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BMJ Open Jun 2024Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs), currently marketed for type 2 diabetes and obesity, may offer novel mechanisms to delay or prevent neurotoxicity... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
Protocol for a double-blind placebo-controlled randomised controlled trial assessing the impact of oral semaglutide in amyloid positivity (ISAP) in community dwelling UK adults.
INTRODUCTION
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs), currently marketed for type 2 diabetes and obesity, may offer novel mechanisms to delay or prevent neurotoxicity associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). The impact of semaglutide in amyloid positivity (ISAP) trial is investigating whether the GLP-1 RA semaglutide reduces accumulation in the brain of cortical tau protein and neuroinflammation in individuals with preclinical/prodromal AD.
METHODS AND ANALYSIS
ISAP is an investigator-led, randomised, double-blind, superiority trial of oral semaglutide compared with placebo. Up to 88 individuals aged ≥55 years with brain amyloid positivity as assessed by positron emission tomography (PET) or cerebrospinal fluid, and no or mild cognitive impairment, will be randomised. People with the low-affinity binding variant of the rs6971 allele of the Translocator Protein 18 kDa (TSPO) gene, which can interfere with interpreting TSPO PET scans (a measure of neuroinflammation), will be excluded.At baseline, participants undergo tau, TSPO PET and MRI scanning, and provide data on physical activity and cognition. Eligible individuals are randomised in a 1:1 ratio to once-daily oral semaglutide or placebo, starting at 3 mg and up-titrating to 14 mg over 8 weeks. They will attend safety visits and provide blood samples to measure AD biomarkers at weeks 4, 8, 26 and 39. All cognitive assessments are repeated at week 26. The last study visit will be at week 52, when all baseline measurements will be repeated. The primary end point is the 1-year change in tau PET signal.
ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION
The study was approved by the West Midlands-Edgbaston Research Ethics Committee (22/WM/0013). The results of the study will be disseminated through scientific presentations and peer-reviewed publications.
TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER
ISRCTN71283871.
Topics: Humans; Glucagon-Like Peptides; Double-Blind Method; Alzheimer Disease; Positron-Emission Tomography; United Kingdom; Administration, Oral; Male; Middle Aged; Female; tau Proteins; Aged; Brain; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
PubMed: 38908839
DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-081401 -
Asian Nursing Research Jun 2024To investigate the effects of honey-based oral care on the oral health of patients with stroke undergoing rehabilitation.
PURPOSE
To investigate the effects of honey-based oral care on the oral health of patients with stroke undergoing rehabilitation.
METHODS
In this randomized controlled trial, 44 stroke patients from a tertiary hospital's rehabilitation ward were assigned to receive either honey-based oral care or normal saline, with treatments administered twice daily for 2 weeks. The study, conducted from November 2021 to July 2022, employed a double-blind method, blinding both participants and evaluators to treatment allocations. Key outcomes measured included oral status, dental plaque index (DPI), and xerostomia. The final analysis included 13 patients in the experimental group and 16 in the control group.
RESULTS
The intervention significantly changed the oral status, DPI, and xerostomia between the groups. The experimental group showed significantly improved oral status (Z = -4.63, p=.001), DPI (Z = -4.58, p<.001), and xerostomia (t = -6.33, p<.001) compared to the control group. The experimental group showed significant improvements in oral status (Z=-3.27, p<.001), DPI (Z=-3.19, p=.001), and xerostomia (t=7.37, p<.001) after the intervention, confirming the efficacy of honey-based oral care.
CONCLUSIONS
Honey-based oral care effectively improves oral status and xerostomia, and reduces DPI in patients with stroke.
CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER
Trial registration. Clinical Research Information Service (CRIS), KCT0008201. Registered on 04 February 2023. The first patient was enrolled on November 16, 2021, at https://cris.nih.go.kr/cris/search/listDetail.do?searchWord=KCT0008201&search_yn=Y.
