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Scientific Reports Dec 2023Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is the causative agent of enzootic bovine leucosis (EBL), which has been reported worldwide. The expression of viral structural proteins:...
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is the causative agent of enzootic bovine leucosis (EBL), which has been reported worldwide. The expression of viral structural proteins: surface glycoprotein (gp51) and three core proteins - p15 (matrix), p24 (capsid), and p12 (nucleocapsid) induce a strong humoral and cellular immune response at first step of infection. CD4+ T-cell activation is generally induced by bovine leukocyte antigen (BoLA) region- positive antigen-presenting cells (APC) after processing of an exogenous viral antigen. Limited data are available on the BLV epitopes from the core proteins recognized by CD4+ T-cells. Thus, immunoinformatic analysis of Gag sequences obtained from 125 BLV isolates from Poland, Canada, Pakistan, Kazakhstan, Moldova and United States was performed to identify the presence of BoLA-DRB3 restricted CD4+ T-cell epitopes. The 379 15-mer overlapping peptides spanning the entire Gag sequence were run in BoLA-DRB3 allele-binding regions using a BoLA-DRB- peptide binding affinity prediction algorithm. The analysis identified 22 CD4+ T-cell peptide epitopes of variable length ranging from 17 to 22 amino acids. The predicted epitopes interacted with 73 different BoLA-DRB3 alleles found in BLV-infected cattle. Importantly, two epitopes were found to be linked with high proviral load in PBMC. A majority of dominant and subdominant epitopes showed high conservation across different viral strains, and therefore could be attractive targets for vaccine development.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte; Leukemia Virus, Bovine; Gene Products, gag; Leukocytes, Mononuclear; HLA-DR Antigens; Peptides
PubMed: 38102157
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48899-4 -
Veterinarni Medicina Oct 2023Enzootic bovine leucosis is caused by bovine leukaemia virus (BLV), a belonging to the family . BLV causes huge economic losses to the dairy industry in the form...
Enzootic bovine leucosis is caused by bovine leukaemia virus (BLV), a belonging to the family . BLV causes huge economic losses to the dairy industry in the form of decreased milk production, premature culling, and poor reproductive performance of the animals. The aim of the present study was to determine the seroprevalence of BLV infection in buffalo in two districts of Punjab, Pakistan. A total of 384 samples were collected and analysed using a commercial indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to investigate the seroprevalence of BLV through the detection of the anti-BLV gp51 antibody. A predesigned data questionnaire proforma was employed to find out the association of risk factors with disease. Overall, 18.2% of buffaloes were seropositive for BLV in the study population. The results revealed a significant association ( < 0.05) of age with BLV infection. Furthermore, milk yield and pregnancy had a significant association with the seroprevalence of BLV infection in buffalo whereas no significant association was found with sex, breeding, and health status. Biochemical and oxidative stress markers revealed a significant decrease in liver enzymes alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in seropositive animals as compared to healthy animals. It is concluded that BLV has a considerable prevalence in buffalo in Punjab, Pakistan and there is a dire need to investigate the disease epidemiology at both national and international levels and strategies should be developed to implement an effective control program.
PubMed: 38028205
DOI: 10.17221/57/2023-VETMED -
International Journal of Molecular... Nov 2023Human T-cell tropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is known to be mainly transmitted by cell-to-cell contact due to the lower infectivity of the cell-free virion. However, the...
Human T-cell tropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is known to be mainly transmitted by cell-to-cell contact due to the lower infectivity of the cell-free virion. However, the reasons why cell-free HTLV-1 infection is poor remain unknown. In this study, we found that the retrovirus pseudotyped with HTLV-1 viral envelope glycoprotein (Env) was infectious when human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) was used to produce the virus. We found that the incorporation of HTLV-1 Env into virus-like particles (VLPs) was low when HTLV-1 Gag was used to produce VLPs, whereas VLPs produced using HIV-1 Gag efficiently incorporated HTLV-1 Env. The production of VLPs using Gag chimeras between HTLV-1 and HIV-1 Gag and deletion mutants of HIV-1 Gag showed that the p6 domain of HIV-1 Gag was responsible for the efficient incorporation of HTLV-1 Env into the VLPs. Further mutagenic analyses of the p6 domain of HIV-1 Gag revealed that the PTAP motif in the p6 domain of HIV-1 Gag facilitates the incorporation of HTLV-1 Env into VLPs. Since the PTAP motif is known to interact with tumor susceptibility gene 101 (TSG101) during the budding process, we evaluated the effect of TSG101 knockdown on the incorporation of HTLV-1 Env into VLPs. We found that TSG101 knockdown suppressed the incorporation of HTLV-1 Env into VLPs and decreased the infectivity of cell-free HIV-1 pseudotyped with HTLV-1 Env. Our results suggest that the interaction of TSG101 with the PTAP motif of the retroviral L domain is involved not only in the budding process but also in the efficient incorporation of HTLV-1 Env into the cell-free virus.
