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Clinical Case Reports Oct 2023Schistosomus reflexus (SR), an unusual congenital defect in calves, can be diagnosed grossly by exposed viscera and curved spine with hindquarters twisted up toward the...
KEY CLINICAL MESSAGE
Schistosomus reflexus (SR), an unusual congenital defect in calves, can be diagnosed grossly by exposed viscera and curved spine with hindquarters twisted up toward the head. SR is typically associated with dystocia and fetal deaths in cows. Hence, cattle breeding programs must be aware of these anomalies to avoid losses from abnormal, non-viable calves.
ABSTRACT
Schistosomus reflexus (SR) is a rare and fatal congenital malformation in bovines from autosomal recessive disorders. We report a typical case of SR in a non-viable calf after the cesarean section of a crossbred Friesian cow. It was characterized by the inversion of the spinal column and a pronounced ventral curvature causing the cranium to be positioned near the sacrum and tail, along with exposed thoracic and abdominal viscera, limb ankylosis, and tongue protrusion. The postoperative management of the cow, along with the outcome, is also described here.
PubMed: 37808575
DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.8009 -
Veterinary Sciences Aug 2023A review of congenital malformations in swine relating to abnormal twinning was carried out. The aim was to describe and estimate these defects. Among the recorded... (Review)
Review
A review of congenital malformations in swine relating to abnormal twinning was carried out. The aim was to describe and estimate these defects. Among the recorded twins, the most common defect was the or . A couple of dicephali and diprosopus congenital anomalies were also registered. At last, some cases of thoraco-omphalopagus piglets were surveyed. There was also a report of an acardiac twin () and a case of a conjoined parasitic twin. The pathogenetic mechanisms of this condition, frequently reported in veterinary practice, are discussed. The importance of embryonic imperfect twinning is commonly associated with dystocia.
PubMed: 37756058
DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10090534 -
NPJ Biofilms and Microbiomes Sep 2023Constipation and systemic inflammation are common in late pregnant and lactating sows, which cause health problems like uteritis, mastitis, dystocia, or even stillbirth,...
Constipation and systemic inflammation are common in late pregnant and lactating sows, which cause health problems like uteritis, mastitis, dystocia, or even stillbirth, further influencing piglets' survival and growth. Probiotic supplementation can improve such issues, but the beneficial mechanism of relieving constipation and enhancing gut motility remains underexplored. This study aimed to investigate the effects and mechanism of probiotic supplementation in drinking water to late pregnant sows on constipation, inflammation, and piglets' growth performance. Seventy-four sows were randomly allocated to probiotic (n = 36) and control (n = 38) groups. Probiotic treatment significantly relieved sow constipation, enhanced serum IL-4 and IL-10 levels while reducing serum IL-1β, IL-12p40, and TNF-α levels, and increased piglet daily gain and weaning weight. Furthermore, probiotic administration reshaped the sow gut bacteriome and phageome structure/diversity, accompanied by increases in some potentially beneficial bacteria. At 113 days of gestation, the probiotic group was enriched in several gut microbial bioactive metabolites, multiple carbohydrate-active enzymes that degrade pectin and starch, fecal butyrate and acetate, and some serum metabolites involved in vitamin and amino acid metabolism. Our integrated correlation network analysis revealed that the alleviation of constipation and inflammation was associated with changes in the sow gut bacteriome, phageome, bioactive metabolic potential, and metabolism.
Topics: Pregnancy; Animals; Female; Swine; Lactation; Inflammation; Butyrates; Constipation; Probiotics
PubMed: 37741814
DOI: 10.1038/s41522-023-00434-z -
European Journal of Obstetrics,... Nov 2023Counter-nutation movement is deemed crucial during the management of the birth process. It is a combination of lateral ilia expansion and backward displacement of the...
