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Plant Disease Jan 1997Eight cotton cultivars, with and without aldicarb treatment, were evaluated for their effect on the severity of the root-knot nematode-Fusarium wilt disease complex in...
Eight cotton cultivars, with and without aldicarb treatment, were evaluated for their effect on the severity of the root-knot nematode-Fusarium wilt disease complex in cotton. A randomized complete block design with a split-plot arrangement of treatments was used with cotton cultivars as the main plots and nematicide treatments as the subplots. Results in 1994 and 1995 were similar. Yield of lint, boll weight, and wilt and root-gall ratings were different among cultivars and between nematicide treatments both years. Increased lint yield and boll weight, and reduced root-gall and wilt ratings were associated with application of aldicarb. Increased lint percentage was associated with application of aldicarb in 1994, but not in 1995. Fiber micronaire, elongation, uniformity, and strength were different among cultivars, but not between nematicide treatments. Fiber length (UHM; Upper-Half Mean) was different among cultivars and was higher in the aldicarb-treated plots in both years. Numbers of Meloidogyne incognita second stage juveniles and eggs extracted from soil samples were lower in the aldicarb-treated plots in July, but not at harvest, both years. Population densities of M. incognita were not different among cultivars, except the mid-season sample in 1995.
PubMed: 30870950
DOI: 10.1094/PDIS.1997.81.1.66 -
The Canadian Veterinary Journal = La... Apr 1991From 1982 to 1989, inclusive, 20 poisonings were investigated by the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food following ingestion by domestic livestock of granular...
From 1982 to 1989, inclusive, 20 poisonings were investigated by the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food following ingestion by domestic livestock of granular insecticides including terbufos (13 poisonings), disulfoton (two poisonings), fonofos (two poisonings), phorate (two poisonings), and carbofuran (one poisoning); all are used for rootworm (Diabrotica spp.) control in corn. A further three poisonings of livestock occurred following the ingestion of the foliar insecticide, endosulfan (two poisonings), and the seed protectant insecticides diazinon plus lindane (one poisoning). There were six poisoning cases as a result of excessive topical applications of the three insecticides coumpahos, fenthion, and lindane as dusts or sprays to control external parasites. Together, these events caused the deaths of 258 domestic animals of which 200 were cattle, 23 were swine, and 35 were sheep. Not all deaths are reported to the Ministry and the cases reported here may only represent 30-50% of the actual deaths over the period. Based on total populations of livestock, the percent losses were very small but they represent serious losses to individual growers. The economic loss is estimated at $160,000 over the eight years, or $20,000 per annum, and this does not include veterinary costs.Some of the poisoned animals died within as little as three to four hours of ingestion while others were sick but survived for several days. Lethal doses of insecticide were found in the rumen, abomasum, or stomach of dead animals. Signs typical of cholinesterase inhibition caused by organophosphorus poisoning were observed in most cases. Cholinesterase readings were found to be zero in dying animals. Necropsy findings were rarely more than pulmonary edema or myocardial hemorrhage. Where organochlorine insecticides were ingested, convulsions were the major manifestation.Contamination of feed was most often accidental, and chemical analysis was most helpful in identifying both potent and minor sources, thus facilitating cleanup procedures.
PubMed: 17423767
DOI: No ID Found -
Scandinavian Journal of Work,... 1985After the occurrence of poisoning episodes among commune members who handled the insecticides parathion and demeton during the first few years of application in the...
After the occurrence of poisoning episodes among commune members who handled the insecticides parathion and demeton during the first few years of application in the early 1960s, a series of surveys was conducted and comprehensive regulatory actions were adopted. The surveys showed that the cause of most of the poisoning cases was percutaneous absorption of toxicant as a consequence of skin contamination during careless operating. As a result of a comprehensive program carried out by large numbers of administrators, health workers, and commune members, the incidence of intoxication quickly declined, starting in 1965, to a negligible level and has remained so to the present, even though parathion and demeton use has increased greatly. It is suggested that the experience obtained might be helpful to other areas in the People's Republic of China and in some developing countries.
Topics: Agricultural Workers' Diseases; China; Disulfoton; Humans; Insecticides; Obidoxime Chloride; Parathion; Pralidoxime Compounds; Reagent Kits, Diagnostic; Skin Absorption
PubMed: 3914076
DOI: No ID Found -
Scandinavian Journal of Work,... 1985After passing toxicity and experimental therapeutic tests, four oxime cholinesterase reactivators [PAM (pyridine aldoxime methiodide), PAC (pralidoxime, pyridine... (Clinical Trial)
Clinical Trial Comparative Study
After passing toxicity and experimental therapeutic tests, four oxime cholinesterase reactivators [PAM (pyridine aldoxime methiodide), PAC (pralidoxime, pyridine aldoxime methylchloride), TMB4 (trimedoxime), and DMO4 (obidoxime, Toxogonin, LüH6)] were compared in clinical trials. All of them proved capable of restoring erythrocyte cholinesterase activity and relieving symptoms and signs of organophosphate insecticide poisoning. Mildly and moderately poisoned patients can be treated by several injections of any one of these drugs alone, but severe cases need the synergistic action of atropine, as well as treatments for two to three consecutive days. Although response to treatment is stronger with TMB4 and DMO4, they are not recommended for routine treatment because of their dangerous adverse side effects.