Topics: Humans; Amino Acid Motifs; Gene Products, gag; Human T-lymphotropic virus 1; Virion; HIV-1; Gene Products, env
PubMed: 38003710
DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216520 -
Veterinaria Italiana Mar 2023The retrovirus bovine leukemia virus (BLV) might produce abnormal immune function, associated with susceptibility to developing other infectious diseases, including...
Study of the proviral load levels and mRNA expression of cytokines in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and somatic milk cells in cattle with different BLV infection profiles.
The retrovirus bovine leukemia virus (BLV) might produce abnormal immune function, associated with susceptibility to developing other infectious diseases, including mastitis. This study aimed to determine the proviral load and cytokines gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PMBC) and milk somatic cells (SC) in BLV-infected and non-infected cattle. Of 27 BLV-infected cows in PBMC, 17 (62.96%) had a high proviral load (HPL), and 10 (37.04%) had a low proviral load (LPL). All SC samples had low proviral load (LPL-SC). Higher IFN-γ and IL-10 expression, and lower IL-12 and IL-6 expression, were found in PBMC from BLV-infected compared to BLV non-infected cattle. Moreover, higher IFN-γ, IL-12, and IL-6 expression, and lower IL-10 expression were observed in cattle with LPL-PBMC compared to HPL-PBMC. In milk samples, lower IFN-γ and higher IL-12 mRNA expression were observed in LPL-SC compared to BLV non-infected cattle in SC. IL-10 and IL-6 expression mRNA was significantly lower in LPL-SC than in SC from BLV non-infected cattle. This study shows that milk SC maintains lower proviral load levels than PBMC. This first report on Th1 and Th2 cytokines expression levels in SC may be relevant to future control strategies for BLV infection, mastitis, and udder health management.
Topics: Female; Cattle; Animals; Cytokines; Leukocytes, Mononuclear; Interleukin-10; Leukemia Virus, Bovine; Enzootic Bovine Leukosis; Proviruses; Milk; Interleukin-6; Interleukin-12; RNA, Messenger; Mastitis; Cattle Diseases
PubMed: 37994640
DOI: 10.12834/VetIt.2718.20143.3 -
Microbiology Spectrum Dec 2023The World Health Organization estimated that 5-10 million people are infected with human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1). This number is likely to be...
The World Health Organization estimated that 5-10 million people are infected with human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1). This number is likely to be underestimated because reliable endemic data are available for only approximately 1.5 billion people worldwide. The point-of-care test is a powerful tool for the easy and quick detection of infections without the requirement for expensive instruments and laboratory equipment. Espline HTLV-I/II, a newly developed rapid immunochromatographic antibody test that was evaluated in this study, might significantly advance our understanding of the global epidemiology of HTLV-1 infection.
Topics: Humans; Human T-lymphotropic virus 1; HTLV-I Infections
PubMed: 37966220
DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02078-23 -
Cancer Science Jan 2024Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) establishes chronic infection in humans and induces a T-cell malignancy called adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma (ATL) and...
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) establishes chronic infection in humans and induces a T-cell malignancy called adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma (ATL) and several inflammatory diseases such as HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Persistent HTLV-1 infection is established under the pressure of host immunity, and therefore the immune response against HTLV-1 is thought to reflect the status of the disease it causes. Indeed, it is known that cellular immunity against viral antigens is suppressed in ATL patients compared to HAM/TSP patients. In this study, we show that profiling the humoral immunity to several HTLV-1 antigens, such as Gag, Env, and Tax, and measuring proviral load are useful tools for classifying disease status and predicting disease development. Using targeted sequencing, we found that several carriers whom this profiling method predicted to be at high risk for developing ATL indeed harbored driver mutations of ATL. The clonality of HTLV-1-infected cells in those carriers was still polyclonal; it is consistent with an early stage of leukemogenesis. Furthermore, this study revealed significance of anti-Gag proteins to predict high risk group in HTLV-1 carriers. Consistent with this finding, anti-Gag cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) were increased in patients who received hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and achieved remission state, indicating the significance of anti-Gag CTLs for disease control. Our findings suggest that our strategy that combines anti-HTLV-1 antibodies and proviral load may be useful for prediction of the development of HTLV-1-associated diseases.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Human T-lymphotropic virus 1; Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell; Proviruses; Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic; Biomarkers; Viral Load
PubMed: 37950425
DOI: 10.1111/cas.15997 -
Journal of Global Health Nov 2023
Topics: Humans; Human T-lymphotropic virus 1; Scabies
PubMed: 37921043
DOI: 10.7189/jogh.13.03057 -
The Journal of Veterinary Medical... Dec 2023A 23-month-old Holstein-Friesian heifer presented with inactivity and diarrhea. On physical examination, no enlargement of superficial lymph nodes was observed....
