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Journal of Oleo Science 2024The use of Paracoccus carotinifaciens-derived natural astaxanthin as an alternative to synthetic astaxanthin has attracted considerable attention from the aquaculture...
The use of Paracoccus carotinifaciens-derived natural astaxanthin as an alternative to synthetic astaxanthin has attracted considerable attention from the aquaculture industry. Furthermore, to enhance the bioavailability of astaxanthin, its "Z-isomerization" has been actively studied in recent years. This study investigated the effects of feeding a diet containing astaxanthin rich in the all-E- or Z-isomers derived from P. carotinifaciens on the pigmentation and astaxanthin concentration in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) flesh. Z-Isomer-rich astaxanthin was prepared from the P. carotinifaciens-derived all-E-isomer by thermal treatment in fish oil, and the prepared all-E-isomer-rich astaxanthin diet (E-AST-D; total Z-isomerratio = 9.1%) and Z-isomer-rich astaxanthin diet (Z-AST-D; total Z-isomer ratio of astaxanthin = 56.6%) were fed to rainbow trout for 8 weeks. The feeding of Z-AST-D resulted in greater pigmentation and astaxanthin accumulation efficiency in the flesh than those fed E-AST-D. Specifically, when E-AST-D was fed to rainbow trout, the SalmoFan score and astaxanthin concentration of the flesh were 22.1±1.4 and 1.36±0.71 μg/g wet weight, respectively, whereas when Z-AST-D was fed, their values were 26.0±2.5 and 5.33±1.82 μg/g wet weight, respectively. These results suggest that P. carotinifaciens-derived astaxanthin Z- isomers prepared by thermal isomerization are more bioavailable to rainbow trout than the all-E-isomer.
Topics: Animals; Oncorhynchus mykiss; Xanthophylls; Pigmentation; Diet
PubMed: 38171729
DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess23064 -
Journal of Oleo Science 2024This study investigated the effects of the preparation form of astaxanthin on egg yolk pigmentation and egg quality in laying hens. The following four astaxanthin...
This study investigated the effects of the preparation form of astaxanthin on egg yolk pigmentation and egg quality in laying hens. The following four astaxanthin sources were prepared in this study: (1) dried cell powder of Paracoccus carotinifaciens (Panaferd-AX), (2) fine cell powder of P. carotinifaciens (Panaferd-P), (3) astaxanthin oil suspension, and (4) water-soluble astaxanthin powder. These astaxanthin preparations were added to the basal diet at a final concentration of 2 mg/kg and fed to White Leghorn laying hens for 14 days. Although the administration of these astaxanthin preparations did not largely affect egg quality (i.e., egg weight, yolk weight, albumen height, and Haugh unit), feeding significantly improved astaxanthin concentration and yolk color fan score. When water-soluble astaxanthin powder was fed, the yolk astaxanthin concentration and color fan score were most improved, followed by Panaferd-P. These results indicated that astaxanthin pulverization and water solubilization significantly improved its bioavailability in laying hens. Furthermore, although diets rich in (all-E)-astaxanthin were fed to the hens, approximately 30% of astaxanthin was present as the Z-isomers in the egg yolk. These findings may contribute to improving not only the egg quality but the nutritional value of hen eggs.
Topics: Animals; Female; Egg Yolk; Chickens; Powders; Diet; Pigmentation; Water; Animal Feed; Dietary Supplements
PubMed: 38171728
DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess23048 -
Aquaculture Nutrition 2023Synthetic astaxanthin is an effective nutritional strategy for improving shrimp body color and promoting growth. However, the optimal amount of astaxanthin in feed also...
Synthetic astaxanthin is an effective nutritional strategy for improving shrimp body color and promoting growth. However, the optimal amount of astaxanthin in feed also varies with the synthetic technology and purity. In the present study, five diets containing different doses of synthetic astaxanthin (0% (CON), 0.02% (AX0.02), 0.04% (AX0.04), 0.08% (AX0.08), and 0.16% (AX0.16)) were administered to (initial body weight: 0.3 ± 0.03 g) for 8 weeks. With an increase in astaxanthin content in feed, weight gain and specific growth rate increased initially and subsequently decreased, with the highest value appearing at AX0.08. Dietary astaxanthin supplementation obviously improved the carapace and muscle color by enhancing astaxanthin pigmentation. Meanwhile, the fatty acid profile was altered by dietary astaxanthin, as evidenced by a decline in palmitic acid proportion, along with an increase in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) contents in muscle. In addition, dietary astaxanthin supplementation regulated prawn's antioxidant capacity. In the hemolymph, the activities of glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) showed a significantly decrease trend with linear effect. The activities of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) were first downregulated and then upregulated with significantly quadratic pattern. In the hepatopancreas, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the contents of MDA were significantly downregulated with the increase of dietary astaxanthin levels. Reduced glutathione (GSH) contents and catalase (CAT) activities were also significantly decreased in group AX0.08. Correspondingly, astaxanthin decreased GSH and MDA contents under transportation stress. Moreover, the mRNA expression of immune genes (, , and ) were inhibited by dietary astaxanthin supplementation. Based on the results of polynomial contrasts analysis and Duncan's test, dietary synthetic astaxanthin is a suitable feed additive to improve the growth, body color, antioxidant capacity, and nonspecific immunity of . According to the second-order polynomial regression analysis based on the weight gain, the optimal supplementation level of dietary astaxanthin was 90 mg kg in .