BACKGROUND
Counter-nutation movement is deemed crucial during the management of the birth process. It is a combination of lateral ilia expansion and backward displacement of the promontory resulting from the external rotations of the femurs producing an enlargement of the pelvic inlet. However, since its description by Farabeuf, this mechanism has never been challenged and analyzed in a dynamic finite element study.
METHODS
Based on a female pelvic mesh and sacroiliac ligaments, we simulated external rotations of both femurs with imposed rotation of the two acetabulum centers. We hypothesize that lateral ilia expansion generates a sacrum movement resulting in a backward displacement of the promontory and a pelvic inlet enlargement.
RESULTS
Finite element simulation confirms our hypothesis and reveals that ilio-sacro-transverse and axile ligaments play an essential role in this mechanism. Indeed, the increase in stiffness (ranging from 500 MPa to 750 MPa) of these ligaments accentuates the counter-nutation movement and the opening of the inlet. Instead of the anatomic congruence between the ilium and the sacrum, the sacroiliac ligaments may explain the counter-nutation. After a 6° of femur rotation, the inlet area increases to 11 cm (141 cm vs. 130 cm). This enlargement could be noteworthy in case of obstructed labor or shoulder dystocia. Moreover, the association between external rotation and flexion of the femurs could be more efficient for opening the pelvic inlet.
CONCLUSIONS
Our result did not support the original assumption of Farabeuf. By revealing how postural adjustment increases the bony birth canal, this study provides essential information for the clinical management of the delivery.
Topics: Humans; Female; Pregnancy; Finite Element Analysis; Sacroiliac Joint; Pelvis; Sacrum; Femur; Biomechanical Phenomena
PubMed: 37738891
DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2023.08.381 -
Genomic evaluation of late-term abortion in cows recorded through Dairy Herd Improvement test plans.JDS Communications Sep 2023Late-term abortions cause significant economic loss and are of great concern for dairy herds. Late-term abortions >152 d and <251 d of gestation that terminate a...
Late-term abortions cause significant economic loss and are of great concern for dairy herds. Late-term abortions >152 d and <251 d of gestation that terminate a lactation or initiate a new lactation have long been recorded by Dairy Herd Improvement (DHI). For 24.8 million DHI lactations, the average recorded incidence of late-term abortions across all years (2001-2018) was 1.2%. However, the 1.3% incidence of abortions reported in 2012 has declined to <1.0% incidence since 2015. Small adjustments were applied to the 82 million daughter pregnancy rate (DPR), 29 million cow conception rate (CCR), and 9 million heifer conception rate (HCR) records to account for late-term abortions more accurately. Fertility credits for CCR and HCR were changed to treat the last breeding as a failure instead of success if the next calving was coded as a late-term abortion. Similarly, when computing DPR, days open is now set to the maximum value of 250 instead of the reported days open if the next reported calving is an abortion. The test of these changes showed very small changes in standard deviation and high correlations (0.997) of adjusted predicted transmitting abilities (PTA) with official PTA from about 20,000 Holstein bulls born since 2000 with >50% reliability. For late-term abortion as a trait, estimated heritability was only 0.001 and PTA had a standard deviation of only 0.1% for recent sires with high reliability (>75%). Young animal genomic PTA have near 50% reliability but range only from -0.5 to +0.4 because of the low incidence and heritability. Genetic trend was slightly favorable and late-term abortion PTA were correlated favorably by 0.27 with net merit, 0.49 with productive life, 0.33 with livability, 0.23 with CCR, 0.20 with HCR, 0.26 with DPR, -0.31 with somatic cell score, -0.24 with daughter stillbirth, and -0.26 with daughter dystocia. Thus, PTA for late-term abortions should not be needed as a separate fertility trait and instead these minor edit changes should suffice. The PTA for late-term abortions would add little value because national evaluations for current fertility traits already account for those economic losses.
PubMed: 37727251
DOI: 10.3168/jdsc.2022-0341 -
JDS Communications Sep 2023The onset of lactation and the subsequent habituation to the milking routine is a stressful period, particularly for primiparous (PRI) cows. The objective of this study...
