the development of an accurate measurement system for glucagon. We recently developed a new glucagon sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) that is more specific and more sensitive to glucagon than the currently used measurement systems. The new sandwich ELISA is expected to contribute to personalized medicine for diabetes through its use in clinical examinations, the diagnosis of the pathophysiological condition of individual diabetes patients, and the choice of a treatment strategy. Efforts are continuing to develop glucagon/glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor dual agonists to improve obesity and fatty liver by enhancing glucagon's appetite-suppressing and lipolysis- and thermogenesis-promoting effects. Thus, glucagon is expected to be applied to new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies based on a more accurate understanding of its functions.
Topics: Humans; Glucagon; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Insulin; Glucose; Liver
PubMed: 38417825
DOI: 10.3803/EnM.2024.1911 -
Appetite May 2024Research on exercise-induced appetite suppression often does not include resistance training (RT) exercise and only compared matched volumes.
UNLABELLED
Research on exercise-induced appetite suppression often does not include resistance training (RT) exercise and only compared matched volumes.
PURPOSE
To compare the effects of low-load and high-load RT exercise completed to volitional fatigue on appetite-regulation.
METHODS
11 resistance-trained males (24 ± 2 y) completed 3 sessions in a crossover experimental design: 1) control (CTRL); 2) RT exercise at 30% 1-repetition maximum (RM); and 3) RT exercise at 90% 1-RM. RT sessions consisted of 3 sets of 5 exercises completed to volitional fatigue. Acylated ghrelin, active glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), active peptide tyrosine (PYY), lactate, and subjective appetite perceptions were measured pre-exercise, 0-, 60-, and 120-min post-exercise. Energy intake was recorded the day before, of, and after each session.
RESULTS
Lactate was elevated following both 30% (0-, 60-, 120-min post-exercise) and 90% (0-, 60-min post-exercise; P < 0.001, d > 3.92) versus CTRL, with 30% greater than 90% (0-min post-exercise; P = 0.011, d = 1.14). Acylated ghrelin was suppressed by 30% (P < 0.007, d > 1.22) and 90% (P < 0.028, d > 0.096) post-exercise versus CTRL, and 30% suppressed concentrations versus 90% (60-min post-exercise; P = 0.032, d = 0.95). There was no effect on PYY (P > 0.171, η <0.149) though GLP-1 was greater at 60-min post-exercise in 90% (P = 0.052, d = 0.86) versus CTRL. Overall appetite was suppressed 0-min post-exercise following 30% and 90% versus CTRL (P < 0.013, d > 1.10) with no other differences (P > 0.279, d < 0.56). There were no differences in energy intake (P > 0.101, η <0.319).
CONCLUSIONS
RT at low- and high-loads to volitional fatigue induced appetite suppression coinciding with changes in acylated ghrelin though limited effects on anorexigenic hormones or free-living energy intake were present.
Topics: Male; Humans; Appetite; Ghrelin; Resistance Training; Peptide YY; Appetite Regulation; Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; Energy Intake; Lactic Acid
PubMed: 38417533
DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2024.107286 -
BioRxiv : the Preprint Server For... Feb 2024The gut microbiota interacts directly with dietary nutrients and has the ability to modify host feeding behavior, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood....
The gut microbiota interacts directly with dietary nutrients and has the ability to modify host feeding behavior, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Select gut bacteria digest complex carbohydrates that are non-digestible by the host and liberate metabolites that serve as additional energy sources and pleiotropic signaling molecules. Here we use a gnotobiotic mouse model to examine how differential fructose polysaccharide metabolism by commensal gut bacteria influences host preference for diets containing these carbohydrates. and selectively ferment fructans with different glycosidic linkages: ferments levan with β2-6 linkages, whereas ferments inulin with β2-1 linkages. Since inulin and levan are both fructose polymers, inulin and levan diet have similar perceptual salience to mice. We find that mice colonized with prefer the non-fermentable inulin diet, while mice colonized with prefer the non-fermentable levan diet. Knockout of bacterial fructan utilization genes abrogates this preference, whereas swapping the fermentation ability of to inulin confers host preference for the levan diet. Bacterial fructan fermentation and host behavioral preference for the non-fermentable fructan are associated with increased neuronal activation in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus, a key brain region for appetite regulation. These results reveal that selective nutrient metabolism by gut bacteria contributes to host associative learning of dietary preference, and further informs fundamental understanding of the biological determinants of food choice.