PubMed: 38161983
DOI: 10.1155/2023/6632067 -
Acta Pharmaceutica (Zagreb, Croatia) Dec 2023Astaxanthin (ASTA) and zeaxanthin (ZEA) are xanthophyll carotenoids showing a wide spectrum of health-promoting properties. However, their utilization is limited, mostly...
Astaxanthin (ASTA) and zeaxanthin (ZEA) are xanthophyll carotenoids showing a wide spectrum of health-promoting properties. However, their utilization is limited, mostly due to poor water solubility, limited bioavailability, and a tendency to oxidate, as well as photo- and thermal instability. The aim of this work was to develop ASTA- and ZEA-loaded nano-structured lipid carriers (NLCs) that would protect them against degradation and improve their intestinal stability/permeability. Obtained NLCs were characterized by an effective diameter of 294 nm for ASTA-NLC and 280 nm for ZEA-NLC; polydispersity index () lower than 0.2; and zeta potential of -29.4 mV and -29.0 mV, respectively. Interestingly, despite similar physicochemical characteristics, our investigation revealed differences in the encapsulation efficiency of ASTA-NLC and ZEA-NLC (58.0 % . 75.5 %, respectively). Obtained NLCs were stable during a 21 day-storage period in the dark at room temperature or at 4 °C. Investigation of gastrointestinal stability showed no change in effective diameter and under gastric conditions while both parameters significantly changed under intestinal conditions. Our results showed for the first time that both ASTA- and ZEA-NLCs intestinal absorption investigated in the model is significantly increased (in relation to pure compounds) and is affected by the presence of mucus. This study provides useful data about the advantages of using NLC as a delivery system for ASTA and ZEA that might facilitate their applications in the food and pharmaceutical industry.
Topics: Drug Carriers; Zeaxanthins; Lipids; Nanostructures; Xanthophylls; Permeability; Particle Size
PubMed: 38147480
DOI: 10.2478/acph-2023-0038 -
Biomedicines Nov 2023Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) prevalence is emerging with an unclear etiology, hindering effective therapeutic interventions. Recent studies suggest potential...
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) prevalence is emerging with an unclear etiology, hindering effective therapeutic interventions. Recent studies suggest potential renin-angiotensin system (RAS) alterations in different neurological pathologies. However, its implications in ASD are unexplored. This research fulfills the critical gap by investigating dual arms of RAS and their interplay with Notch signaling in ASD, using a valproic acid (VPA) model and assessing astaxanthin's (AST) modulatory impacts. Experimentally, male pups from pregnant rats receiving either saline or VPA on gestation day 12.5 were divided into control and VPA groups, with subsequent AST treatment in a subset (postnatal days 34-58). Behavioral analyses, histopathological investigations, and electron microscopy provided insights into the neurobehavioral and structural changes induced by AST. Molecular investigations of male pups' cortices revealed that AST outweighs the protective RAS elements with the inhibition of the detrimental arm. This established the neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory axes of RAS (ACE2/Ang1-7/MasR) in the ASD context. The results showed that AST's normalization of RAS components and Notch signaling underscore a novel therapeutic avenue in ASD, impacting neuronal integrity and behavioral outcomes. These findings affirm the integral role of RAS in ASD and highlight AST's potential as a promising treatment intervention, inviting further neurological research implications.
PubMed: 38137376
DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11123156 -
Biomolecules Dec 2023Carotenoids are naturally occurring pigments that are abundant in the natural world. Due to their excellent antioxidant attributes, carotenoids are widely utilized in... (Review)
Review
Carotenoids are naturally occurring pigments that are abundant in the natural world. Due to their excellent antioxidant attributes, carotenoids are widely utilized in various industries, including the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic industries, and others. Plants, algae, and microorganisms are presently the main sources for acquiring natural carotenoids. However, due to the swift progress in metabolic engineering and synthetic biology, along with the continuous and thorough investigation of carotenoid biosynthetic pathways, recombinant strains have emerged as promising candidates to produce carotenoids. The identification and manipulation of gene targets that influence the accumulation of the desired products is a crucial challenge in the construction and metabolic regulation of recombinant strains. In this review, we provide an overview of the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway, followed by a summary of the methodologies employed in the discovery of gene targets associated with carotenoid production. Furthermore, we focus on discussing the gene targets that have shown potential to enhance carotenoid production. To facilitate future research, we categorize these gene targets based on their capacity to attain elevated levels of carotenoid production.
