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Viruses May 2024The emergence of new virulent genotypes and the continued genetic drift of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) implies that distinct genotypes of NDV are simultaneously... (Review)
Review
The emergence of new virulent genotypes and the continued genetic drift of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) implies that distinct genotypes of NDV are simultaneously evolving in different geographic locations across the globe, including throughout Africa, where NDV is an important veterinary pathogen. Expanding the genomic diversity of NDV increases the possibility of diagnostic and vaccine failures. In this review, we systematically analyzed the genetic diversity of NDV genotypes in Africa using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Information published between 1999 and 2022 were used to obtain the genetic background of different genotypes of NDV and their geographic distributions in Africa. The following genotypes were reported in Africa: I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, XI, XIII, XIV, XVII, XVIII, XX, and XXI. A new putative genotype has been detected in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. However, of 54 African countries, only 26 countries regularly report information on NDV outbreaks, suggesting that this number may be vastly underestimated. With eight different genotypes, Nigeria is the country with the greatest genotypic diversity of NDV among African countries. Genotype VII is the most prevalent group of NDV in Africa, which was reported in 15 countries. A phylogeographic analysis of NDV sequences revealed transboundary transmission of the virus in Eastern Africa, Western and Central Africa, and in Southern Africa. A regional and continental collaboration is recommended for improved NDV risk management in Africa.
Topics: Newcastle disease virus; Genotype; Genetic Variation; Newcastle Disease; Africa; Animals; Phylogeny; Genome, Viral; Vaccination; Chickens; Viral Vaccines; Poultry Diseases; Phylogeography
PubMed: 38793675
DOI: 10.3390/v16050795 -
Scientific Reports May 2024The majority of pigeon paramyxovirus type 1 (PPMV-1) strains are generally non-pathogenic to chickens; however, they can induce severe illness and high mortality rates...
The majority of pigeon paramyxovirus type 1 (PPMV-1) strains are generally non-pathogenic to chickens; however, they can induce severe illness and high mortality rates in pigeons, leading to substantial economic repercussions. The genomes of 11 PPMV-1 isolates from deceased pigeons on meat pigeon farms during passive monitoring from 2009 to 2012 were sequenced and analyzed using polymerase chain reaction and phylogenetic analysis. The complete genome lengths of 11 isolates were approximately 15,192 nucleotides, displaying a consistent gene order of 3'-NP-P-M-F-HN-L-5'. ALL isolates exhibited the characteristic motif of 112RRQKRF117 at the fusion protein cleavage site, which is characteristic of velogenic Newcastle disease virus. Moreover, multiple mutations have been identified within the functional domains of the F and HN proteins, encompassing the fusion peptide, heptad repeat region, transmembrane domains, and neutralizing epitopes. Phylogenetic analysis based on sequences of the F gene unveiled that all isolates clustered within genotype VI in class II. Further classification identified at least two distinct sub-genotypes, with seven isolates classified as sub-genotype VI.2.1.1.2.2, whereas the others were classified as sub-genotype VI.2.1.1.2.1. This study suggests that both sub-genotypes were implicated in severe disease manifestation among meat pigeons, with sub-genotype VI.2.1.1.2.2 displaying an increasing prevalence among Shanghai's meat pigeon population since 2011. These results emphasize the value of developing pigeon-specific vaccines and molecular diagnostic tools for monitoring and proactively managing potential PPMV-1 outbreaks.
Topics: Animals; Columbidae; Phylogeny; China; Newcastle disease virus; Genome, Viral; Newcastle Disease; Genotype; Farms; Meat
PubMed: 38730036
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61235-8 -
Veterinary Research May 2024The haemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) protein, a vital membrane glycoprotein, plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Previously, we...
The haemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) protein, a vital membrane glycoprotein, plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Previously, we demonstrated that a mutation in the HN protein is essential for the enhanced virulence of JS/7/05/Ch, a velogenic variant NDV strain originating from the mesogenic vaccine strain Mukteswar. Here, we explored the effects of the HN protein during viral infection in vitro using three viruses: JS/7/05/Ch, Mukteswar, and an HN-replacement chimeric NDV, JS/MukHN. Through microscopic observation, CCK-8, and LDH release assays, we demonstrated that compared with Mukteswar and JS/MukHN, JS/7/05/Ch intensified the cellular damage and mortality attributed to the mutant HN protein. Furthermore, JS/7/05/Ch induced greater levels of apoptosis, as evidenced by the activation of caspase-3/8/9. Moreover, JS/7/05/Ch promoted autophagy, leading to increased autophagosome formation and autophagic flux. Subsequent pharmacological experiments revealed that inhibition of apoptosis and autophagy significantly impacted virus replication and cell viability in the JS/7/05/Ch-infected group, whereas less significant effects were observed in the other two infected groups. Notably, the mutant HN protein enhanced JS/7/05/Ch-induced apoptosis and autophagy by suppressing NF-κB activation, while it mitigated the effects of NF-κB on NDV infection. Overall, our study offers novel insights into the mechanisms underlying the increased virulence of NDV and serves as a reference for the development of vaccines.
Topics: Newcastle disease virus; Animals; HN Protein; Newcastle Disease; Apoptosis; NF-kappa B; Poultry Diseases; Chickens; Chick Embryo
PubMed: 38715081
DOI: 10.1186/s13567-024-01312-y -
The Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary... Apr 2024Newcastle disease (ND) is endemic in Angola. Several outbreaks of ND occurred in small backyard flocks and village chickens with high mortality in the southern provinces...
Newcastle disease (ND) is endemic in Angola. Several outbreaks of ND occurred in small backyard flocks and village chickens with high mortality in the southern provinces of the country, Cunene, Namibe and Huíla, in 2016 and 2018. In those years, 15 virulent ND virus (NDV) strains were isolated and grouped within subgenotype 2 of genotype VII (subgenotype VII.2). We now present a study on the thermostability of the isolates, aiming at the selection of the most thermostable strains that, after being genetically modified to reduce their virulence, can be adapted to the production of vaccines less dependent on cold chain and more adequate to protect native chickens against ND. Heat-inactivation kinetics of haemagglutinin (Ha) activity and infectivity (I) of the isolates were determined by incubating aliquots of virus at 56 °C for different time intervals. The two isolates from Namibe province showed a decrease in infectivity of 2 log10 in ≤ 10 min, therefore belonging to the I-phenotype, but while the NB1 isolate from 2016 maintained the Ha activity up to 30 min and was classified as thermostable virus (I-Ha+), the Ha activity of the 2018 NB2 isolate decreased by 2 log2 in 30 min, being classified as a thermolabile virus (I-Ha-). Of the 13 NDV isolates from Huíla province, 10 isolates were classified as thermostable, eight with phenotype I+Ha+ and 2 with phenotype I-Ha+. The other three isolates from this province were classified as thermolabile viruses (I-Ha-).Contribution: This study will contribute to the control and/or eradication of Newcastle disease virus in Angola. The thermostable viral strains isolated from chickens in the country can be genetically manipulated by reverse genetic technology in order to reduce their virulence and use them as a vaccine in the remote areas of Angola.
Topics: Newcastle disease virus; Animals; Newcastle Disease; Angola; Chickens; Virulence; Poultry Diseases; Hot Temperature
PubMed: 38708767
DOI: 10.4102/ojvr.v91i1.2147 -
Viruses Apr 2024The flyways of many different wild waterfowl pass through the Caspian Sea region. The western coast of the middle Caspian Sea is an area with many wetlands, where...
