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Clinical Cardiology Jun 2024The coronary artery disease-reporting and data system (CAD-RADS) 2.0 is used to standardize the reporting of coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) results....
The Plaque Analysis Classifies the Coronary Artery Disease-Reporting and Data System (CAD-RADS) Stenosis and Plaque Burden Categories: Association of the Plaque Features, Fat Attenuation Index, Coronary Computed Tomography Fractional Flow Reserve, and the Combination of Stenosis and Calcification.
BACKGROUND
The coronary artery disease-reporting and data system (CAD-RADS) 2.0 is used to standardize the reporting of coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) results. Artificial intelligence software can quantify the plaque composition, fat attenuation index, and fractional flow reserve.
OBJECTIVE
To analyze plaque features of varying severity in patients with a combination of CAD-RADS stenosis and plaque burden categorization and establish a random forest classification model.
METHODS
The data of 100 patients treated between April 2021 and February 2022 were retrospectively collected. The most severe plaque observed in each patient was the target lesion. Patients were categorized into three groups according to CAD-RADS: CAD-RADS 1-2 + P0-2, CAD-RADS 3-4B + P0-2, and CAD-RADS 3-4B + P3-4. Differences and correlations between variables were assessed between groups. AUC, accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score were used to evaluate the diagnostic performance.
RESULTS
A total of 100 patients and 178 arteries were included. The differences of computed tomography fractional flow reserve (CT-FFR) (H = 23.921, p < 0.001), the volume of lipid component (H = 12.996, p = 0.002), the volume of fibro-lipid component (H = 8.692, p = 0.013), the proportion of lipid component volume (H = 22.038, p < 0.001), the proportion of fibro-lipid component volume (H = 11.731, p = 0.003), the proportion of calcification component volume (H = 11.049, p = 0.004), and plaque type (χ = 18.110, p = 0.001) was statistically significant.
CONCLUSION
CT-FFR, volume and proportion of lipid and fibro-lipid components of plaques, the proportion of calcified components, and plaque type were valuable for CAD-RADS stenosis + plaque burden classification, especially CT-FFR, volume, and proportion of lipid and fibro-lipid components. The model built using the random forest was better than the clinical model (AUC: 0.874 vs. 0.647).
Topics: Humans; Male; Female; Fractional Flow Reserve, Myocardial; Plaque, Atherosclerotic; Retrospective Studies; Computed Tomography Angiography; Middle Aged; Coronary Angiography; Coronary Stenosis; Severity of Illness Index; Coronary Artery Disease; Coronary Vessels; Vascular Calcification; Aged
PubMed: 38884449
DOI: 10.1002/clc.24305 -
EJVES Vascular Forum 2024Acute limb ischaemia resulting from foreign body embolisation is an infrequent yet critical complication associated with vascular closure devices (VCDs). Despite the...
INTRODUCTION
Acute limb ischaemia resulting from foreign body embolisation is an infrequent yet critical complication associated with vascular closure devices (VCDs). Despite the widespread use of VCDs, rare complications such as fragment emboli pose unique challenges, necessitating heightened clinical awareness. This case report presents a case of acute limb ischaemia caused by a VCD malfunction following an endovascular procedure.
REPORT
A 70 year old male who was diagnosed with a severe claudication of the lower extremity (Rutherford III) due to right common iliac stenosis, underwent angioplasty using a FemoSeal (Terumo Ltd., Surrey, UK) to close the right femoral artery access. Two weeks later, the patient presented with acute lower limb ischaemia due to a right popliteal-tibial occlusion. Emergency surgical thrombo-embolectomy was successfully performed from a medial popliteal approach, and the thrombus, which contained a polymer disc from the VCD at its distal end, was completely removed.
DISCUSSION
Despite VCDs being proven safe and efficient, rare complications such as fragment emboli can occur, and physicians should be aware of the possible delayed onset of symptoms. Moreover, the radiolucent nature of the polymer disc in a FemoSeal complicates diagnostic imaging. While endovascular approaches exist, open surgery is a safe and effective strategy for retrieving fragments and treating the patient in acute limb ischaemia cases.
CONCLUSION
Physicians should remain vigilant for embolic risks associated with vascular closure devices, even with suitable anatomy and following guidelines, especially considering the trend toward early ambulation and discharge.
PubMed: 38884075
DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvsvf.2024.05.006 -
ARYA Atherosclerosis 2023This study aimed to investigate the frequency of asymptomatic intracranial and extracranial artery stenosis in healthy volunteers in Kerman, Iran, in 2019 using Doppler...