Topics: Carotenoids; Metabolic Engineering
PubMed: 38136618
DOI: 10.3390/biom13121747 -
Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland) Dec 2023In the original publication [...].
Correction: Santonocito et al. Astaxanthin-Loaded Stealth Lipid Nanoparticles (AST-SSLN) as Potential Carriers for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease: Formulation Development and Optimization. 2021, , 391.
In the original publication [...].
PubMed: 38133068
DOI: 10.3390/nano13243088 -
Marine Drugs Dec 2023Decreased adult neurogenesis, or the gradual depletion of neural stem cells in adult neurogenic niches, is considered a hallmark of brain aging. This review provides a... (Review)
Review
Decreased adult neurogenesis, or the gradual depletion of neural stem cells in adult neurogenic niches, is considered a hallmark of brain aging. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the intricate relationship between aging, adult neurogenesis, and the potential neuroregenerative properties of astaxanthin, a carotenoid principally extracted from the microalga The unique chemical structure of astaxanthin enables it to cross the blood-brain barrier and easily reach the brain, where it may positively influence adult neurogenesis. Astaxanthin can affect molecular pathways involved in the homeostasis, through the activation of FOXO3-related genetic pathways, growth, and regeneration of adult brain neurons, enhancing cell proliferation and the potency of stem cells in neural progenitor cells. Furthermore, astaxanthin appears to modulate neuroinflammation by suppressing the NF-κB pathway, reducing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and limiting neuroinflammation associated with aging and chronic microglial activation. By modulating these pathways, along with its potent antioxidant properties, astaxanthin may contribute to the restoration of a healthy neurogenic microenvironment, thereby preserving the activity of neurogenic niches during both normal and pathological aging.
Topics: Humans; Antioxidants; Neuroinflammatory Diseases; Neurogenesis; Brain; Neural Stem Cells; Anti-Inflammatory Agents
PubMed: 38132964
DOI: 10.3390/md21120643 -
Marine Drugs Dec 2023Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an invalidating chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by joint inflammation and progressive bone damage. Dietary intervention is an... (Review)
Review
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an invalidating chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by joint inflammation and progressive bone damage. Dietary intervention is an important component in the treatment of RA to mitigate oxidative stress, a major pathogenic driver of the disease. Alongside traditional sources of antioxidants, microalgae-a diverse group of photosynthetic prokaryotes and eukaryotes-are emerging as anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory food supplements. Several species accumulate therapeutic metabolites-mainly lipids and pigments-which interfere in the pro-inflammatory pathways involved in RA and other chronic inflammatory conditions. The advancement of the clinical uses of microalgae requires the continuous exploration of phytoplankton biodiversity and chemodiversity, followed by the domestication of wild strains into reliable producers of said metabolites. In addition, the tractability of microalgal genomes offers unprecedented possibilities to establish photosynthetic microbes as light-driven biofactories of heterologous immunotherapeutics. Here, we review the evidence-based anti-inflammatory mechanisms of microalgal metabolites and provide a detailed coverage of the genetic engineering strategies to enhance the yields of endogenous compounds and to develop innovative bioproducts.
Topics: Humans; Microalgae; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Antioxidants; Dietary Supplements; Anti-Inflammatory Agents
PubMed: 38132951
DOI: 10.3390/md21120630 -
Advanced Science (Weinheim,... Mar 2024Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic joint disease characterized by synovitis and joint cartilage destruction. The severity of OA is highly associated with the imbalance...
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic joint disease characterized by synovitis and joint cartilage destruction. The severity of OA is highly associated with the imbalance between M1 and M2 synovial macrophages. In this study, a novel strategy is designed to modulate macrophage polarization by reducing intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and regulating mitochondrial function. A ROS-responsive polymer is synthesized to self-assemble with astaxanthin and autophagy activator rapamycin to form nanoparticles (NP@Poly ). In vitro experiments show that NP@Poly significantly reduced intracellular ROS levels. Furthermore, NP@Poly restored mitochondrial membrane potential, increased glutathione (GSH) levels, and promoted intracellular autophagy, hence successfully repolarizing M1 macrophages into the M2 phenotype. This repolarization enhanced chondrocyte proliferation and vitality while inhibiting apoptosis. In vivo experiments utilizing an anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT)-induced OA mouse model revealed the anti-inflammatory and cartilage-protective effects of NP@Poly , effectively mitigating OA progression. Consequently, the findings suggest that intra-articular delivery of ROS-responsive nanocarrier systems holds significant promise as a potential and effective therapeutic strategy for OA treatment.
Topics: Mice; Animals; Reactive Oxygen Species; Osteoarthritis; Xanthophylls; Macrophages
PubMed: 38093659
DOI: 10.1002/advs.202305363