PubMed: 38908430
DOI: 10.1016/j.anr.2024.06.001 -
Trials Jun 2024There are no approved pharmacotherapies for methamphetamine use disorder. Two preliminary phase 2 randomised controlled trials have found mirtazapine, a tetracyclic...
BACKGROUND
There are no approved pharmacotherapies for methamphetamine use disorder. Two preliminary phase 2 randomised controlled trials have found mirtazapine, a tetracyclic antidepressant, to be effective in reducing methamphetamine use. The proposed Tina Trial is the first phase 3 placebo-controlled randomised trial to examine the effectiveness and safety of mirtazapine as an outpatient pharmacotherapy for methamphetamine use disorder.
METHODS
This is a multi-site phase 3 randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel trial. Participants are randomly allocated (1:1) to receive either mirtazapine (30 mg/day for 12 weeks) or matched placebo, delivered as a take-home medication. The target population is 340 people aged 18-65 years who have moderate to severe methamphetamine use disorder. The trial is being conducted through outpatient alcohol and other drug treatment clinics in Australia. The primary outcome is measured as self-reported days of methamphetamine use in the past 4 weeks at week 12. Secondary outcomes are methamphetamine-negative oral fluid samples, depressive symptoms, sleep quality, HIV risk behaviour and quality of life. Other outcomes include safety (adverse events), tolerability, and health service use. Medication adherence is being monitored using MEMS® Smart Caps fitted to medication bottles.
DISCUSSION
This trial will provide information on the safety and effectiveness of mirtazapine as a pharmacotherapy for methamphetamine use disorder when delivered as an outpatient medication in routine clinical practice. If found to be safe and effective, this trial will support an application for methamphetamine use disorder to be included as a therapeutic indication for the prescription of mirtazapine.
TRIAL REGISTRATION
Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12622000235707. Registered on February 9, 2022.
Topics: Humans; Mirtazapine; Double-Blind Method; Amphetamine-Related Disorders; Methamphetamine; Adult; Middle Aged; Adolescent; Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic; Male; Young Adult; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Aged; Female; Treatment Outcome; Multicenter Studies as Topic; Australia; Time Factors; Medication Adherence; Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic
PubMed: 38907288
DOI: 10.1186/s13063-024-08238-y -
Scientific Reports Jun 2024Within intensive care units (ICU), the administration of peptide-based formulas (PBF) may confer nutritional advantages for critically ill patients identified with... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial Comparative Study
Within intensive care units (ICU), the administration of peptide-based formulas (PBF) may confer nutritional advantages for critically ill patients identified with heightened nutritional risk. This investigation aimed to ascertain the efficacy of PBF in comparison to standard polymeric formulas (SPF) among this patient cohort. A double-blind, randomized controlled trial was conducted across three ICUs, encompassing 63 adult patients characterized by elevated modified Nutrition Risk in Critically Ill (mNUTRIC) scores. Enrollment occurred promptly subsequent to ICU admission, with participants allocated to receive either PBF or SPF. Primary outcome was the duration to achieve caloric targets. Secondary outcomes involved the evaluation of mean daily gastric residual volume, mechanical ventilation period, infection rates within the ICU, length of hospitalization, mortality rates, nutritional status and inflammatory markers, specifically serum albumin and interleukin-6 levels. Patients in the PBF group reached their caloric targets more expeditiously compared to the SPF group (2.06 ± 0.43 days versus 2.39 ± 0.79 days; p = 0.03). No significant differences were discernible between the groups regarding gastric residual volume, duration of mechanical ventilation, ICU length of stay, mortality, or infection rates. Both cohorts exhibited minimal adverse effects and were devoid of any instances of abdominal distension. While not reaching statistical significance, the observed trends in albumin and interleukin-6 levels suggest a potential advantage of PBF utilization. The implementation of PBF enabled swifter attainment of caloric goals in ICU patients at high nutritional risk without adversely impacting other clinical parameters. Given its favorable tolerance profile and potential immunomodulatory properties, PBF may be considered a valuable nutritional intervention in this setting.Thai Clinical Trials Registry TCTR20220221006. Registered 21 February 2022, https://www.thaiclinicaltrials.org/show/TCTR20220221006 .