INTRODUCTION
This study aimed to investigate the frequency of asymptomatic intracranial and extracranial artery stenosis in healthy volunteers in Kerman, Iran, in 2019 using Doppler ultrasound imaging.
METHOD
This cross-sectional study was conducted on healthy volunteers in Kerman in 2019 following a public elicitation. After the general examination, 138 healthy volunteers who had no history of any disease and were not treated with any medication underwent cerebrovascular evaluation with Doppler ultrasound. Demographic information, history of addiction, and sonographic findings were recorded in a checklist and then analyzed using SPSS 22.
RESULTS
Stenosis was found in 14.4% of volunteers. The mean age of participants was 45.8±10.12 years, and 74 (54%) of them were male. In volunteers with stenosis, a significant correlation was found between age (P = 0.03) and addiction (P = 0.04) with the involved artery. There was also a significant correlation between addiction and intracranial and extracranial artery stenosis (P = 0.04). Logistic regression analysis showed a significant relationship between being female, addiction, and age with stenosis, as well as between addiction and intracranial artery stenosis (P <0.05).
CONCLUSION
The majority of healthy residents of Kerman have asymptomatic cerebrovascular stenosis, and this is more prevalent in the elderly, addicts, and women.
PubMed: 38883853
DOI: 10.48305/arya.2023.11800.2455 -
Journal of Thoracic Disease May 2024Although aortic aneurysm is associated with vascular aging and atherosclerosis, carotid and intracranial vascular disease prevalence in patients with aortic arch...
Prevalence of carotid artery stenosis and intra-cranial lesions in patients with aortic arch aneurysm and its association with intraoperative regional cerebral oxygen saturation and postoperative neurological outcomes.
BACKGROUND
Although aortic aneurysm is associated with vascular aging and atherosclerosis, carotid and intracranial vascular disease prevalence in patients with aortic arch aneurysm remains unclear. Similarly, the effect of carotid and intracranial lesions on postoperative outcomes is unknown. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of carotid artery stenosis and intracranial lesions in patients with aortic arch aneurysm and its association with intraoperative regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rScO2) and postoperative neurological outcomes, including delirium and cerebral infarction.
METHODS
This retrospective observational study included 133 patients with true aortic arch aneurysm who underwent preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We evaluated the prevalence of carotid and intracranial arterial lesions. Symptomatic cerebral infarction and delirium, defined by the confusion assessment method for the intensive care unit, were evaluated for their association with preoperative cerebrovascular lesions. Additionally, changes in regional saturation of the cerebral tissue at different surgical phases were evaluated for patients with and without cerebrovascular lesions.
RESULTS
Fifteen (11.3%) patients experienced symptomatic cerebral infarction, and 64 (48.1%) had postoperative delirium. Preoperative MRI showed old infarction, microbleeds, significant carotid artery stenosis, and intracranial lesions in 21.1%, 14.3%, 10.5%, and 7.5% of the patients, respectively. White matter hyperintensities with Fazekas scale 2 were observed in 40.6% of the patients, while Fazekas scale 3 were observed in 18.8% of the patients. Preoperative MRI findings and postoperative neurological outcomes were not significantly different. Seventy-six patients underwent rScO2 monitoring intraoperatively. Changes in rScO2 in patients with and without carotid/cerebrovascular lesions were not significantly different. However, rScO2 was significantly lower in patients who developed cerebral infarction.
CONCLUSIONS
Significant carotid artery stenosis and intracranial lesions were observed in 10.5% and 7.5% of the patients, respectively. Although preoperative MRI findings and changes in rScO2 or postoperative outcomes showed no significant association, patients with postoperative cerebral infarction showed significantly lower rScO2 intraoperatively.
PubMed: 38883627
DOI: 10.21037/jtd-24-78 -
Cureus May 2024The no-reflow phenomenon is defined as the failure to restore coronary flow demonstrated by the reduced or missing flow in angiography despite the patent artery. There...