The flyways of many different wild waterfowl pass through the Caspian Sea region. The western coast of the middle Caspian Sea is an area with many wetlands, where wintering grounds with large concentrations of birds are located. It is known that wild waterfowl are a natural reservoir of the influenza A virus. In the mid-2000s, in the north of this region, the mass deaths of swans, gulls, and pelicans from high pathogenicity avian influenza virus (HPAIV) were noted. At present, there is still little known about the presence of avian influenza virus (AIVs) and different avian paramyxoviruses (APMVs) in the region's waterfowl bird populations. Here, we report the results of monitoring these viruses in the wild waterfowl of the western coast of the middle Caspian Sea from 2017 to 2020. Samples from 1438 individuals of 26 bird species of 7 orders were collected, from which 21 strains of AIV were isolated, amounting to a 1.46% isolation rate of the total number of samples analyzed (none of these birds exhibited external signs of disease). The following subtypes were determined and whole-genome nucleotide sequences of the isolated strains were obtained: H1N1 ( = 2), H3N8 ( = 8), H4N6 ( = 2), H7N3 ( = 2), H8N4 ( = 1), H10N5 ( = 1), and H12N5 ( = 1). No high pathogenicity influenza virus H5 subtype was detected. Phylogenetic analysis of AIV genomes did not reveal any specific pattern for viruses in the Caspian Sea region, showing that all segments belong to the Eurasian clades of classic avian-like influenza viruses. We also did not find the amino acid substitutions in the polymerase complex (PA, PB1, and PB2) that are critical for the increase in virulence or adaptation to mammals. In total, 23 hemagglutinating viruses not related to influenza A virus were also isolated, of which 15 belonged to avian paramyxoviruses. We were able to sequence 12 avian paramyxoviruses of three species, as follows: Newcastle disease virus ( = 4); Avian paramyxovirus 4 ( = 5); and Avian paramyxovirus 6 ( = 3). In the Russian Federation, the Newcastle disease virus of the VII.1.1 sub-genotype was first isolated from a wild bird (common pheasant) in the Caspian Sea region. The five avian paramyxovirus 4 isolates obtained belonged to the common clade in Genotype I, whereas phylogenetic analysis of three isolates of Avian paramyxovirus 6 showed that two isolates, isolated in 2017, belonged to Genotype I and that an isolate identified in 2020 belonged to Genotype II. The continued regular monitoring of AIVs and APMVs, the obtaining of data on the biological properties of isolated strains, and the accumulation of information on virus host species will allow for the adequate planning of epidemiological measures, suggest the most likely routes of spread of the virus, and assist in the prediction of the introduction of the viruses in the western coastal region of the middle Caspian Sea.
Topics: Animals; Influenza in Birds; Phylogeny; Birds; Influenza A virus; Animals, Wild; Avulavirus; Genome, Viral; Avulavirus Infections
PubMed: 38675939
DOI: 10.3390/v16040598 -
Viruses Apr 2024The transcription and replication of the Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strictly rely on the viral ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex, which is composed of viral NP, P, L...
The transcription and replication of the Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strictly rely on the viral ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex, which is composed of viral NP, P, L and RNA. However, it is not known whether other viral non-RNP proteins participate in this process for viral self-regulation. In this study, we used a minigenome (MG) system to identify the regulatory role of the viral non-RNP proteins V, M, W, F and HN. Among them, V significantly reduced MG-encoded reporter activity compared with the other proteins and inhibited the synthesis of viral mRNA and cRNA. Further, V interacted with NP. A mutation in residue W195 of V diminished V-NP interaction and inhibited inclusion body (IB) formation in NP-P-L-cotransfected cells. Furthermore, a reverse-genetics system for the highly virulent strain F48E9 was established. The mutant rF48E9-V increased viral replication and apparently enhanced IB formation. In vivo experiments demonstrated that rF48E9-V decreased virulence and retarded time of death. Overall, the results indicate that the V-NP interaction of the W195 mutant V decreased, which regulated viral RNA synthesis, IB formation, viral replication and pathogenicity. This study provides insight into the self-regulation of non-RNP proteins in paramyxoviruses.
Topics: Newcastle disease virus; Animals; Virus Replication; Viral Proteins; Nucleoproteins; Newcastle Disease; Cell Line; Gene Expression Regulation, Viral; RNA, Viral; Chickens; Virulence; Protein Binding; Mutation
PubMed: 38675926
DOI: 10.3390/v16040584 -
Vaccine May 2024The application of recombinant herpesvirus of turkey, expressing the H9 hemagglutinin gene from low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV) H9N2 and the avian...