The onset of lactation and the subsequent habituation to the milking routine is a stressful period, particularly for primiparous (PRI) cows. The objective of this study was to describe the dynamics of milking unit kick-off (KO) behavior in PRI cows during the first 3 mo of lactation, considering multiparous (MUL) cows as a reference for comparison. In addition, the potential associations between KO and milk yield and mastitis presentation were investigated. A total of 869 cows (PRI = 199; MUL = 670) on a dairy farm in northern CO were included in the analysis. Cows calving between August and November 2020 were enrolled from 3 DIM until 90 DIM. Participants were milked 3×/day in a 60-unit rotary parlor and data from each milking session were downloaded from parlor management software. Milking unit kick-off was used as a proxy for habituation to the milking procedure. Kick-off events were reported by the milking system and defined as an abrupt interruption in the milk flow during the milking process. Cow KO events were recorded for each milking session. Subsequently, occurrence of KO was analyzed by grouping the 3 consecutive milking sessions in each day and categorized as yes or no, indicating whether or not an individual kicked at least once in a given day. Data were analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA and logistic regression, including parity category, calving season, occurrence of dystocia, and their potential interactions in the models. Least squares means for daily proportions of KO were calculated considering the number of cows with KO events per day in the PRI and MUL categories. Subsequently, odds ratios for the occurrence of KO in PRI versus MUL were calculated at multiple periods of time. When KO was analyzed by DIM, proportions of KO were greater in PRI than in MUL during the whole monitoring period. In PRI, proportions of KO increased from 0.10/d to 0.20/d between 3 DIM and 15 DIM, to start decreasing around 30 DIM and remaining above MUL up to 90 DIM. On the contrary, in MUL cows, proportions of KO remained close to 0.05/d during the 90-d period. Overall, the odds of KO were greater for PRI versus MUL cows (odds ratio [95% confidence interval] = 2.07 [1.58-2.73]). No differences in milk yield were established among KO categories, while the percentage of cows affected with mastitis was greater in cows grouped in the quartile with more frequent KO events. We concluded that the relationship between days in milk and the proportion of PRI cows displaying KO was not linear, but rather KO increased during the first 2 wk postpartum before decreasing after the first month of lactation. First-parity cows had greater levels of KO than MUL cows, which is most likely associated with the process of habituation to milking during their first lactation.
PubMed: 37727250
DOI: 10.3168/jdsc.2023-0384 -
Hong Kong Medical Journal = Xianggang... Dec 2023Because there have been changes in the management of macrosomic pregnancies and shoulder dystocia in the past decade, this study was conducted to compare the incidences...
INTRODUCTION
Because there have been changes in the management of macrosomic pregnancies and shoulder dystocia in the past decade, this study was conducted to compare the incidences of shoulder dystocia and perinatal outcomes between the periods of 2000-2009 and 2010-2019.
METHODS
This retrospective study was conducted in a tertiary obstetric unit. All cases of shoulder dystocia were identified using the hospital's electronic database. The incidences, maternal and fetal characteristics, obstetric management methods, and perinatal outcomes were compared between the two study periods.
RESULTS
The overall incidence of shoulder dystocia decreased from 0.23% (134/58 326) in 2000-2009 to 0.16% (108/65 683) in 2010-2019 (P=0.009), mainly because of the overall decline in the proportion of babies with macrosomia (from 3.3% to 2.3%; P<0.001). The improved success rates of the McRoberts' manoeuvre (from 31.3% to 47.2%; P=0.012) and posterior arm extraction (from 52.9% to 92.3%; P=0.042) allowed a greater proportion of affected babies to be delivered within 2 minutes (from 59.0% to 79.6%; P=0.003). These changes led to a significant reduction in the proportion of fetuses with low Apgar scores: <5 at 1 minute of life (from 13.4% to 5.6%; P=0.042) and <7 at 5 minutes of life (from 11.9% to 4.6%; P=0.045).