A 23-month-old Holstein-Friesian heifer presented with inactivity and diarrhea. On physical examination, no enlargement of superficial lymph nodes was observed. Hematological examination revealed lymphocytosis. The bovine leukemia virus (BLV) proviral load was 2,122 copies/10 ng DNA, and BLV was classified as Group C based on whole genome phylogenetic analysis. Monoclonal proliferation of B-cells and monoclonal integration of the BLV provirus in the bovine genome were detected by a clonality test of B-cells and inverse PCR, respectively. Although lymph nodes were not swollen at necropsy, histopathological examination revealed neoplastic lymphocyte proliferation in lymph nodes, which were immune positive for CD5 and CD20, and negative for CD3. The heifer was diagnosed with EBL caused by BLV classified as Group C.
Topics: Animals; Female; Cattle; Enzootic Bovine Leukosis; Leukemia Virus, Bovine; Phylogeny; Proviruses; B-Lymphocytes; Cattle Diseases
PubMed: 37914277
DOI: 10.1292/jvms.23-0354 -
BMC Nephrology Oct 2023BK polyomavirus-associated nephropathy (BKPyVAN) has become a major cause of kidney dysfunction and graft loss in kidney transplant recipients. On rare occasion,...
BACKGROUND
BK polyomavirus-associated nephropathy (BKPyVAN) has become a major cause of kidney dysfunction and graft loss in kidney transplant recipients. On rare occasion, polyomavirus has also been known to affect native kidneys of immunocompromised individuals. Only a small number of opportunistic infections have been reported in the carrier phase of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1). This is the first reported case of BKPyVAN in native kidneys of an HTLV-1 carrier.
CASE PRESENTATION
A 61-year-old man was referred to our hospital from a primary care physician for work-up and treatment of pneumonia. He was diagnosed with Pneumocystis pneumonia and identified as a HTLV-1 carrier who had not yet developed adult T-cell leukemia (ATL). The pneumonia was successfully treated with sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim. He had never been diagnosed with any kind of kidney dysfunction. Laboratory investigations showed a serum creatinine of 5.3 mg/dL, and urinary sediment showed cells with nuclear enlargement and inclusion bodies suggesting viral infection. The urinary Papanicolaou stain showed inclusions in swollen, ground-glass nuclei, typical of "decoy cells". Renal biopsy showed degeneration of tubules with epithelial enlargement, vacuolar degeneration, nuclear inclusion bodies, and detachment from the tubular basement membrane. Tubular nuclei showed positive staining positive for simian virus 40 large-T antigen. Polymerase chain reaction tests for BK polyomavirus DNA of both urine and plasma were positive. These findings confirmed a diagnosis of BKPyVAN. Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy did not improve renal function, necessitating maintenance hemodialysis therapy.
CONCLUSIONS
BKPyVAN should be considered when acute kidney injury occurs with opportunistic infection. HTLV-1 carriers can develop opportunistic infections even before the onset of ATL.
Topics: Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Acute Kidney Injury; BK Virus; Human T-lymphotropic virus 1; Kidney; Kidney Diseases; Kidney Transplantation; Nephritis, Interstitial; Opportunistic Infections; Pneumonia; Polyomavirus Infections
PubMed: 37907886
DOI: 10.1186/s12882-023-03373-1 -
Scientific Reports Oct 2023Enzootic bovine leukosis virus (BLV) and bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) are very important infectious agents for the livestock industry worldwide. The present study aimed...
Enzootic bovine leukosis virus (BLV) and bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) are very important infectious agents for the livestock industry worldwide. The present study aimed to explore the association between natural exposure to BLV and BHV-1 with sperm quality analyzed by Computer-Assisted Semen Analysis (CASA) systems. Ten sexually mature Brahman bulls, with sanitary status BLV/BHV-1 (n = 2), BLV/BHV-1 (n = 6) and BLV/BHV-1 (n = 2) were evaluated twice, 30 days apart. Results showed that sanitary status of each bull was not associated with semen quality. It was found that the quality of the semen from the second collection was better due to the interruption of sexual rest. The evidence thus revealed that a bull infected with BLV generated good-quality contaminated semen and, therefore, that it is essential to detect contaminated seminal samples to prevent the spread of BLV. A multivariate analysis showed the presence of four sperm subpopulations in Brahman bulls that differ significantly in their kinematic patterns and with respect to sanitary status (P < 0.05), indicating that infection-free and seronegative bulls present the best kinematic parameters, which improved discrimination of sperm quality according to sanitary status. Overall, the analyses indicate that the seropositive-infected bulls with BLV and BHV-1 should be excluded from beef cattle farms.
Topics: Male; Animals; Cattle; Herpesvirus 1, Bovine; Semen Analysis; Semen; Leukemia Virus, Bovine; Cattle Diseases
PubMed: 37907654
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45981-9