The application of recombinant herpesvirus of turkey, expressing the H9 hemagglutinin gene from low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV) H9N2 and the avian orthoavulavirus-1 (AOAV-1) (commonly known as Newcastle Disease virus (NDV)) fusion protein (F) as an rHVT-H9-F vaccine, is an alternative to currently used classical vaccines. This study investigated H9- and ND-specific humoral and mucosal responses, H9-specific cell-mediated immunity, and protection conferred by the rHVT-H9-F vaccine in specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens. Vaccination elicited systemic NDV F- and AIV H9-specific antibody response but also local antibodies in eye wash fluid and oropharyngeal swabs. The ex vivo H9-specific stimulation of splenic and pulmonary T cells in the vaccinated group demonstrated the ability of vaccination to induce systemic and local cellular responses. The clinical protection against a challenge using a LPAIV H9N2 strain of the G1 lineage isolated in Morocco in 2016 was associated with a shorter duration of shedding along with reduced viral genome load in the upper respiratory tract and reduced cloacal shedding compared to unvaccinated controls.
Topics: Animals; Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype; Chickens; Influenza in Birds; Influenza Vaccines; Antibodies, Viral; Virus Shedding; Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms; Newcastle disease virus; Poultry Diseases; Immunity, Cellular; Herpesvirus 1, Meleagrid; Vaccination; Immunity, Humoral; Genetic Vectors; Immunogenicity, Vaccine; Vaccines, Synthetic; Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus
PubMed: 38641498
DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.04.038 -
Open Veterinary Journal Jan 2024Despite the strict preventive immunization used in Egypt, Newcastle disease remained a prospective risk to the commercial and backyard chicken industries. The severe...
BACKGROUND
Despite the strict preventive immunization used in Egypt, Newcastle disease remained a prospective risk to the commercial and backyard chicken industries. The severe economic losses caused by the Newcastle disease virus (NDV) highlight the importance of the trials for the improvement and development of vaccines and vaccination programs.
AIM
In the present study, we evaluated the effectiveness of two vaccination schemes for protection against the velogenic NDV (vNDV) challenge.
METHODS
Four groups (A-D) of commercial broiler chickens were used. Two groups (G-A and G-B) were vaccinated with priming live HB1 GII simultaneously with inactivated GVII vaccines at 5 days of age, then boosted with live LaSota GII vaccine in group A and live recombinant NDV GVII vaccine in group B on day 16. Groups A to C were challenged with NDV/Chicken/Egypt/ALEX/ZU-NM99/2019 strain (10 Embryo infective dose 50/0.1 ml) at 28 days of age.
RESULTS
Two vaccination schemes achieved 93.3% clinical protection against NDV with body gain enhancement; whereas, 80% of the unvaccinated-challenged birds died. On day 28, the mean HI antibody titers were 4.3 ± 0.33 and 5.3 ± 0.33 log in groups A and B, respectively. As well as both programs remarkably reduced virus shedding. The two vaccination schemes displayed close protection efficacy against the vNDV challenge.
CONCLUSION
Therefore, using the combination of a live attenuated vaccine with an inactivated genetically matched strain vaccine and then boosting it with one of the available live vaccines could be considered one of the most effective programs against current field vNDV infection in Egypt.