The no-reflow phenomenon is defined as the failure to restore coronary flow demonstrated by the reduced or missing flow in angiography despite the patent artery. There are pharmacological strategies proposed and studied to manage the no-reflow phenomenon. The medication groups used are purine nucleoside (adenosine), calcium channel blockers (verapamil, nicardipine), beta 2 receptor agonists (adrenaline, nitroprusside), fibrinolytic agents (streptokinase, tissue plasminogen activators), glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors (abciximab, tirofiban). We present a case of a woman hospitalized in non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) conditions. The patient underwent coronary angiography, in which a single vessel coronary artery disease (CAD); left anterior descending (LAD) stenosis of 90% was found. In this condition, the patient underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) of LAD. The no-reflow phenomenon occurred with thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) flow grade of 0 during the procedure. As a consequence, the patient presented chest pain and important hypotension (BP of 70/45). Because of the hypotensive state of the patient, we decided to administer intracoronary (IC) adrenaline directly. In our case, we used adrenaline as a first-line treatment for the no-flow phenomenon due to the hypotensive state during the PCI procedure. Generally, we initially use IC nitrate or IC adenosine to resolve the phenomenon, and when the no-reflow persists we use IC adrenaline because of its side effects mentioned above. Anyway, we believe that in specific cases of hypotension and bradycardia, the use of adrenaline as the first line of therapy should be considered.
PubMed: 38883139
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.60338 -
Cureus May 2024The Amplatzer Vascular Plug (AVP) series enables precise positioning and high migration resistance, allowing embolization in short segments; however, inadequate...
INTRODUCTION
The Amplatzer Vascular Plug (AVP) series enables precise positioning and high migration resistance, allowing embolization in short segments; however, inadequate embolization or recanalization may occasionally occur. We hypothesized that leaks may occur when AVPs are implanted in vessels with irregular lumen due to insufficient adherence to the vessel. This hypothesis was tested by experiments with a vascular model. We employed a coil packing technique between the AVP lobes to embolize internal iliac arteries with an irregular lumen.
METHODS
Saline was injected through the Y-shaped glass tubes of the stenotic and the smooth model (without stenotic lesion), and the amount of leakage was measured when the AVP was deployed. The feasibility and effectiveness of filling coils between the lobes of AVP II were evaluated. A total of 11 cases were retrospectively reviewed using this technique for internal iliac artery embolization prior to endovascular aortic repair.
RESULTS
The amount of leakage was significantly higher in the presence of stenotic lesions. Insertion of a 2.2 F microcatheter from the side of the proximal lobe of AVP II and filling of coils was achieved in all 11 cases. Follow-up contrast-enhanced CT showed no recanalization, leakage, or other obvious complications.
CONCLUSION
Coil packing technique around Amplatzer Vascular Plugs could be an effective method and a reliable option for arterial embolization, especially in vessels with irregular lumens.
PubMed: 38883083
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.60469 -
Acta Medica Philippina 2024Pediatric intracerebral hemorrhage is a rare condition among children. We discuss the case of a 7-year-old Filipino male with generalized tonic seizures and diagnosed to...
Pediatric intracerebral hemorrhage is a rare condition among children. We discuss the case of a 7-year-old Filipino male with generalized tonic seizures and diagnosed to have both SARS-CoV-2 infection and hypertension secondary to renal arterial stenosis. The occurrence of intracerebral hemorrhage in children, though commonly caused by arteriovenous malformations, may be secondary to an acute hypertensive episode. In this case, the presence of COVID-19 in the patient may have been contributory to the development of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage due to its direct endothelial effects, as well as its dysregulatory action on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
PubMed: 38882908
DOI: 10.47895/amp.v58i7.6346 -
Frontiers in Neurology 2024In some MMD patients, the digital subtraction angiography (DSA) examination found, occlusion in the ipsilateral internal carotid artery or middle cerebral artery,...
BACKGROUND
In some MMD patients, the digital subtraction angiography (DSA) examination found, occlusion in the ipsilateral internal carotid artery or middle cerebral artery, accompanied by the formation of numerous moyamoya vessels. Conversely, the contralateral internal carotid artery or middle cerebral artery shows signs of stenosis without the presence of moyamoya vessels. Notably, cerebral perfusion studies reveal a similar or even more severe reduction in perfusion on the occluded side compared to the stenotic side. Importantly, clinical symptoms in these patients are typically attributed to ischemia caused by the stenotic side. This condition is referred to as unstable moyamoya disease (uMMD).
OBJECTIVE
This clinical research focuses on evaluating risk factors related to MMD and developing strategies to minimize postoperative complications. The study aims to analyze vascular characteristics and identify potential risk factors in patients with uMMD.
METHODS
The authors reviewed consecutive cases with complete clinical and radiological documentation of patients who underwent surgery between January 2018 and June 2023. Univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis were employed to understand the risk factors and prognosis of postoperative complications in uMMD.