Topics: Humans; Enteral Nutrition; Male; Female; Intensive Care Units; Middle Aged; Critical Illness; Aged; Double-Blind Method; Peptides; Nutritional Status; Length of Stay; Respiration, Artificial; Adult; Treatment Outcome; Polymers
PubMed: 38906990
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-65277-w -
Scientific Reports Jun 2024To assess the effects of warm-up music and low dose (3 mg·kg) of caffeine (CAF) on female taekwondo athlete's activity profile and psychophysiological responses during... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
To assess the effects of warm-up music and low dose (3 mg·kg) of caffeine (CAF) on female taekwondo athlete's activity profile and psychophysiological responses during simulated combat. In a double-blinded, randomized, crossover study, 16 female athletes participated in simulated combats under one control and 5 experimental conditions [i.e., CAF alone (CAF), placebo alone (PL), CAF with music (CAF + M), PL with music (PL + M), and no supplement with music (M)]. After warming-up, athletes rated their felt arousal (FAS). Mean (HR) and peak (HR) heart rate values were determined for each combat. After fighting, athletes rated their perceived exertion (RPE), feeling scale (FS), FAS, and physical enjoyment (PACES). Time-motion and technical-tactical variables were analyzed. CAF + M induced shorter skip and pause time, while attack time increased compared to other conditions (p < 0.05). Moreover, CAF + M increased single attacks, combined attacks, counter-attacks (p < 0.001), and defensive actions (p < 0.05) than other conditions. HR and HR were lower under CAF + M than other conditions (p < 0.05). Additionally, higher FAS post-combat, FS, and PACES were observed under CAF + M, while RPE was lower (except CAF condition) compared to the other conditions (p < 0.05.Using CAF with warm-up music may increase combat cadence and improve the psychological state in female athletes more effectively than either strategy alone.
Topics: Humans; Female; Caffeine; Music; Athletes; Martial Arts; Young Adult; Cross-Over Studies; Double-Blind Method; Heart Rate; Warm-Up Exercise; Adult; Athletic Performance; Arousal
PubMed: 38906894
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64880-1 -
Indian Journal of Ophthalmology Jul 2024To evaluate the effect of topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitor (brinzolamide) versus placebo on visual function and waveforms in infantile nystagmus syndrome (INS). (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
PURPOSE
To evaluate the effect of topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitor (brinzolamide) versus placebo on visual function and waveforms in infantile nystagmus syndrome (INS).
DESIGN
Prospective, placebo-controlled, double-blind, cross-over study.
METHODS
Setting- A tertiary eye care center. Patients- Cases of idiopathic INS with and without abnormal head posture aged ≥10 years who had not received previous treatment for nystagmus. Intervention- Patients were randomized into two groups. Group 1 was given placebo for 3 months, and after a washout period of 7 days started on topical brinzolamide for the next 3 months. In group 2, the order was reversed. The drops were administered topically three times (every 8 hours) in both eyes. Outcome measure- Binocular best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) using the ETDRS chart, eXpanded nystagmus acuity function (NAFX) score and INS waveforms obtained from eye movement recordings, intraocular pressure (IOP) by Goldmann applanation tonometer, near stereopsis by TNO stereo test, and change in abnormal head posture before and after intervention in the null position.
RESULTS
A total of 29 cases completed the study (23 with abnormal head posture; 6 without abnormal head posture).
UNLABELLED
A significant improvement was noted in INS waveform characteristics, mean NAFX score (P < 0.001), and mean binocular visual acuity (P < 0.001) with topical brinzolamide in comparison to baseline as well as placebo. No significant change in head position and stereopsis was noted. No side effects were reported with 3 months of brinzolamide therapy.
CONCLUSIONS
While brinzolamide shows improvement in visual acuity and NAFX score in idiopathic INS, its clinical significance needs further evidence.