CONCLUSION
More proactive management of macrosomic pregnancies and enhanced training in the acute management of shoulder dystocia led to significant improvements in shoulder dystocia incidence and perinatal outcomes from 2000-2009 to 2010-2019.
Topics: Pregnancy; Female; Humans; Delivery, Obstetric; Dystocia; Incidence; Shoulder Dystocia; Retrospective Studies; Hong Kong; Shoulder
PubMed: 37704569
DOI: 10.12809/hkmj2210038 -
Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 2023Goats are increasingly popular as both production animals and pets. The frequency of and factors associated with periparturient reproductive complications in goats are...
BACKGROUND
Goats are increasingly popular as both production animals and pets. The frequency of and factors associated with periparturient reproductive complications in goats are largely unreported.
OBJECTIVES
(1) To report the frequency of periparturient reproductive complications in does presented to university veterinary hospitals and (2) to identify factors associated with uterine tears in the study population.
ANIMALS
A total of 198 periparturient does presented to 9 university veterinary hospitals from October 2021 to June 2022.
METHODS
Multicenter, cross-sectional study, with data collected from questionnaires completed by attending veterinarians. Logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with diagnosis of uterine tears.
RESULTS
Ninety-three (47%) does had at least 1 periparturient reproductive complication. Periparturient complications included retained fetal membranes (n = 38, 26%), vaginal or perineal trauma (n = 33, 19%), uterine tears (n = 32, 18%), metritis (n = 22, 13%), uterine or vaginal hemorrhage (n = 8, 5%), Cesarean section complications (n = 8, 8%), and uterine prolapse (n = 1, 0.5%). A positive interaction effect was found between small breeds (Nigerian Dwarf and Pygmy) and manipulation on the farm by a layperson upon diagnosis of uterine tears (odd ratios [OR], 5.48; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.41, 21.25; P = .01).
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE
Periparturient reproductive complications were common. Small breed combined with manipulation on the farm by layperson was associated with diagnosis of uterine tears. Clients should be educated that in the event of dystocia, small breed does are at greater risk of uterine tears and prompt veterinary intervention is critical.
Topics: Humans; Pregnancy; Animals; Female; Hospitals, Animal; Hospitals, Teaching; Cesarean Section; Goats; Cross-Sectional Studies
PubMed: 37698350
DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16858 -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... Sep 2023This study evaluated the effect of a natural source of vitamin D [1,25-(OH)D] and capsaicin (CAP) in the dietary supplementation of sows in the final phase (85-114 days)...
This study evaluated the effect of a natural source of vitamin D [1,25-(OH)D] and capsaicin (CAP) in the dietary supplementation of sows in the final phase (85-114 days) of gestation (Gest) and lactation (Lact) on the reproductive performance of the sows and health of piglets through two experiments (Exp I and II). In Exp I, 120 sows were subjected to four treatments: T1-control (without [1,25-(OH)D] and supplemental CAP); T2-3.5 µg 1,25-(OH)D/Gest/day and 7.0 µg Vit 1,25-(OH)D/Lact/day; T3-7.0 µg CAP/Gest/day and 14.0 µg CAP/Lact/day; T4-1.75 µg Vit 1,25-(OH)D + 3.5 µg CAP/Gest/day and 3.5 µg 1,25-(OH)D + 7.0 µg CAP/Lact/day. In Exp II, 200 sows were randomly blocked, factorial 2 × 2 (without or with Vit 1,25-(OH)D and without or with CAP): T1-control (without Vit 1,25-(OH)D and CAP); T2-3.5 µg Vit 1,25-(OH)D/Gest/day and 7.0 µg Vit 1,25-(OH)D/Lact/day; T3-7.0 µg CAP/Gest/day and 14.0 µg CAP/Lact/day; T4-3.5 µg Vit 1,25-(OH)D + 7 µg CAP/Gest/day; and 7.0 µg Vit 1,25-(OH)D + 14.0 µg CAP/Lact/day. The duration of delivery (3:48 vs. 4:57 h) and the percentage of stillbirths (5.37% vs. 7.61%) were improved ( < 0.05) in the group that received Vit 1,25-(OH)D (Exp II) compared to the control group. Moreover, the dystocia rate decreased ( < 0.05) in Exp II, which received Vit 1,25-(OH)D (4.21 vs. 27.63%), and in Exp I, which received the combination of Vit 1,25-(OH)D + CAP (12 vs. 40%) compared to the respective control groups. Colostrum production was greater ( < 0.05) in sows that received Vit 1,25-(OH)D supplementation compared to the control group, consequently resulting in higher colostrum intake ( < 0.05) of the piglets (330 vs. 258 g/piglet). The additives reduced the incidence of diarrhea ( < 0.05) in piglets (Exp I and II). Thus, the use of additives improved the reproductive performance of sows and contributed to litter growth.