RESULTS
Postoperative complications were retrospectively analyzed in 1481 patients (aged 14 to 65). Among them, 1,429 patients were assigned to the conventional treatment group, while 52 were in the unstable moyamoya disease group. The uMMD treatment group showed a significantly higher incidence of early postoperative complications such as RIND, cerebral infarction, and cerebral hemorrhage ( < 0.05). Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted on the postoperative complications of 52 uMMD patients. Initial symptoms of stenosis ≤50% (univariate: = 0.008, multivariate: = 0.015; OR [95% CI] =23.149 [1.853-289.217]) and choosing occluded side surgery (univariate: = 0.043, multivariate: = 0.018; OR [95% CI] =0.059 [0.006-0.617]) were identified as significant risk factors for postoperative neurological complications.
CONCLUSION
Compared to the conventional treatment group, uMMD has higher complication rates, with vascular stenosis degree and surgical side selection identified as significant risk factors. A comprehensive understanding of preoperative clinical symptoms and vascular characteristics in moyamoya disease patients, coupled with the formulation of rational surgical plans, contributes positively to decreasing postoperative mortality and disability rates in uMMD.
PubMed: 38882694
DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1398007 -
Journal of Medical Ultrasound 2024Red blood cell distribution width (RDW) is being actively studied as a biomarker in various cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). The aim of this study was to conduct a...
BACKGROUND
Red blood cell distribution width (RDW) is being actively studied as a biomarker in various cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). The aim of this study was to conduct a comparative analysis of RDW in patients with carotid atherosclerosis, comparing it with an assessment of the severity of carotid artery stenosis (CAS).
METHODS
The Duplex registry database was used to conduct this retrospective cross-sectional study. The study participants underwent a complete blood count test, analysis for lipid profile, and carotid ultrasound. The patients were divided into 5 groups depending on CAS degree: none; 20%-49%; 50%-69%; 70%-99%; and occlusion.
RESULTS
Data from 2548 patients were included in the final analysis (mean age: 57.9 ± 12.3 years; 51% males [ = 1301]). The analysis confirmed the relationship between the increase in the RDW index and CAS gradation increase in men (Kr-W H = 16.43; = 0.0009), but was not confirmed in women (Kr-W H = 4.32; = 0.22). Significantly higher levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and platelets and lower levels of red blood cell and white blood cells were registered in female patients without CAS and with CAS < 50% compared with men ( < 0.001).
CONCLUSION
The results of the present study showed that RDW is an indicator whose increase is associated with an increase in the degree of carotid atherosclerosis in men, but not in women. This allows to discuss the role of the RDW index as a possible new laboratory biomarker of inflammation and progression of atherosclerosis, which can make an additional contribution to the formation of increased morbidity and mortality in men from atherosclerotic CVD.
PubMed: 38882626
DOI: 10.4103/jmu.jmu_46_23 -
BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine 2024Exercise can produce transient elevations of cardiac troponin (cTn) concentrations, which may resemble the cTn release profile of myocardial infarction. Consequently,...
Cardiac troponin concentrations following exercise and the association with cardiovascular disease and outcomes: rationale and design of the prospective TREAT cohort study.
Exercise can produce transient elevations of cardiac troponin (cTn) concentrations, which may resemble the cTn release profile of myocardial infarction. Consequently, clinical interpretation of postexercise cTn elevations (ie, values above the 99th percentile upper reference limit) remains challenging and may cause clinical confusion. Therefore, insight into the physiological versus pathological nature of postexercise cTn concentrations is warranted. We aim to (1) establish resting and postexercise reference values for recreational athletes engaged in walking, cycling or running exercise; (2) compare the prevalence of (sub)clinical coronary artery disease in athletes with high versus low postexercise cTn concentrations and (3) determine the association between postexercise cTn concentrations and the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and mortality during long-term follow-up. For this purpose, the prospective TRoponin concentrations following Exercise and the Association with cardiovascular ouTcomes (TREAT) observational cohort study was designed to recruit 1500 recreational athletes aged ≥40 to <70 years who will participate in Dutch walking, cycling and running events. Baseline and postexercise high-sensitivity cTnT and cTnI concentrations will be determined. The prevalence and magnitude of coronary atherosclerosis on computed tomography (eg, coronary artery calcium score, plaque type, stenosis degree and CT-derived fractional flow reserve) will be compared between n=100 athletes with high postexercise cTn concentrations vs n=50 age-matched, sex-matched and sport type-matched athletes with low postexercise cTn concentrations. The incidence of MACE and mortality will be assessed in the entire cohort up to 20 years follow-up. The TREAT study will advance our understanding of the clinical significance of exercise-induced cTn elevations in middle-aged and older recreational athletes. NCT06295081.
PubMed: 38882206
DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2024-002070