Topics: Humans; Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors; Double-Blind Method; Male; Female; Visual Acuity; Prospective Studies; Cross-Over Studies; Thiazines; Sulfonamides; Administration, Topical; Child; Adult; Ophthalmic Solutions; Adolescent; Nystagmus, Congenital; Treatment Outcome; Young Adult; Follow-Up Studies; Middle Aged; Eye Movements; Vision, Binocular
PubMed: 38905461
DOI: 10.4103/IJO.IJO_1010_23 -
JAMA Network Open Jun 2024The modified Japanese Orthopaedic Association (mJOA) scale is the most common scale used to represent outcomes of degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM); however, it... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
IMPORTANCE
The modified Japanese Orthopaedic Association (mJOA) scale is the most common scale used to represent outcomes of degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM); however, it lacks consideration for neck pain scores and neglects the multidimensional aspect of recovery after surgery.
OBJECTIVE
To use a global statistical approach that incorporates assessments of multiple outcomes to reassess the efficacy of riluzole in patients undergoing spinal surgery for DCM.
DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS
This was a secondary analysis of prespecified secondary end points within the Efficacy of Riluzole in Surgical Treatment for Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy (CSM-PROTECT) trial, a multicenter, double-blind, phase 3 randomized clinical trial conducted from January 2012 to May 2017. Adult surgical patients with DCM with moderate to severe myelopathy (mJOA scale score of 8-14) were randomized to receive either riluzole or placebo. The present study was conducted from July to December 2023.
INTERVENTION
Riluzole (50 mg twice daily) or placebo for a total of 6 weeks, including 2 weeks prior to surgery and 4 weeks following surgery.
MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES
The primary outcome measure was a difference in clinical improvement from baseline to 1-year follow-up, assessed using a global statistical test (GST). The 36-Item Short Form Health Survey Physical Component Score (SF-36 PCS), arm and neck pain numeric rating scale (NRS) scores, American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) motor score, and Nurick grade were combined into a single summary statistic known as the global treatment effect (GTE).
RESULTS
Overall, 290 patients (riluzole group, 141; placebo group, 149; mean [SD] age, 59 [10.1] years; 161 [56%] male) were included. Riluzole showed a significantly higher probability of global improvement compared with placebo at 1-year follow-up (GTE, 0.08; 95% CI, 0.00-0.16; P = .02). A similar favorable global response was seen at 35 days and 6 months (GTE for both, 0.07; 95% CI, -0.01 to 0.15; P = .04), although the results were not statistically significant. Riluzole-treated patients had at least a 54% likelihood of achieving better outcomes at 1 year compared with the placebo group. The ASIA motor score and neck and arm pain NRS combination at 1 year provided the best-fit parsimonious model for detecting a benefit of riluzole (GTE, 0.11; 95% CI, 0.02-0.16; P = .007).
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
In this secondary analysis of the CSM-PROTECT trial using a global outcome technique, riluzole was associated with improved clinical outcomes in patients with DCM. The GST offered probability-based results capable of representing diverse outcome scales and should be considered in future studies assessing spine surgery outcomes.
Topics: Humans; Riluzole; Male; Female; Middle Aged; Double-Blind Method; Cervical Vertebrae; Aged; Spinal Cord Diseases; Spondylosis; Treatment Outcome; Neuroprotective Agents
PubMed: 38904964
DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.15643 -
Journal of the International Society of... Dec 2024Cannabidiol (CBD) is a non-psychoactive phyto-cannabinoid derived from the plant. CBD exhibits various interactions at receptor sites, prompting the research of its... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
The effects of a brand-specific, hemp-derived cannabidiol product on physiological, biochemical, and psychometric outcomes in healthy adults: a double-blind, randomized clinical trial.
BACKGROUND
Cannabidiol (CBD) is a non-psychoactive phyto-cannabinoid derived from the plant. CBD exhibits various interactions at receptor sites, prompting the research of its potential anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, psychological, and pain-relieving effects. This study aimed to investigate the physiological, biochemical, and psychometric effects of a brand-specific, hemp-derived CBD product in healthy adults over a 12-week observation period.