Topics: Animals; Newcastle disease virus; Chickens; Egypt; Prospective Studies; Newcastle Disease; Vaccination; Viral Vaccines; Vaccines, Synthetic; Genotype
PubMed: 38633185
DOI: 10.5455/OVJ.2024.v14.i1.5 -
Open Veterinary Journal Jan 2024Newcastle disease (ND) is a tremendously contagious avian infection with extensive monetary ramifications for the chicken zone. To reduce the effect of ND on the Saudi... (Review)
Review
Newcastle disease (ND) is a tremendously contagious avian infection with extensive monetary ramifications for the chicken zone. To reduce the effect of ND on the Saudi rooster enterprise, our analysis emphasizes the necessity of genotype-particular vaccinations, elevated surveillance, public recognition campaigns, and stepped-forward biosecurity. Data show that one-of-a-kind bird species, outdoor flocks, and nearby differences in susceptibility are all vulnerable. The pathogenesis consists of tropism in the respiratory and gastrointestinal structures and some genotypes boom virulence. Laboratory diagnostics use reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, sequencing, and serotyping among different strategies. Vital records are supplied through immune responses and serological trying out. Vaccination campaigns, biosecurity protocols, and emergency preparedness are all covered in prevention and manipulation techniques. Notably, co-circulating genotypes and disparities in immunization regulations worry Saudi Arabia. The effect of ND in Saudi Arabia is tested in this paper, with precise attention paid to immunological reaction, pathogenesis, susceptibility elements, laboratory analysis, and preventative and manipulation measures. Saudi Arabia can shield its bird region and beef up its defences against Newcastle's ailment, enforcing those hints into its policies.
Topics: Cattle; Animals; Male; Poultry; Chickens; Saudi Arabia; Newcastle disease virus; Poultry Diseases; Newcastle Disease; Cattle Diseases
PubMed: 38633151
DOI: 10.5455/OVJ.2024.v14.i1.2 -
Open Veterinary Journal Jan 2024The use of traditional medicine against viral diseases in animal production has been practiced worldwide. Herbal extracts possess organic substances that would improve...
BACKGROUND
The use of traditional medicine against viral diseases in animal production has been practiced worldwide. Herbal extracts possess organic substances that would improve chicken body performance.
AIM
The current study was designed to evaluate the effect of either thyme or ginseng oil in regard to their immune-modulatory, antiviral, and growth promoter properties.
METHODS
Two hundred and forty-one-day-old broiler chicks were allocated into eight equal groups as the following: group 1; nonvaccinated and nontreated and group 2; Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccinated and nontreated. Birds of groups 3 and 4 were treated with thyme oil (200 mg/l of drinking water for 12 hours/day) without or with NDV vaccination. Birds of groups 5 and 6 were treated with ginseng oil (200 mg/l of drinking water for 12 hours/day) without or with NDV vaccination. Birds of groups 7 and 8 were treated with a combination of ginseng oil (100 mg/l of drinking water) and thyme oil (100 mg/l of drinking water) for 12 hours/day. On the 35th day of life, birds in all the experimental groups were given 0.1 ml of a virulent genotype VIId NDV strain suspension containing 106.3 EID50/ml intramuscularly.
RESULTS
Administration of ginseng and thyme oils each alone or simultaneously to birds either vaccinated or nonvaccinated elicited a significant improvement in body performance parameters. Administration of thyme and ginseng each alone or concurrently to vaccinated birds (Gp 4, 6, and 8) induced a higher hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titer of 6, 7.3, and 6.3 log2 at 21 days of age, 6.7, 7.6, and 7 log2, at 28 days of age and 7, 8, and 6.8 log2 at 35 days of age, respectively. Challenge with vNDV genotype VII led to an increase in the NDV-specific HI-Ab titers 10 days post challenge in all the experimental groups. In addition, thyme, ginseng oils, or a combination of them improved the protection from mortality in vaccinated birds; by 100%, 100%, and 90%, respectively, compared with 80% protection from mortality in vaccinated-only birds post-NDV challenge. Moreover, NDV-vaccinated birds treated either with thyme; ginseng or their combination showed negative detection of the virus in both tracheal and cloacal swabs and nonvaccinated groups that received oils showed improvement in vNDV shedding in tracheal and cloacal swabs.
CONCLUSION
It could be concluded that the administration of thyme and ginseng essential oils to broilers can improve productive performance parameters, stimulate humoral immunity against, and protect from vNDV infection.
Topics: Animals; Newcastle disease virus; Chickens; Thymus Plant; Newcastle Disease; Drinking Water; Panax; Antibodies, Viral; Oils; Plant Oils; Thymol
PubMed: 38633149
DOI: 10.5455/OVJ.2024.v14.i1.36