PubMed: 38405943
DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.13.580152 -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... Feb 2024, with high plant protein acceptance and high global aquaculture production, is a potential species for rapeseed meal application. However, rapeseed meal has been...
, with high plant protein acceptance and high global aquaculture production, is a potential species for rapeseed meal application. However, rapeseed meal has been associated with anorexia in fish, and whether the same occurs in remains unknown. This study demonstrated the effects of rapeseed meal on the feeding and anorexigenic endocrine of based on feeding behavior and transcriptomics. Soybean meal was replaced with fermented rapeseed meal (50%), and a significant increase in remaining diet and dietary discard was observed with a significant reduction in dietary visits. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the pathways involved in rapeseed meal-induced anorexia mainly included signal transduction, the digestive system, the sensory system, the endocrine system, phototransduction-fly, the thyroid hormone signaling pathway and pancreatic secretion. Moreover, this study further analyzed and identified seven neuropeptides involved in rapeseed meal-induced anorexia, and it explored the complex expression regulation strategies of these neuropeptides. In summary, this study confirmed through feeding behavior that rapeseed meal causes anorexia in , and it identified seven neuropeptides that were closely related to the anorexia process.
PubMed: 38396508
DOI: 10.3390/ani14040540 -
Advances in Respiratory Medicine Feb 2024Long COVID-19, also known as post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection, is a condition where individuals who have recovered from the acute phase of COVID-19 continue... (Review)
Review
Long COVID-19, also known as post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection, is a condition where individuals who have recovered from the acute phase of COVID-19 continue to experience a range of symptoms for weeks or even months afterward. While it was initially thought to primarily affect the respiratory system, it has become clear that Long COVID-19 can involve various organs and systems, including the endocrine system, which includes the pituitary gland. In the context of Long COVID-19, there is a growing understanding of the potential implications for the pituitary gland. The virus can directly affect the pituitary gland, leading to abnormalities in hormone production and regulation. This can result in symptoms such as fatigue, changes in appetite, and mood disturbances. Long COVID-19, the persistent and often debilitating condition following acute COVID-19 infection, may be explained by deficiencies in ACTH and Growth hormone production from the pituitary gland. Corticotropin insufficiency can result in the dysregulation of the body's stress response and can lead to prolonged feelings of stress, fatigue, and mood disturbances in Long COVID-19 patients. Simultaneously, somatotropin insufficiency can affect growth, muscle function, and energy metabolism, potentially causing symptoms such as muscle weakness, exercise intolerance, and changes in body composition. Recently, some authors have suggested the involvement of the pituitary gland in Post COVID-19 Syndrome. The exact mechanisms of viral action on infected cells remain under discussion, but inflammatory and autoimmune mechanisms are primarily implicated. The aim of our study will be to review the main pituitary complications following COVID-19 infection. Moreover, we will explain the possible involvement of the pituitary gland in the persistence of Post COVID-19 Syndrome.
Topics: Humans; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Pituitary Gland; Fatigue
PubMed: 38392036
DOI: 10.3390/arm92010013 -
Frontiers in Nutrition 2024As a journal page for full details. The ketogenic diet (KD) has been established as a treatment for epilepsy, but more recently it has been explored as an alternative or... (Review)
Review
As a journal page for full details. The ketogenic diet (KD) has been established as a treatment for epilepsy, but more recently it has been explored as an alternative or add-on therapy for many other diseases ranging from weight loss to neurological disorders. Animal models are widely used in studies investigating the therapeutic effects of the KD as well as underlying mechanisms. Especially in the context of neurological, psychiatric, and neurodevelopmental disorders essential endpoints are assessed by behavioral and motor tests. Here we summarized research evaluating the influence of the KD on cognition, depressive and anxiety-related behaviors, and social and nutritional behaviors of laboratory rodents. Each section contains a brief description of commonly used behavioral tests highlighting their limitations. Ninety original research articles, written in English, performed on mice or rats, providing measurement of blood beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) levels and behavioral evaluation were selected for the review. The majority of research performed in various disease models shows that the KD positively impacts cognition. Almost an equal number of studies report a reduction or no effect of the KD on depressive-related behaviors. For anxiety-related behaviors, the majority of studies show no effect. Despite the increasing use of the KD in weight loss and its appetite-reducing properties the behavioral evaluation of appetite regulation has not been addressed in preclinical studies. This review provides an overview of the behavioral effects of nutritional ketosis addressed to a broad audience of scientists interested in the KD field but not necessarily specializing in behavioral tests.