METHODS
54 healthy males and females (age = 25 ± 7y; BMI = 24.82 ± 3.25 kg/m) recruited from a large Southeastern University completed the study. Participants arrived at the laboratory after > 8 h of fasting, and > 48 h without alcohol consumption and vigorous exercise. Following baseline measurements (height, weight, blood pressure, electrocardiogram (ECG), and blood work), participants were stratified by sex and randomized to either CBD or placebo groups. Products were administered double-blinded, with both given in liquid form containing medium-chain triglyceride oil, while the CBD product specifically contained 50 mg/mL of CBD. Participants were instructed to consume 1 mL of their product twice daily and were given enough product to last until their next laboratory visit. Data were collected at baseline and on days 30 ± 3, 60 ± 3, and 90 ± 3. Blood was drawn for analysis of immune and inflammatory biomarkers. Chronic pain among participants was calculated using urine samples according to the foundational pain index (FPI). Self-reported psychometric questionnaires were utilized (Cohen's Perceived Stress Scale, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Profile of Mood States,10-item Likert scale for perceived pain) to assess stress, sleep quality, mood state, and body discomfort. To determine overall wellbeing, participants completed a daily survey indicating if they missed work or school due to illness. Change from baseline was calculated for each measure, and mixed effects models were used to determine differences between groups over time while adjusting for baseline values (α = 0.05). Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation.
RESULTS
There were no Group-by-Time interactions or Group or Time main effects for immune or inflammatory biomarkers ( > 0.05). Analyses revealed no Group-by-Time interactions or main effects observed for perceived stress, sleep quality, overall mood disturbance, and all the profile of mood state subscales ( > 0.05), except "vigor-activity." A Time main effect was found for the sub-score for "vigor-activity" ( = 0.007; Pre CBD = 19.5 ± 5.2, Post CBD = 17.3 ± 5.3; Pre PL = 19.0 ± 5.7, Post PL = 17.9 ± 7.1), which decreased from Visit 3 to Visit 4 ( = 0.025) and from Visit 3 to Visit 5 ( = 0.014). There was a Group main effect for FPI ( = 0.028; Pre CBD = 11.9 ± 14.4, Post CBD = 8.8 ± 10.9; Pre PL = 9.0 ± 14.2, Post PL = 12.9 ± 11.5), indicating that the placebo group had greater increases in pain over the intervention compared to the CBD group. No significant differences were found between groups in the incidence and prevalence of "colds or flus" ( > 0.05).
DISCUSSION
CBD was safe and well tolerated in healthy adults. These findings show pain was lower in the CBD group, suggesting a potentially positive effect for consumption of CBD. "Vigor-activity" decreased across the intervention, which may be a confounding effect of the academic semester. While the dosage chosen was safe, more research may be warranted using higher doses as these may be needed to observe further therapeutic effects in healthy populations.