Topics: Alanine Transaminase; Cholinesterase Reactivators; Cholinesterases; Clinical Trials as Topic; Disulfoton; Erythrocytes; Humans; Insecticides; Obidoxime Chloride; Occupational Diseases; Parathion; Pralidoxime Compounds; Trimedoxime
PubMed: 3914075
DOI: No ID Found -
The Journal of Toxicological Sciences Feb 1981An approximately 50-fold increase in serum beta-glucuronidase activity appeared 2 hours after the administration of such organophosphate insecticides as dichlorvs,...
An approximately 50-fold increase in serum beta-glucuronidase activity appeared 2 hours after the administration of such organophosphate insecticides as dichlorvs, diazinon and disulfoton and of a carbamate insecticide, carbaryl. The activities of other acid hydrolases in the serum such as ribonuclease, acid phosphatase, hyaluronidase and N-acetylglucosaminidase did not change significantly after the insecticide treatment. The response was related to the dose level and was evident after a single intraperitoneal dose of diazinon as low as 1.6 mg/kg. This appearence of an increase in beta-glucuronidase was retarded by pretreatment with SKF 525A, an inhibitor of drug metabolizing enzyme. When beta-glucuronidase was elevated by a large dose of diazinon, full response to a second dose of diazinon did not occur until approximately one month after administration of the first dose.
Topics: Animals; Carbamates; Female; Glucuronidase; Hydrolases; Insecticides; Male; Organophosphorus Compounds; Rats
PubMed: 7265327
DOI: 10.2131/jts.6.27 -
The British Journal of Ophthalmology Nov 1974
Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Body Weight; Cell Membrane; Ciliary Body; Cytoplasm; Disulfoton; Dogs; Endoplasmic Reticulum; Golgi Apparatus; Insecticides; Microscopy, Electron; Mitochondria; Muscles; Myopia; Organophosphorus Compounds; Refraction, Ocular
PubMed: 4457106
DOI: 10.1136/bjo.58.11.931 -
British Journal of Pharmacology Jul 19731. Daily i.p. administration, for eight days, of the cholinesterase inhibitor disulfoton to rats produced mild to moderate signs of intoxication (tremors, incontinence...
1. Daily i.p. administration, for eight days, of the cholinesterase inhibitor disulfoton to rats produced mild to moderate signs of intoxication (tremors, incontinence and diarrhoea) but no deaths.2. Segments of ileum taken from the treated rats were subsensitive to carbachol but the vas deferens and the uterus did not exhibit any change in sensitivity to carbachol.3. The sensitivity to acetylcholine was increased in the ileum and vas deferens but not in the uterus.4. Acetylcholinesterase activity was 60-70% inhibited in all three tissues.
Topics: Acetylcholine; Animals; Carbachol; Cholinesterases; Diarrhea; Disulfoton; Drug Interactions; Female; Ileum; In Vitro Techniques; Insecticides; Male; Muscle, Smooth; Premedication; Rats; Tremor; Urinary Incontinence; Uterus; Vas Deferens
PubMed: 4764290
DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1973.tb08350.x -
British Journal of Industrial Medicine Jul 1958
Topics: Anthelmintics; Disulfoton; Humans; Organothiophosphorus Compounds
PubMed: 13596533
DOI: 10.1136/oem.15.3.158 -
California Medicine May 1957Increasingly larger amounts of the highly efficient and highly toxic organic phosphate insecticides, particularly parathion, tetraethyl pyrophosphate, and Systox...
Increasingly larger amounts of the highly efficient and highly toxic organic phosphate insecticides, particularly parathion, tetraethyl pyrophosphate, and Systox (demeton), are being applied on California's farms. These insecticides have become an economic necessity to agriculture. They can be used safely when rigid precautions are utilized and when medical supervision is provided for employees regularly working with these chemicals. The demand for the services of physicians prepared to supply this kind of industrial medical supervision is expected to increase in California. The basic procedures through which effective medical supervision can be provided are outlined.
Topics: Agriculture; California; Disulfoton; Employment; Humans; Insecticides; Organophosphates; Parathion
PubMed: 13426801
DOI: No ID Found