PubMed: 38389795
DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1322509 -
BMC Zoology Feb 2024Behaviors in captive animals, including changes in appetite, activity level, and social interaction, are often seen as adaptive responses. However, these behaviors may...
BACKGROUND
Behaviors in captive animals, including changes in appetite, activity level, and social interaction, are often seen as adaptive responses. However, these behaviors may become progressively maladaptive, leading to stress, anxiety, depression, and other negative reactions in animals.
RESULTS
In this study, we investigated the whole-genome sequencing data of 39 giant panda individuals, including 11 in captivity and 28 in the wild. To eliminate the mountain range effect and focus on the factor of captivity only, we first performed a principal component analysis. We then enumerated the 21,474,180 combinations of wild giant pandas (11 chosen from 28) and calculated their distances from the 11 captive individuals. The 11 wild individuals with the closest distances were used for the subsequent analysis. The linkage disequilibrium (LD) patterns demonstrated that the population was almost eliminated. We identified 505 robust selected genomic regions harboring at least one SNP, and the absolute frequency difference was greater than 0.6 between the two populations. GO analysis revealed that genes in these regions were mainly involved in nerve-related pathways. Furthermore, we identified 22 GO terms for which the selection strength significantly differed between the two populations, and there were 10 nerve-related pathways among them. Genes in the differentially abundant regions were involved in nerve-related pathways, indicating that giant pandas in captivity underwent minor genomic selection. Additionally, we investigated the relationship between genetic variation and chromatin conformation structures. We found that nucleotide diversity (θπ) in the captive population was correlated with chromatin conformation structures, which included A/B compartments, topologically associated domains (TADs) and TAD-cliques. For each GO term, we then compared the expression level of genes regulated by the above four factors (AB index, TAD intactness, TAD clique and PEI) with the corresponding genomic background. The retained 10 GO terms were all coordinately regulated by the four factors, and three of them were associated with nerve-related pathways.
CONCLUSIONS
This study revealed that giant pandas in captivity undergo short-term adaptation in nerve-related pathways. Furthermore, it provides new insights into the molecular mechanism of gene expression regulation under short-term adaptation to environmental change.
PubMed: 38383502
DOI: 10.1186/s40850-024-00195-y -
Mucosal Immunology Apr 2024Respiratory viral infections remain a major cause of hospitalization and death worldwide. Patients with respiratory infections often lose weight. While acute weight loss...
Respiratory viral infections remain a major cause of hospitalization and death worldwide. Patients with respiratory infections often lose weight. While acute weight loss is speculated to be a tolerance mechanism to limit pathogen growth, severe weight loss following infection can cause quality of life deterioration. Despite the clinical relevance of respiratory infection-induced weight loss, its mechanism is not yet completely understood. We utilized a model of CD 8 T cell-driven weight loss during respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection to dissect the immune regulation of post-infection weight loss. Supporting previous data, bulk RNA sequencing indicated significant enrichment of the interleukin (IL)-1 signaling pathway after RSV infection. Despite increased viral load, infection-associated weight loss was significantly reduced after IL-1α (but not IL-1β) blockade. IL-1α depletion resulted in a reversal of the gut microbiota changes observed following RSV infection. Direct nasal instillation of IL-1α also caused weight loss. Of note, we detected IL-1α in the brain after either infection or nasal delivery. This was associated with changes in genes controlling appetite after RSV infection and corresponding changes in signaling molecules such as leptin and growth/differentiation factor 15. Together, these findings indicate a lung-brain-gut signaling axis for IL-1α in regulating weight loss after RSV infection.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Mice; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; T-Lymphocytes; Interleukin-1alpha; Quality of Life; Lung; Interleukin-1; Weight Loss; Mice, Inbred BALB C
PubMed: 38382577
DOI: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2024.02.005