Topics: Humans; Cannabidiol; Male; Double-Blind Method; Female; Adult; Young Adult; Humulus; Psychometrics; Cannabis; Biomarkers
PubMed: 38904150
DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2024.2370430 -
International Journal of Medical... 2024Continuous intravenous infusion of remimazolam may be suitable for sedation in patients undergoing regional anaesthesia. However, there have been no studies comparing... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial Comparative Study
Continuous intravenous infusion of remimazolam may be suitable for sedation in patients undergoing regional anaesthesia. However, there have been no studies comparing remimazolam and dexmedetomidine for this purpose. This study compared emergence from sedation between dexmedetomidine and remimazolam following continuous intravenous infusion in patients undergoing spinal anaesthesia. This double-blinded, randomised controlled trial assessed the sedative effects of dexmedetomidine and remimazolam. Following spinal anaesthesia, patients were sedated using continuous intravenous infusion of either dexmedetomidine (D group) or remimazolam (R group).The D group received dexmedetomidine administered at 6 mL/kg/h (6 µg/kg/h) for 10 minutes, followed by 1 mL/kg/h (1 µg/kg/h). The R group received remimazolam administered at 6 mL/kg/h (6 mg/kg/h) for 10 minutes, followed by 1 mL/kg/h (1 mg/kg/h). Sedation levels were evaluated using the Modified Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation (MOAA/S) scale. The time to reach MOAA/S ≤ 3 from the start of drug infusion and the time to reach MOAA/S = 5 from the end of infusion were recorded. Hemodynamic parameters and respiratory rate were also monitored. The R group reached MOAA/S ≤ 3 significantly faster than the D group during induction of sedation (4 ± 1 minutes and 11 ± 3 minutes, respectively, < 0.001). The R group also reached MOAA/S = 5 significantly faster than the D group during emergence from sedation (11 ± 3 minutes and 16 ± 5 minutes, respectively, < 0.001). Both groups maintained stable hemodynamic parameters and respiratory rate without any significant differences, although the mean heart rate was significantly lower in the D group than in the R group after the start of infusion. Remimazolam demonstrated significantly faster induction of and emergence from sedation compared to dexmedetomidine, with no significant differences in haemodynamics or respiratory depression.
Topics: Humans; Dexmedetomidine; Anesthesia, Spinal; Male; Female; Adult; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Middle Aged; Double-Blind Method; Infusions, Intravenous; Benzodiazepines; Anesthesia Recovery Period; Hemodynamics; Conscious Sedation
PubMed: 38903925
DOI: 10.7150/ijms.95736 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2024We aimed to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity of a SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine (Omicron BA.5) LVRNA012 given as the booster in immunized but SARS-CoV-2... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
BACKGROUND
We aimed to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity of a SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine (Omicron BA.5) LVRNA012 given as the booster in immunized but SARS-CoV-2 infection-free adults in China.
METHODS
This is a single-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 clinical trial enrolling healthy adult participants (≥18 years) who had completed two or three doses of inactivated COVID-19 vaccines at least 6 months before, in Bengbu, Anhui province, China. Eligible participants were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive a booster intramuscular vaccination with an LVRNA012 vaccine (100ug) or placebo. The primary endpoint was the protective efficacy of a booster dose of the LVRNA012 vaccine or placebo against symptomatic COVID-19 of any severity 14 days after vaccination. Laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 infections were identified from 14 days to 180 days after intervention, with active surveillance for symptomatic illness 8 times per month between 7 to 90 days and at least once per month between 90 to 180 days after intervention.
RESULTS
2615 participants were recruited and randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to either the vaccine group (1308) or the placebo group (1307). A total of 141 individuals (46 in the LVRNA012 group and 95 in the placebo group) developed symptomatic COVID-19 infection 14 days after the booster immunization, showing a vaccine efficacy of 51.9% (95% CI, 31.3% to 66.4%). Most infections were detected 90 days after intervention during a period when XBB was prevalent in the community. Adverse reactions were reported by 64% of participants after the LVRNA012 vaccination, but most of them were mild or moderate. The booster vaccination with the LVRNA012 mRNA vaccine could significantly enhance neutralizing antibody titers against the Omicron variant XBB.1.5 (GMT 132.3 [99.8, 175.4]) than did those in the placebo group (GMT 12.5 [8.4, 18.7]) at day 14 for the previously immunized individuals.
CONCLUSION
The LVRNA012 mRNA vaccine is immunogenic, and shows robust efficacy in preventing COVID-19 during the omicron-predominate period.
CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION
ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT05745545.
Topics: Humans; COVID-19 Vaccines; Male; Female; COVID-19; Adult; Double-Blind Method; SARS-CoV-2; Middle Aged; Antibodies, Viral; Immunogenicity, Vaccine; Immunization, Secondary; mRNA Vaccines; Vaccine Efficacy; Young Adult; China; Antibodies, Neutralizing; Vaccines, Synthetic
PubMed: 38903523
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1407826