PubMed: 37685058
DOI: 10.3390/ani13172794 -
Obstetrics and Gynecology Oct 2023To estimate racial and ethnic disparities in type 2 diabetes mellitus after gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and to investigate baseline pregnancy clinical and social...
OBJECTIVE
To estimate racial and ethnic disparities in type 2 diabetes mellitus after gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and to investigate baseline pregnancy clinical and social or structural characteristics as mediators.
METHODS
We conducted a retrospective cohort of individuals with GDM using linked 2009-2011 New York City birth and hospital data and 2009-2017 New York City A1c Registry data. We ascertained GDM and pregnancy characteristics from birth and hospital records. We classified type 2 diabetes as two hemoglobin A 1c test results of 6.5% or higher. We grouped pregnancy characteristics into clinical (body mass index [BMI], chronic hypertension, gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, preterm delivery, caesarean, breastfeeding, macrosomia, shoulder dystocia) and social or structural (education, Medicaid insurance, prenatal care, and WIC [Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children] participation). We used Cox proportional hazards models to estimate associations between race and ethnicity and 8-year type 2 diabetes incidence, and we tested mediation of pregnancy characteristics, additionally adjusting for age and nativity (U.S.-born vs foreign-born).
RESULTS
The analytic data set included 22,338 patients with GDM. The 8-year type 2 diabetes incidence was 11.7% overall and 18.5% in Black, 16.8% in South and Southeast Asian, 14.6% in Hispanic, 5.5% in East and Central Asian, and 5.4% in White individuals with adjusted hazard ratios of 4.0 (95% CI 2.4-3.9), 2.9 (95% CI 2.4-3.3), 3.3 (95% CI 2.7-4.2), and 1.0 (95% CI 0.9-1.4) for each group compared with White individuals. Clinical and social or structural pregnancy characteristics explained 9.3% and 23.8% of Black, 31.2% and 24.7% of Hispanic, and 7.6% and 16.3% of South and Southeast Asian compared with White disparities. Associations between education, Medicaid insurance, WIC participation, and BMI and type 2 diabetes incidence were more pronounced among White than Black, Hispanic, and South and Southeast Asian individuals.
CONCLUSION
Population-based racial and ethnic inequities are substantial in type 2 diabetes after GDM. Characteristics at the time of delivery partially explain disparities, creating an opportunity to intervene on life-course cardiometabolic inequities, whereas weak associations of common social or structural measures and BMI in Black, Hispanic and South and Southeast Asian individuals demonstrate the need for greater understanding of how structural racism influences postpartum cardiometabolic risk in these groups.
Topics: Pregnancy; Child; Infant; United States; Infant, Newborn; Humans; Female; Diabetes, Gestational; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Retrospective Studies; Fetal Macrosomia; Hypertension, Pregnancy-Induced
PubMed: 37678923
DOI: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000005324